ag-gĕro

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    Gerens, Participium: vt Bella gerens. Horat. Faisant la guerre.

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    Animum gerens virilem. Virg. Ayant courage d'homme virile.

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    Sui negotii bene gerens. Cic. Bien faisant ses besongnes.

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    Gestio, gestionis. Cic. Administration, Execution.

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    Gestio, gestis, gestiui et gestii, gestitum, pen. prod. gestire. Cic. Faire gestes et mines du corps: comme saulter de joye qu'on ha.

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    Gestit paribus colludere. Horat. Donne evidemment à congnoistre par ses gestes qu'il desire de, etc.

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    Animus gestit antiqua exequi supplicia. Senec. Fretille de desir d'executer, etc.

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    Gestiunt parietes, per translationem dixit Cicero: Parietes huius curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt. Monstrent par leurs gestes qu'ils te veulent remercier.

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    Gesto, gestas, gestare, Frequentatiuum. Plaut. Porter.

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    Gestare in aluo. Plaut. Estre grosse, Porter en son ventre.

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    Gestare collo. Plin. Porter à son col.

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    Gestare aliquem in sinu. Terent. Le porter à son sein, Le grandement aimer.

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    Meum animum gestas, scis quis acturus siem. Plaut. Tu congnois mon courage, et ma volunté, Tu as mon coeur en ta manche.

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    Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora. Virgil. Nous ne sommes point tant cruels et inhumains.

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    Ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde. Ouid. Avoir le coeur dur et cruel.

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    Gestor, gestoris, Verbale. Plaut. Qui porte, Porteur.

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    Gestores linguis. Plaut. Rapporteurs de parolles.

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    Gestus, Participium: vt Hoc modo res gesta est, vt ego dico. Plaut. A esté faicte.

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    Gesti honores. Pli. Dignitez et magistrats qu'on a eu et exercé.

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    Gestus est mos. Cic. On luy a accordé ce qu'il demande.

    Gestus, huius gestus. Cic. La contenance et maniement de la personne, Le geste et maintien.

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    Gestus, huius gestus: vt Gestus tutelae. Vlpian. Administration et gouvernement d'une tutelle.

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    Morigeror, pen. corr. morigeraris, morigeratus sum, morigerari. Terent. Faire au gré d'aucun, Obeir.

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    Morigerus, pen. corr. Adiectiuum. Plaut. Obeissant.

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    Turriger, pen. cor. Aliud adiectiuum. Plin. Qui porte une tour de bois sur soy comme un elephant.

1. clāviger, gera, gerum (clava u. gero), der Keulenträger, Epitheton des Herkules, Ov. met. 15, 22 u. 284: auch des Räubers Periphetes, c. proles Vulcani, Ov. met. 7, 437.

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2. clāviger, gerī, m. (clavis u. gero), der Schlüsselträger, Beiwort des Janus, als Gott der Türen, Ov. fast. 1, 228.

dī-gero, gessī, gestum, ere (dis u. gero), I) auseinander tragen, zerteilen, verteilen, A) eig.: 1) im allg.: a) auseinander treiben, -jagen, zerteilen, interdum (insulae) iunctae copulataeque et continenti similes sunt, interdum discordantibus ventis digeruntur, Plin. ep. 8, 20, 6: nubes, in quas coit et ex quibus solvitur (aër), modo congregantur, modo digeruntur, numquam immotae iacent, Sen. nat. qu. 7, 22, 1: continuorum (dentium) qui digerunt (zerteilen, zerlegen) cibum lati et acuti, qui conficiunt (zermalmen) duplices, Plin. 11, 160: corpora dum solvit tabes et digerit (auflöst) artus, Lucan. 6, 88. – b) nach verschiedenen Seiten verteilen, α) v. Pers.: pulverem in catinos, Plin. 12, 68: uvam siccatam sole in pastillos, Plin. 12, 131 (vgl. 27, 118). – β) v. lebl. Subjj.: qui (transitus) conceptum vaporem salubri temperamento huc illuc digerit (verbreitet) et ministrat, Plin. ep. 2, 17, 9: umor per ventrem digeritur, Veget. mul. 1, 14, 5: itemque per quas (actiones) eadem haec (cibus potioque) in omnes membrorum partes digeruntur, Cels. 1. praef. p. 4, 12 D.: stercoris pars in prata digerenda, Col. 11, 2, 19. – 2) insbes.: a) als t. t. des Gartenbaues, Pflanzen auseinander pflanzen, verpflanzen, verteilen, asparagum, Cato r. r. 161, 3: quo mox digesta feratur (seges), Verg. georg. 2, 267: vacuos si sit digesta per agros (arbor), Verg. georg. 2, 54. – b)

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als mediz. t. t., α) wegschaffen, zerteilen, beseitigen, einen Krankheitsstoff vertreiben, materiam, Cels.: umorem (die kranken Säfte), Cels.: ad digerenda quae coëunt (die Ansammlungen), Cels.: v. Pflanzen, lentitiam pituitae, Plin.: cruditates, Plin. – β) eine Speise verdauen, cibum, Cels. 1. praef. p. 8, 20 D. Quint. 11, 2, 35: cibos mansos, Quint. 10, 1, 19: nec patiebatur alimenta per somnum quietemque aequaliter digeri, Sen. contr. 1. praef. § 17: materia, quae naturaliter digeritur, Cels. 3, 4. p. 78, 8 D.: eo caelo (Klima), quod magis digerit, die Verdauung fördert, Cels. 3, 4. p. 80, 1 D. – γ) aus dem Körper zerteilend abführen, den Körper öffnen, reinigen, si corpus astrictum est, digerendum esse; si profluvio laborat, continendum, Cels. 1. praef. p. 10, 1 D.: quoniam corpus ista (lux) quoque digerit, Cels. 3, 4. p. 79, 11 D. – δ) jmd. (einen Kranken) gleichs. zersetzen = entkräften, schwächen, nimis od. minus dig. aegrum, Cels. 2, 15. p. 61, 6 D. u. 7, 26. p. 312, 30 D.: sudore digeri, Cels. praef. p. 11, 25 D. – c) abteilen, ordnen, sondern, sortieren, capillos, Ov. am. 1, 7, 11: flexos ordine capillos, Mart. 3, 63, 3: murram, Plin. 12, 68: linum, Plin. 19, 18.

B) übtr.: 1) im allg.: a) zerteilen, teilen, septem digestus in cornua Nilus, Ov. met. 9, 774: in canes totidem trunco digestus ab uno Cerberos, Ov. her. 9, 93. – b) verteilen, Crete centum digesta per urbes,

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das hundertstädtige, Ov. her. 10, 67: commentaria per genera usus sui, Plin. 29, 15: mea per longos mala annos, Ov. ex Pont. 1, 4, 9: novem volucres in belli annos, Ov. met. 12, 21: poenam in omnes, Ov. met. 14, 469. – 2) insbes.: a) abteilen, einteilen, teilen, populum Romanum in partes, Flor.: populum in partes, Ov.: totum in partes tempus, Manil.: annum in totidem species, Tac.: commentarios in libros, Quint.: ius civile in genera, Cic.: illa generatim, Cic. – b) abteilen, ordnen, accepti tabulas omnes, Cic.: bibliothecam, Suet.: rem publicam bene, Cic.: inordinata, Quint.: quaestiones, anordnen, Quint.: argumenta in digitos, an den F. herzählen, Quint.: res in ordinem (nach der Reihenfolge), Quint.: carmina in numerum (nach der Z.), Verg.: senes orbos in litteram (nach dem Alphabet), Sen. ep.: so auch amnium in litteram digesta nomina, alphabetisch geordnet, Vib. Sequ.: per partes tamen et digesta (gleichsam nach Fächern geordnet), Plin. ep. – c) der Reihe nach-, in gehöriger Ordnung eintragen, buchen, nomina in codicem accepti et expensi, Cic. Rosc. com. 9: Claudium in litteras, den K. gleichs. buchen, sein Leben sorgfältig beschreiben, Treb. Poll. Claud. 1, 1 P. – d) der Reihe u. Ordnung nach etw. vornehmen, α) in gehöriger Ordnung besorgen, mandata, Cic. ad Q. fr. 2, 12 (14), 3. – β) der Reihe nach deuten, auslegen (v. Wahrsager), omina, Verg. Aen. 2, 182. – γ) der Zeit-

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folge nach-, chronologisch angeben, m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, Liv. 2, 21, 4. – δ) der Zahl nach berechnen, zählen, qui matris digerit annos (v. dem, dem die Mutter zu lange lebt), Ov. fast. 2, 625: digesta numero cadavera, Val. Max. 1, 8, 5. – ε) mündlich od. schriftl. auseinandersetzen, αα) mündlich besprechen, abmachen, negotium plene, Amm. 17, 8, 3: rem per secreta colloquia, Amm. 21, 11, 2. – ββ) schriftlich aufzählen, darstellen, beschreiben, erwähnen, reliquos usus eius digeremus, Plin. 29, 37: cuius super adventu in Italiam pauca in actibus Commodi principis digessimus per excessum (in einer Abschweifung, Episode), Amm. 22, 9, 6: Mesopotamia digesta, cum bella Parthica dicerentur, Amm. 14, 7, 21: argumentum digestum tumore tragico, Amm. 28, 1, 4: bella charactere historico digesta, Vopisc. Aurel. 1, 6. – ζ) zustande bringen, pontes caute, anlegen, Amm. 24, 2, 8; 21, 11, 2.

II) hier- und dahin tragen, von einem Ort zum andern schaffen, aegrum gestando, Cels. 4, 14 (7). p. 139, 34 D.

ē-gero, gessī, gestum, ere, I) heraus-, fortführen, - tragen, -schaffen, -tun, A) eig.: 1) im allg.: tantum nivis, Liv.: immensa rudera, Inscr.: humum alte (aus großer Tiefe), Curt.: praedam, Tac.: stercora (v. Herkules), Min. Fel.: silices umeris, Plin.: lapides ex mari, Auct. b. Alex.: aurum e terrenis specubus, Pacat. pan.: fimum de stabulo, Lact.: humum de foveis, Hieron.: terram de fossis, Veget. mil.: humum scrobibus, Col. – v. Ätna, auswerfen, moles arenarum, Iustin. 4, 1, 6. – ebenso v. einem See, certo anni tempore bitumen, Tac. hist. 5, 6. – v. Gewässern, ausströmen, palus, leni quam fallens (Apsus) egerit undā, Lucan.: idem lacus in flumen egeritur, ergießt sich, Plin. ep. – 2) insbes.: a) gewaltsam fortführen, α) Dinge als Raub fortschaffen, fortschleppen, praedam ex tectis, pecuniam ex aerario, Liv.: opes a Veiis, Liv.: aurum (ex templis), Tac.: bona in tributa, als Tribut fortschleppen, Tac. – β) Personen fortscheuchen, forttreiben, sive gravitas caeli egesserit populos (die Bevölkerung der Städte), Sen. ep. 91, 12 (Haase liest eiecerit). b) aus dem Körper auswerfen, von sich geben, aquam vomitu, ausspeien, Plin.: u. so dapes, Ov.: urinam, Plin.: fimum, misten (v. Tieren), Solin. – multum vitalis spiritus egestum, es sei von ihren Lebensgeistern viel von ihr entwichen, Tac. – c) prägn.: α) leer machen, ausleeren, Dorica

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castra rogis, Prop.: tota (Aetna) cavernas egerit, Lucan.: eg. regium stabulum, ausmisten, Lact.: dass. Augeae κόπρον, Varro fr.: ventrem, kacken, Cael. Aur. – β) verwenden, vergeuden, verschwenden, in exsequias totos census, Ps. Quint. decl. 5, 17. – B) übtr.: 1) im allg.: expletur lacrimis egeriturque dolor, wird vertrieben, Ov. trist. 4, 3, 38. – 2) insbes.: a) mit dem Munde ausstoßen, querelas, Lucan. 2, 64. – b) aus dem Gedächtnisse hervorholend aufzeichnen, multi nobis sermones fuerunt, quos subinde egeram et ad te permittam, Sen. ep. 66, 4. – II) bis ans Ende hinausführen, übtr. eine Zeit verbringen, überstehen, totaque querelis egeritur fletuque dies, Val. Flacc.: numquam tanto paventibus ulla nox Minyis egesta metu, Val. Flacc. – III) emporführen, ad declarandum quantae altitudinis mons et locus tantis operibus sit egestus, Corp. inscr. Lat. 6, 960.

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egero, ōnis, m., s. 2. gero.

rēs, reī, f. (altind. ras, Gut, Besitz, rāti, gibt), Sache, Ding im weitesten Sinne, I) im allg., Sache, Ding, Gegenstand, Wesen, Umstand, Lage, Angelegenheit, Vorfall, Begebenheit, Ereignis, Erscheinung, zuw. bl. = etwas, divinae humanaeque res, Cic.: res, quae numquam fuerunt, ut Scyllae, Cic.: natura rerum, Welt, Cic.: caput rerum (Welt) urbs Romana, Ov. – Genet. rerum pleonast., timeo quid rerum gesserim, Plaut.: quid rerum geritis? Plaut. u. Catull.: abdita rerum, Verborgenes, Hor.: ficta rerum, Schnurrpfeifereien, Hor.: dum ita rerum habet, Tert adv. Val. 14 in.: u. so rerum zur Verstärkung des Superl., rerum pulcherrima, Roma, die allerschönste, Verg.: pulcherrima rerum, eloquentia, Quint.: pulcherrime rerum, maxime rerum, Ov. – res divina, r. militaris, navalis, rustica u. dgl., s. divinus usw. – rem gerere, s. gero no. I, B, 2. – si r. postulabit, die Sachlage, Cic.: ebenso res autem haec est, Cic. – quae res? quae haec res est? Plaut. (s. Brix Plaut. mil. 1343. p. 126). – multa signa sunt eius rei, hiervon, Cic.: si qua (invidia) ex re (daraus) oreretur, Liv.: neque est ulla r. (irgend etwas), in qua, Cic.: homines nullā re bonā digni, nichtswürdig, Cic.: sumptu ne parcas ulla in re, Cic.: res una solaque, das einzige, das einzige Mittel, Hor.: profecto, ut loquor, ita res est, so ist es, Plaut.: male se res habet, es steht schlimm, Cic.: Dion rem

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eo perduxit, ut etc., brachte es dahin, daß usw., Nep. – mala r., übler Handel, üble Lage, üble Umstände, Plaut. u. Sall.: gew. Plur. malae r. (Ggstz. bonae res), Komik. u.a.; vgl. adversus, secundus, florens, salvus u. dgl. – e re nata, nach Beschaffenheit der Umstände, Ter. u. Apul.: dass. pro re nata, Cic., u. bl. pro re, Liv. – nitentia (arma) ante rem, vor der Schlacht, Liv.: quibus (sc. litteris tuis) non modo res omnes, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus, Cic. – r. nova, eine neue Erscheinung, Nep.: r. magna, ein wichtiges Ereignis, etwas Großes, Wichtiges, Liv. – res populi Romani (die Begebenheiten, Ereignisse, die Geschichte) perscribere, Liv.: u. so res Persicae, Nep.: veteres res, alte Geschichte, Cic.

II) insbes.: A) die Sache selbst, die Tat, der wirkliche Erfolg, der Augenschein, die Wirklichkeit, Wahrheit, res dicta secuta est, gesagt getan, Ov.: res indicabit, Cic.: ut ipsa res declaravit, Cic.: re tibi praestabo, ICt. – aut consilio aut re iuvero, Ter. – rem opinor spectari oportere, non verba, Cic.: hos deos non re, sed opinione esse, Cic.: nominibus differre, re congruere, Cic.: eum tametsi verbo non audeat, tamen re ipsā de maleficio confiteri, Cic.: vides, quantum distet argumentatio ab re ipsā atque a veritate, Cic.: haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā loquitur, Cic.: populi nomine, re autem verā sceleratissimo latrocinio, Cic.: et re verā, in der Tat, wirklich, Cic. –

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ut erat res, wie es sich wirklich verhielt, Sall.: u. so hoc od. id quod res est, wie es sich wirklich verhält, Komik.: u. bl. quod res est, Cic. ep. 13, 7, 2. – B) Besitztum, Vermögen, Hab und Gut, pro (im Verhältnis zu) re nostra, Ter.: rem quaerere (zu erwerben suchen), Plaut.: rem facere (erwerben), Ter. u. Hor.: rem augere, Cic.: rem conficere (vertun), Cic.: reliquias rei publicae dissipare, Cic. – Plur., reliquiae rerum suarum, Suet.: privatae res (Ggstz. res publica), Cic. – C) Interesse, Vorteil, Nutzen, res magis quaeritur, quam clientium fides, Plaut.: consulere suis rebus, Nep.: in rem suam convertere, Cic.: dum ob rem, wenn es nur nützlich ist, Ter.: verum id frustra an ob rem faciam, Sall.: ebenso si in rem est, Ter.: u. in rem et vostram et nostram esset, Ter.: quod in rem recte conducat tuam, Plaut. u. in rem est (es ist zweckdienlich, vorteilhaft) m. folg. Infin., Sall. u. Liv., od. m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., od. m. folg. ut u. Konj., Plaut. u. Ter.: ex tua re est, ut ego moriar, Plaut.: ex re mea, Cic.: ex re istius, Ter.: e od. ex re publica (zum Vorteile, zum Besten des Staates) fecisse, Cic., ducere, Liv.: u. ex od. e re publica est m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Cic. u. Liv.: subdole ab re consulit, er gibt Ratschläge (vom Vorteil weg, d.h.) zum Nachteil, Plaut.: u. so haud id ab re ancupis, Plaut. Vgl. übh. Brix Plaut. trin. 238. Spengel Plaut. truc. 2, 6, 40 u. Ter. Andr. 546. – D) Ursache, Grund, nur in der Verbndng. eā

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(hāc) re od. ob eam (hanc) rem, adv., deshalb, zu dem Behufe, eā re, Cic.: hāc re, Lucr. u. Sen. ep.: ob eam rem, Plaut., Cic. u.a. – E) Geschäftssache, Geschäftsangelegenheit, Geschäft, inter se multa communicare de tota illa ratione atque re Gallicana, Cic.: rem cum alqo transigere, Cic. – dah. übtr., allg.: res (alci) est cum alqo, m. jmd. zu tun (zu schaffen) haben, etiamne tecum hic res mihi est? Ter.: tecum mihi res est, T. Rosci, quoniam etc., Cic.: quoniam cum senatore res est, Cic.: u. v. Sachen, famigeratori res sit cum damno et malo, bekomme es zu tun mit Verlust u. Schaden, Plaut. trin. 219. – F) Rechtssache, Rechtsangelegenheit, Rechtshandel, Prozeß (allgemeiner als causa), utrum rem an litem dici oporteret, Cic.: de rebus ab isto cognitis iudicatisque et de iudiciis datis, Cic. – G) res publica u. (bes. bei Histor.) auch bl. res, das Gemeinwesen, das Gemeindewesen, Staatswesen, der Staat; auch Staatsleitung, Staatsverwaltung, Staatsgewalt, α) res p.: rei publicae pericula, Cic.: re publicā frui, Cic.: rem publicam sustinere, Cic.: rem publicam gerere, s. gero no. I, B, 2, a u. b (Bd. 1. S. 2927 u. 2928): ratio rei totius publicae, Cic.: de re publica disputatio, Cic.: dubitationem ad rem publicam adeundi tollere, Cic.: rem publicam recusare, den Staatsdienst aufgeben, Commod. bei Spart. Pesc. 4, 4: de tribus generibus rerum publicarum, Cic.: in rebus publicis, Cic. – β)

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bl. res: res Romana, Liv. u. Hor.: res Albana, Liv.: res eorum civibus, moribus, agris aucta, Sall. – Plur., res Priami evertere, Verg.: incruenta Urbs et res sine discordia translatae, Tac. – ⇒ arch. Genet. re, Elog. clar. vir. 29 im Corp. inscr. Lat. 1. p. 288: arch. Dat. re, Lucil. 52 u. 969: arch. Abl. ree, einsilbig gemessen, Corp. inscr. Lat. 6, 9499 = Carm. epigr. 959 A: Genet. re einsilbig, und Dativ rei einsilbig oft bei Plaut. u. Ter., s. Georges Lexikon der lat. Wortf. S. 598.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

gesto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. and n. [gero].

Act., to bear, to carry, to have; to wear, wield (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; for fero, porto, gero, habeo).

Lit.:

quae olim parva gestavit crepundia,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 36:

quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus Gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem (i. e. scutum),

Ov. M. 13, 347:

clavos trabales et cuneos manu ahena (Necessitas),

Hor. C. 1, 35, 19:

gemmam digito,

Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 158:

coronam lauream capite,

Suet. Tib. 69; cf. Ov. M. 2, 366:

ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde,

id. ib. 7, 33:

non obtunsa adeo gestamus pectora,

Verg. A. 1, 567; cf.:

neque jam livida gestat armis Brachia,

Hor. C. 1, 8, 10:

mercem sine fucis,

id. S. 1, 2, 83:

quem ego puerum tantillum in manibus gestavi meis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 24: post cervicibus fractis caput abscidit, idque affixum gestari jussit in pilo, * Cic. Phil. 11, 2, 5; cf. Vell. 2, 27, 3:

agnam lecticā,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 214:

dorso, sicut jumenta, onera gestare,

Curt. 4, 2; cf.:

arma umeris,

Liv. 27, 48, 16:

in umeris,

Vulg. Isa. 46, 7:

suum in pectore testem,

Juv. 13, 198:

cur in hoc digito gestaretur annulus,

Macr. Sat. 7, 13, 11:

lorum in collo pro bullae decore,

id. ib. 1, 6, 13.— Absol.:

(elephantos) decem annis gestare in utero vulgus existimat,

to go with young, Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 28:

ex urbe atque Italia irritamenta gulae gestabantur,

Tac. H. 2, 62; cf. Sen. Q. N. 5 fin. —

In partic., gestari, to be carried about (in a litter, carriage, boat, etc.), to take the air, to ride, drive, sail, etc., for pleasure:

nunc exerceamur, nunc gestemur, nunc prandeamus,

Sen. Ep. 122 med.; cf. Mart. 12, 17, 3:

gestatus bijugis Regulus esset equis,

id. 1, 13, 8:

porticus in qua gestetur dominus,

Juv. 7, 179:

equus gestandi gratia commodatum,

for the sake of a ride, Gai. Inst. 3, 196; cf. in the foll. II.—

Trop.:

hicine non gestandus in sinu est?

i. e. to be dearly loved, Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 75:

tu quidem Meum animum gestas: scis, quid acturus siem,

know my wish, Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 11; cf.:

rex te ergo in oculis... gestare,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 11.—

In partic., to carry about, to report, blab, tell:

homines qui gestant quique auscultant crimina,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 12:

pessimum genus hominum videbatur, qui verba gestarent: sunt qui vitia gestant,

Sen. Ep. 123.—

Neutr., like veho, in the signif. of I. A. 2., to be carried out, to ride, drive, sail, etc., to take the air (very rare):

simul gestanti, conspecto delatore ejus, Vis, inquit, etc.,

Suet. Dom. 11:

ne ad gestandum quidem umquam aliter iter ingressus, quam ut, etc.,

id. Galb. 8.

pĕrīcŭlum (contr. pĕrīclum, very freq. in the poets, e. g. Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 29; Ter. And. 2, 2, 13; 5, 1, 2; 5, 2, 26 al.; Lucr. 1, 580; 2, 5 et saep.; Verg. A. 2, 709; 751; 3, 711 et saep.; Juv. 6, 94), i, n. [root, Sanscr. par, pi-par-mi, to conduct, guide; Gr. peraô, to pierce; poros. a way through, passage; Lat. porta, portus, ex - perior, per-itus; cf. Germ. fahren, Gefahr], a trial, experiment, attempt, proof, essay (class.; cf. disorimen).

Lit.:

fac periculum in litteris,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 23:

miser est homo qui amat... Scio qui periclum feci,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 27:

priusquam periclum faceret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 21:

ex aliis,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 36:

alicujus fidei periculum facere,

to make trial of, to try, Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 34:

quā in re tute tui periculum fecisti,

id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 27: legionum, Auct. B. Afr. 79.—

Transf.

Concr., an attempt in writing, an essay:

faciunt imperite, qui in isto periculo non ut a poëtā, sed ut a teste, veritatem exigent (speaking of a poem in honor of Marius),

Cic. Leg. 1, 1, 4; Aus. Idyll. 10, 215.—

Risk, hazard, danger, peril (which acompanies an attempt;

the common signif. of the word): meo periclo rem gero,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 100:

tuo ego istaec dicam illi periculo,

id. ib. 4, 2, 17:

periculum facere,

to run a risk, id. ib. 1, 1, 63:

si ei subito sit allatum periculum discrimenque patriae,

Cic. Off. 1, 43, 154:

salus sociorum summum in periculum ac discrimen vocatur,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12:

discriminum et periculorum comites,

id. N. D. 2, 66, 166:

obire pericula ac labores,

Liv. 1, 54:

periculum adire capitis,

to run the risk of one's life, Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

in periculo animarum suarum,

Vulg. 1 Par. 11, 19:

subire pro amico,

Cic. Part. 19, 66:

suscipere,

to take upon one's self, id. Mur. 36, 76:

ingredi,

id. ib. 2, 4:

conflare alicui,

to cause, occasion, id. Sull. 4, 13:

intendere in aliquem,

id. Rosc. Am. 3, 7:

intendere alicui,

id. Att. 2, 19, 1:

mortis alicui inicere,

id. Caecin. 29, 83:

facessere innocenti,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

facere alicui,

Sall. C. 33, 1; cf.:

ego nihil facio tibi periculi,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 7:

creare alicui,

Cic. Att. 22, 2:

comparare alicui,

id. Fl. 38, 96:

moliri optimis civibus,

id. Sest. 1, 1:

amici depellere,

id. Clu. 6, 8:

subterfugere,

id. Fam. 15, 1, 4:

adducta est res in maximum periculum et extremum paene discrimen,

id. Phil. 7, 1, 1:

se in periculum capitis atque in vitae discrimen inferre,

id. Balb. 10, 25:

arcessere aliquem in summum capitis periculum,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:

includere in periculum,

id. Clu. 55, 155:

in periculum se committere,

to get into danger, id. Inv. 2, 8, 37:

eripere ex periculo,

id. Clu. 26, 70:

extrahere ex periculo,

to release from danger, id. Sest. 4, 11:

rem publicam a periculo prohibere,

id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

liberare periculis,

id. de Or. 1, 8, 32:

res in periculo vertitur,

the affair becomes perilous, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 12:

esse in periculo,

Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2:

in periculo versari,

id. Rab. Post. 9, 23:

a securi negat ei periculum esse,

that danger threatens him, id. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

periculum est, ne,

there is danger that, id. Tusc. 5, 40, 118; so id. Verr. 1, 11, 32: periculo meo, tuo, suo, at my, your, his risk:

meo periculo,

id. Sest. 52, 111:

crede audacter meo periculo,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 51:

meo periculo rem gero,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 100; id. As. 2, 4, 51:

des ei nummos fide et periculo meo,

Dig. 46, 1, 24:

navem sumptu periculoque suo armatam mittere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 20, § 50; id. Fl. 17, 41:

rem periculi sui facere,

to do a thing at one's own risk, Dig. 23, 5, 16: bono periculo, safely, without danger (post-class.), App. Mag. p. 320, 16.—

In partic.

A trial, action, suit at law (class.):

meus labor in privatorum periculis caste integreque versatus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2:

aliquem in periculis defendere,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 3.—

A writ of judgment, a sentence:

unum ab iis petivit, ut in periculo suo inscriberent, etc.,

Nep. Ep. 8:

pericula magistratuum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 79, § 183.—

A sickness, attack of sickness (post-Aug.):

in acutis vero periculis nullis dandum est vinum,

Plin. 23, 1, 24, § 48.—

Ruin, destruction (postclass.):

tremefactae nutant usque ad periculum civitates,

Arn. 1, 4.

pĕrīcŭlum (contr. pĕrīclum, very freq. in the poets, e. g. Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 29; Ter. And. 2, 2, 13; 5, 1, 2; 5, 2, 26 al.; Lucr. 1, 580; 2, 5 et saep.; Verg. A. 2, 709; 751; 3, 711 et saep.; Juv. 6, 94), i, n. [root, Sanscr. par, pi-par-mi, to conduct, guide; Gr. peraô, to pierce; poros. a way through, passage; Lat. porta, portus, ex - perior, per-itus; cf. Germ. fahren, Gefahr], a trial, experiment, attempt, proof, essay (class.; cf. disorimen).

Lit.:

fac periculum in litteris,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 23:

miser est homo qui amat... Scio qui periclum feci,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 27:

priusquam periclum faceret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 21:

ex aliis,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 36:

alicujus fidei periculum facere,

to make trial of, to try, Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 34:

quā in re tute tui periculum fecisti,

id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 27: legionum, Auct. B. Afr. 79.—

Transf.

Concr., an attempt in writing, an essay:

faciunt imperite, qui in isto periculo non ut a poëtā, sed ut a teste, veritatem exigent (speaking of a poem in honor of Marius),

Cic. Leg. 1, 1, 4; Aus. Idyll. 10, 215.—

Risk, hazard, danger, peril (which acompanies an attempt;

the common signif. of the word): meo periclo rem gero,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 100:

tuo ego istaec dicam illi periculo,

id. ib. 4, 2, 17:

periculum facere,

to run a risk, id. ib. 1, 1, 63:

si ei subito sit allatum periculum discrimenque patriae,

Cic. Off. 1, 43, 154:

salus sociorum summum in periculum ac discrimen vocatur,

id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12:

discriminum et periculorum comites,

id. N. D. 2, 66, 166:

obire pericula ac labores,

Liv. 1, 54:

periculum adire capitis,

to run the risk of one's life, Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110:

in periculo animarum suarum,

Vulg. 1 Par. 11, 19:

subire pro amico,

Cic. Part. 19, 66:

suscipere,

to take upon one's self, id. Mur. 36, 76:

ingredi,

id. ib. 2, 4:

conflare alicui,

to cause, occasion, id. Sull. 4, 13:

intendere in aliquem,

id. Rosc. Am. 3, 7:

intendere alicui,

id. Att. 2, 19, 1:

mortis alicui inicere,

id. Caecin. 29, 83:

facessere innocenti,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

facere alicui,

Sall. C. 33, 1; cf.:

ego nihil facio tibi periculi,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 7:

creare alicui,

Cic. Att. 22, 2:

comparare alicui,

id. Fl. 38, 96:

moliri optimis civibus,

id. Sest. 1, 1:

amici depellere,

id. Clu. 6, 8:

subterfugere,

id. Fam. 15, 1, 4:

adducta est res in maximum periculum et extremum paene discrimen,

id. Phil. 7, 1, 1:

se in periculum capitis atque in vitae discrimen inferre,

id. Balb. 10, 25:

arcessere aliquem in summum capitis periculum,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 26:

includere in periculum,

id. Clu. 55, 155:

in periculum se committere,

to get into danger, id. Inv. 2, 8, 37:

eripere ex periculo,

id. Clu. 26, 70:

extrahere ex periculo,

to release from danger, id. Sest. 4, 11:

rem publicam a periculo prohibere,

id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

liberare periculis,

id. de Or. 1, 8, 32:

res in periculo vertitur,

the affair becomes perilous, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 12:

esse in periculo,

Cic. Fam. 4, 15, 2:

in periculo versari,

id. Rab. Post. 9, 23:

a securi negat ei periculum esse,

that danger threatens him, id. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

periculum est, ne,

there is danger that, id. Tusc. 5, 40, 118; so id. Verr. 1, 11, 32: periculo meo, tuo, suo, at my, your, his risk:

meo periculo,

id. Sest. 52, 111:

crede audacter meo periculo,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 51:

meo periculo rem gero,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 100; id. As. 2, 4, 51:

des ei nummos fide et periculo meo,

Dig. 46, 1, 24:

navem sumptu periculoque suo armatam mittere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 20, § 50; id. Fl. 17, 41:

rem periculi sui facere,

to do a thing at one's own risk, Dig. 23, 5, 16: bono periculo, safely, without danger (post-class.), App. Mag. p. 320, 16.—

In partic.

A trial, action, suit at law (class.):

meus labor in privatorum periculis caste integreque versatus,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2:

aliquem in periculis defendere,

Nep. Phoc. 2, 3.—

A writ of judgment, a sentence:

unum ab iis petivit, ut in periculo suo inscriberent, etc.,

Nep. Ep. 8:

pericula magistratuum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 79, § 183.—

A sickness, attack of sickness (post-Aug.):

in acutis vero periculis nullis dandum est vinum,

Plin. 23, 1, 24, § 48.—

Ruin, destruction (postclass.):

tremefactae nutant usque ad periculum civitates,

Arn. 1, 4.

1) складывать, наваливать, собирать (сваливать) в кучу, нагромождать (cadavera V; ossa aggerata T)

2) умножать, усугублять, разжигать ( iras dictis V)

3) преувеличивать ( clades Sil)

4) насыпать, делать насыпь

5) окучивать ( arbores Col)

1) приносить, наносить ( aquam Pl)

2) прибавлять

3) перен. взваливать, возводить (на кого-л.) (probra, falsa T)