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41 kanun
n. law, act, code, canon, enaction, rule, statute, act of congress, act of parliament* * *1. canon 2. canon law 3. law 4. statute 5. statute law -
42 закон
law, statute, act (of parliament), (амер.) act (of Congress)* * *canon, act 1, institution -
43 законодателен
legislativeзаконодателна власт legislative powerзаконодателни избор parliamentary electionsзаконодателно право statute-lawзаконодателен акт statute, an act of par-liament* * *законода̀телен,прил., -на, -но, -ни lawgiving, legislative; \законодателенен акт statute, an act of parliament; \законодателенна власт legislative power; \законодателенна инициатива legislative leadership/initiative; \законодателенни избори parliamentary elections; \законодателенно право statute-law.* * *legislative: законодателен power - законодателна власт* * *1. legislative 2. ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЕН акт statute, an act of par-liament 3. законодателна власт legislative power 4. законодателни избор parliamentary elections 5. законодателно право statute-law -
44 Закон о веротерпимости
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Закон о веротерпимости
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45 закон, принятый парламентом
1) General subject: Act of Parliament2) Law: parliamentary enactment3) Diplomatic term: Act of ParleyУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > закон, принятый парламентом
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46 закон
law; юр. act, statute, enactmentзакон природи — law of nature, natural law; the law of the wild
закон Божий — ( God's) Law; religion ( шкільний предмет)
традиційний (неписаний) закон — common law, customary ( unwritten) law
парламентський закон — Act of Parliament, bill
вводити закон в дію — to implement a law, to put a law in force
виводити закон — to deduce, to work out a low
дотримуватися закону — to observe the law, to keep within the law
поза законом — without the law, ( to be) outlawed
оголосити поза законом — to outlaw; to proscribe
зведення законів — legal code; statute book; code of laws
сила закону — validity/force of the law
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47 Arkwright, Sir Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 23 December 1732 Preston, Englandd. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England[br]English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.[br]Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1786.Bibliography1769, British patent no. 931.1775, British patent no. 1,111.Further ReadingR.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).RLH -
48 Behr, Fritz Bernhard
[br]b. 9 October 1842 Berlin, Germanyd. 25 February 1927[br]German (naturalized British in 1876) engineer, promoter of the Lartigue monorail system.[br]Behr trained as an engineer in Britain and had several railway engineering appointments before becoming associated with C.F.M.-T. Lartigue in promoting the Lartigue monorail system in the British Isles. In Lartigue's system, a single rail was supported on trestles; vehicles ran on the rail, their bodies suspended pannier-fashion, stabilized by horizontal rollers running against light guide rails fixed to the sides of the trestles. Behr became Managing Director of the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway Company, which in 1888 opened its Lartigue system line between those two places in the south-west of Ireland. Three locomotives designed by J.T.A. Mallet were built for the line by Hunslet Engine Company, each with two horizontal boilers, one either side of the track. Coaches and wagons likewise were in two parts. Technically the railway was successful, but lack of traffic caused the company to go bankrupt in 1897: the railway continued to operate until 1924.Meanwhile Behr had been thinking in terms far more ambitious than a country branch line. Railway speeds of 150mph (240km/h) or more then lay far in the future: engineers were uncertain whether normal railway vehicles would even be stable at such speeds. Behr was convinced that a high-speed electric vehicle on a substantial Lartigue monorail track would be stable. In 1897 he demonstrated such a vehicle on a 3mile (4.8km) test track at the Brussels International Exhibition. By keeping the weight of the motors low, he was able to place the seats above rail level. Although the generating station provided by the Exhibition authorities never operated at full power, speeds over 75mph (120 km/h) were achieved.Behr then promoted the Manchester-Liverpool Express Railway, on which monorail trains of this type running at speeds up to 110mph (177km/h) were to link the two cities in twenty minutes. Despite strong opposition from established railway companies, an Act of Parliament authorizing it was made in 1901. The Act also contained provision for the Board of Trade to require experiments to prove the system's safety. In practice this meant that seven miles of line, and a complete generating station to enable trains to travel at full speed, must be built before it was known whether the Board would give its approval for the railway or not. Such a condition was too severe for the scheme to attract investors and it remained stillborn.[br]Further ReadingH.Fayle, 1946, The Narrow Gauge Railways of Ireland, Greenlake Publications, Part 2, ch. 2 (describes the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway and Behr's work there).D.G.Tucker, 1984, "F.B.Behr's development of the Lartigue monorail", Transactions ofthe Newcomen Society 55 (covers mainly the high speed lines).See also: Brennan, LouisPJGR -
49 Vignoles, Charles Blacker
[br]b. 31 May 1793 Woodbrook, Co. Wexford, Irelandd. 17 November 1875 Hythe, Hampshire, England[br]English surveyor and civil engineer, pioneer of railways.[br]Vignoles, who was of Huguenot descent, was orphaned in infancy and brought up in the family of his grandfather, Dr Charles Hutton FRS, Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. After service in the Army he travelled to America, arriving in South Carolina in 1817. He was appointed Assistant to the state's Civil Engineer and surveyed much of South Carolina and subsequently Florida. After his return to England in 1823 he established himself as a civil engineer in London, and obtained work from the brothers George and John Rennie.In 1825 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) lost their application for an Act of Parliament, discharged their engineer George Stephenson and appointed the Rennie brothers in his place. They in turn employed Vignoles to resurvey the railway, taking a route that would minimize objections. With Vignoles's route, the company obtained its Act in 1826 and appointed Vignoles to supervise the start of construction. After Stephenson was reappointed Chief Engineer, however, he and Vignoles proved incompatible, with the result that Vignoles left the L \& MR early in 1827.Nevertheless, Vignoles did not sever all connection with the L \& MR. He supported John Braithwaite and John Ericsson in the construction of the locomotive Novelty and was present when it competed in the Rainhill Trials in 1829. He attended the opening of the L \& MR in 1830 and was appointed Engineer to two railways which connected with it, the St Helens \& Runcorn Gap and the Wigan Branch (later extended to Preston as the North Union); he supervised the construction of these.After the death of the Engineer to the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway, Vignoles supervised construction: the railway, the first in Ireland, was opened in 1834. He was subsequently employed in surveying and constructing many railways in the British Isles and on the European continent; these included the Eastern Counties, the Midland Counties, the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyme \& Manchester (which proved for him a financial disaster from which he took many years to recover), and the Waterford \& Limerick. He probably discussed rail of flat-bottom section with R.L. Stevens during the winter of 1830–1 and brought it into use in the UK for the first time in 1836 on the London \& Croydon Railway: subsequently rail of this section became known as "Vignoles rail". He considered that a broader gauge than 4 ft 8½ in. (1.44 m) was desirable for railways, although most of those he built were to this gauge so that they might connect with others. He supported the atmospheric system of propulsion during the 1840s and was instrumental in its early installation on the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway's Dalkey extension. Between 1847 and 1853 he designed and built the noted multi-span suspension bridge at Kiev, Russia, over the River Dnieper, which is more than half a mile (800 m) wide at that point.Between 1857 and 1863 he surveyed and then supervised the construction of the 155- mile (250 km) Tudela \& Bilbao Railway, which crosses the Cantabrian Pyrenees at an altitude of 2,163 ft (659 m) above sea level. Vignoles outlived his most famous contemporaries to become the grand old man of his profession.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Royal Astronomical Society 1829. FRS 1855. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1869–70.Bibliography1830, jointly with John Ericsson, British patent no. 5,995 (a device to increase the capability of steam locomotives on grades, in which rollers gripped a third rail).1823, Observations upon the Floridas, New York: Bliss \& White.1870, Address on His Election as President of the Institution of Civil Engineers.Further ReadingK.H.Vignoles, 1982, Charles Blacker Vignoles: Romantic Engineer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (good modern biography by his great-grandson).See also: Samuda, Joseph d'AguilarPJGRBiographical history of technology > Vignoles, Charles Blacker
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50 акт парламента
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51 корпорация, созданная в явочно-нормативном порядке
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > корпорация, созданная в явочно-нормативном порядке
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52 корпорация, созданная на основе общего акта парламента
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > корпорация, созданная на основе общего акта парламента
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53 корпорация, созданная на основе специального акта парламента
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > корпорация, созданная на основе специального акта парламента
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54 парламентский закон
Law: Act of ParliamentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > парламентский закон
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55 постановление, принятое парламентом
Law: act of parliamentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > постановление, принятое парламентом
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56 учреждённый актом парламента
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > учреждённый актом парламента
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57 учреждённый законом парламента (о юридическом лице)
Law: incorporated by an act of parliamentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > учреждённый законом парламента (о юридическом лице)
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58 Klausel
* * *die Klauselarticle; stipulation; clause; terms* * *Klau|sel ['klauzl]f -, -nclause; (= Vorbehalt) proviso; (= Bedingung) condition, stipulation* * *(a paragraph in a contract, will, or act of parliament.) clause* * *Klau·sel<-, -n>[ˈklauzl̩]f1. (Inhaltsbestandteil eines Vertrags) clause, provisionin arglistiger Absicht eingefügte \Klausel fraudulent clausehandelsübliche \Klausel customary clauseeine \Klausel einfügen to insert a clause2. (Bedingung) condition3. (Vorbehalt) proviso* * *die; Klausel, Klauseln clause; (Bedingung) stipulation; condition; (Vorbehalt) proviso* * ** * *die; Klausel, Klauseln clause; (Bedingung) stipulation; condition; (Vorbehalt) proviso* * *-n f.clause n.condition n. -
59 poprawka
- ki; -ki; dat sg -ce; gen pl -ek; f(pot) ( egzamin) repeat exambrać (wziąć) poprawkę na — +acc to make allowances for
* * *f.Gen.pl. -ek1. (= modyfikacja) correction; (wniosku, dokumentu) amendment; (= dostosowanie) adjustment; poprawki do ustawy amendments to an act of parliament; garnitur do poprawki suit that needs a few adjustments.2. pot. retake exam, repeat exam.3. techn. correction, allowance; brać poprawkę na coś make allowances for sth.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > poprawka
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60 заснований законом парламенту
( про юридичну особу) incorporated by an act of parliamentУкраїнсько-англійський юридичний словник > заснований законом парламенту
См. также в других словарях:
act of parliament — see under ↑parliament • • • Main Entry: ↑act act of parliament A statute that has passed through both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and received the formal royal assent • • • Main Entry: ↑parliament * * * Act of Parliament [Act of… … Useful english dictionary
Act of Parliament — ˌAct of ˈParliament noun Acts of Parliament PLURALFORM [countable] LAW a law made by the central national elected body of Britain or of some other countries: • New regulations will require an Act of Parliament. * * * Act of Parliament UK US noun… … Financial and business terms
Act of Parliament — in the constitutional law of the UK, a Bill that has passed through all its stages and received the royal assent, thus becoming statute and law. Bills are introduced in Parliament either by a government minister or an unofficial (or private)… … Law dictionary
Act of Parliament — An Act of Parliament is a law as primary legislation by a national or sub national parliament. It is broadly equivalent to an Act of Congress in the United States.In Commonwealth English the term is used both in a narrow sense, as the formal… … Wikipedia
Act of Parliament — (in Britain) a new law which has been approved by Parliament. After a bill has been passed by the House of Commons and the House of Lords and it has received royal assent, it becomes an Act of Parliament and therefore, part of British law. * * * … Universalium
act of parliament — noun A military term for small beer, five pints of which, by an act of parliament, a landlord was formerly obliged to give to each soldier gratis. (1811 Dictionary of Vulgar Tongue) … Wiktionary
Act of Parliament clock — (Act of) Parliament clock A type of wall clock (usu of mahogany, and with a large uncovered dial found esp in public houses) which became popular around 1797 in response to an act of parliament imposing a tax on all clocks and watches • • • Main… … Useful english dictionary
(Act of) Parliament clock — A type of wall clock (usu of mahogany, and with a large uncovered dial found esp in public houses) which became popular around 1797 in response to an act of parliament imposing a tax on all clocks and watches ● parliament … Useful english dictionary
Act of Parliament — Act of Par|lia|ment a law that has been officially accepted by a parliament, especially the British Parliament … Dictionary of contemporary English
Act of Parliament clock — An Act of Parliament clock is a type of large clock originally hung in inns and taverns in the United Kingdom, beginning in the mid 18th century. Such clocks were plain in design, the faces were around two to five feet in diameter, and they were… … Wikipedia
act of parliament — A statute; a law made by the British sovereign, with the advice and consent of the lords and the commons, in parliament assembled. Acts of parliament form the leges scriptae, i.e., the written laws of the kingdom. Such acts are of three kinds:… … Black's law dictionary