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1 Wöhler-Kurve
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2 Wöhler-Kurve
Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Wöhler-Kurve
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3 Wöhler, August
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 22 June 1819 Soltau, Germanyd. 21 June 1914 Hannover, Germany[br]German railway engineer who first established the fatigue fracture of metals.[br]Wöhler, the son of a schoolteacher, was born at Soltau on the Luneburg Heath and received his early education at his father's school, where his mathematical abilities soon became apparent. He completed his studies at the Technical High School, Hannover.In 1840 he obtained a position at the Borsig Engineering Works in Berlin and acquired there much valuable experience in railway technology. He trained as an engine driver in Belgium and in 1843 was appointed as an engineer to the first Hannoverian Railway, then being constructed between Hannover and Lehrte. In 1847 he became Chief Superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Brandenhurg Railway, where his technical abilities influenced the Prussian Minister of Commerce to appoint him to a commission set up to investigate the reasons for the unusually high incidence of axle failures then being encountered on the railways. This was in 1852, and by 1854, when the Brandenburg line had been nationalized, Wöhler had already embarked on the long, systematic programme of mechanical testing which eventually provided him with a clear insight into the process of what is now referred to as "fatigue failure". He concentrated initially on the behaviour of machined iron and steel specimens subjected to fluctuating direct, bending and torsional stresses that were imposed by testing machines of his own design.Although Wöhler was not the first investigator in this area, he was the first to recognize the state of "fatigue" induced in metals by the repeated application of cycles of stress at levels well below those that would cause immediate failure. His method of plotting the fatigue stress amplitude "S" against the number of stress cycles necessary to cause failure "N" yielded the well-known S-N curve which described very precisely the susceptibility to fatigue failure of the material concerned. Engineers were thus provided with an invaluable testing technique that is still widely used in the 1990s.Between 1851 and 1898 Wöhler published forty-two papers in German technical journals, although the importance of his work was not initially fully appreciated in other countries. A display of some of his fracture fatigue specimens at the Paris Exposition in 1867, however, stimulated a short review of his work in Engineering in London. Four years later, in 1871, Engineering published a series of nine articles which described Wöhler's findings in considerable detail and brought them to the attention of engineers. Wöhler became a member of the newly created management board of the Imperial German Railways in 1874, an appointment that he retained until 1889. He is also remembered for his derivation in 1855 of a formula for calculating the deflections under load of lattice girders, plate girders, and other continuous beams resting on more than two supports. This "Three Moments" theorem appeared two years before Clapeyron independently advanced the same expression. Wöhler's other major contribution to bridge design was to use rollers at one end to allow for thermal expansion and contraction.[br]Bibliography1855, "Theorie rechteckiger eiserner Brückenbalken", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 5:122–66. 1870, "Über die Festigkeitversuche mit Eisen und Stahl", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 20:73– 106.Wöhler's experiments on the fatigue of metals were reported in Engineering (1867) 2:160; (1871) 11:199–200, 222, 243–4, 261, 299–300, 326–7, 349–50, 397, 439–41.Further ReadingR.Blaum, 1918, "August Wöhler", Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie 8:35–55.——1925, "August Wöhler", Deutsches biographisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I, Stuttgart, pp. 103–7.K.Pearson, 1890, "On Wöhler's experiments on alternating stress", Messeng. Math.20:21–37.J.Gilchrist, 1900, "On Wöhler's Laws", Engineer 90:203–4.ASD -
4 Wöhler-Kurve
f <qualit.mat> (Dauerfestigkeits-Schaubild) ■ Wöhler curve; stress-number curve; stress-cycle curve; SN-curve -
5 Wohler curve
кривая усталости; кривая ВеллераАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > Wohler curve
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6 кривая усталости
Wöhler curve, S-N curve, endurance curve -
7 wohl
n; -(e)s, kein Pl. welfare, good; (Wohlergehen) well-being, weitS. prosperity; das Wohl und Wehe (+ Gen) the fate (of); für das leibliche Wohl der Gäste sorgen make sure the guests have all they need to be comfortable; das geschieht nur zu deinem Wohl it’s for your own good; auf jemandes Wohl trinken drink to s.o.’s health; auf dein Wohl your health!; ( sehr) zum Wohl! cheers! umg.* * *das Wohlgood; wellbeing; well; weal* * *[voːl]nt -(e)s, no plwelfare, wellbeingdas öffentliche Wóhl und das Wóhl des Individuums — the public good or common weal and the welfare of the individual
der Menschheit zum Wóhle — for the benefit of mankind
das Wóhl und Weh(e) — the weal and woe
zu eurem Wóhl — for your benefit or good
zum Wóhl! — cheers!
auf dein Wóhl! — your health!
auf jds Wóhl trinken — to drink sb's health
* * *(welfare: She is always very concerned about her mother's well-being.) well-being* * *<-[e]s>[vo:l]nt kein pl welfare, well-beingjds \Wohl und Wehe (geh) the weal and woejds leibliches \Wohl (geh) sb's well-beingauf jds \Wohl trinken to drink to sb's healthauf dein/Ihr \Wohl! cheers!zu jds \Wohl for sb's [own] goodzum \Wohl! cheers!* * *das; Wohl[e]s welfare; well-beingdas allgemeine/öffentliche Wohl — the public good
[auf] dein Wohl! — your health!
* * *wohl1 adv; wohler, am wohlsten1. well;mir ist nicht wohl dabei I don’t feel happy about it;fühlst du dich jetzt wohler? do you feel better now?;sie ließen sich’s wohl sein they had a good time2.wohl oder übel willy nilly, whether you etc like it or not;wir müssen es wohl oder übel machen auch we have to do it there’s no getting around itwohl2 adv; besser, am besten1. (gut) well;das würde dir wohl anstehen geh, obs it would well become you;(ich) wünsche, wohl geruht/gespeist zu haben! geh obs oder hum I hope you slept well/enjoyed your meal; → bekommen B, gehaben, leben A 52. bekräftigend:ich bin mir dessen wohl bewusst I’m well aware of that;wohl wahr very true;das kann man wohl sagen! you can say that again;ich erinnere mich sehr wohl daran I remember it well;ich verstehe dich sehr wohl I understand you perfectly well;er weiß das sehr wohl he knows very well;er hätte sehr wohl kommen können he could easily have come, there was nothing to stop him (from) coming;bei uns gibt es das nicht, wohl aber in Amerika we don’t have anything like that here, but they do in America3. (möglicherweise, vielleicht) possibly, perhaps, maybe; (wahrscheinlich) probably; vermutend, einräumend: I suppose; einschränkend: (zwar) no doubt;das ist wohl möglich I suppose that’s possible, that’s quite possible;das wird wohl das Beste sein that’s probably the best solution;es wird wohl Regen geben no doubt it will rain;das wird wohl so sein very likely;sie hat uns wohl für Schwestern gehalten she must have thought we were sisters;er könnte wohl noch kommen he might come yet;das mag wohl sein, aber … that may well be, but;sie ist wohl gesund, aber … she is in good health (certainly), but;wohl kaum hardly, I doubt it;sie wird wohl kaum anrufen I doubt whether she’ll ring up (US call), I don’t suppose she’ll ring up (US call);gehst du mit? -wohl kaum! I doubt it very much4. fragend: I wonder;ob er wohl weiß, dass …? I wonder if he knows (that) …;wer das wohl war? I wonder who that was;was sie wohl vorhat? I wonder what she’s up to5. (ungefähr) about;ich habe es ihm wohl schon zehnmal gesagt I must have told him at least ten times6. Ärger, Ungeduld etc ausdrückend: was machst du da? -was wohl? what does it look like?, what do you think?;siehst du wohl(, dass …)? you see (…);ich habe wohl nicht richtig gehört! did I hear you right?;willst du wohl damit aufhören? will you stop that?;man wird ja wohl noch fragen dürfen! (all right,) I was only asking!sehr wohl(, mein Herr)! very well (sir)!* * *das; Wohl[e]s welfare; well-beingdas allgemeine/öffentliche Wohl — the public good
[auf] dein Wohl! — your health!
* * *nur sing. n.well being n. -
8 кривая усталости
• кривая f усталостиenglish: fatigue curve, S-N curve, stress-number curve, Wöhler curvefrançais: courbe f de fatigueРусско-английский (-немецко, -французский) металлургический словарь > кривая усталости
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9 диаграмма Вёлера
Engineering: Wohler diagram -
10 кривая Велера
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11 кривая усталости
1) Engineering: fatigue curve2) Construction: S-N diagram, Wehler curve, fatigue curve (материала)3) Automobile industry: durability line5) Automation: S-N curve, Wohler curve6) Quality control: stress-cycle diagram (число циклов N до разрушения в зависимости от напряжения)7) Makarov: endurance curve -
12 машина для испытания на усталость при круговом изгибе
Construction: four points loading Wohler machineУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > машина для испытания на усталость при круговом изгибе
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13 Ermüdungskurve
f <qualit.mat> ■ fatigue curvef <qualit.mat> (Dauerfestigkeits-Schaubild) ■ Wöhler curve; stress-number curve; stress-cycle curve; SN-curve -
14 Wöhlerversuch
m <qualit.mat> (Dauerschwingversuch) ■ Wöhler test -
15 Dauerfestigkeitskurve
Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Dauerfestigkeitskurve
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16 SIN-curve
см. Wohler curveАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > SIN-curve
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17 stress-number curve
см. Wohler curveАнгло-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > stress-number curve
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18 fatigue models
French\ \ modèles de fatigueGerman\ \ ErmüdungsmodelleDutch\ \ moeheids modellenItalian\ \ modelli di affaticamentoSpanish\ \ modelos de la fatigaCatalan\ \ models de fatigaPortuguese\ \ modelo de fadigaRomanian\ \ modele de obosealăDanish\ \ træthed modellerNorwegian\ \ tretthet modellerSwedish\ \ utmattningsmodellGreek\ \ πρότυπα κούρασηςFinnish\ \ rasitukseen perustuvat elinaikamallit; Wöhler käyrätHungarian\ \ fáradtság modellekTurkish\ \ yorgunluk modelleriEstonian\ \ väsimus mudelidLithuanian\ \ fatigue modeliaiSlovenian\ \ utrujenost modeliPolish\ \ zmęczenie modeleRussian\ \ модель развития усталости (материала)Ukrainian\ \ втома моделейSerbian\ \ умор моделаIcelandic\ \ þreyta módelEuskara\ \ nekea ereduakFarsi\ \ -Persian-Farsi\ \ مدل فرسودگيArabic\ \ نماذج الاعياءAfrikaans\ \ uitputtingsmodelle; vermoeidheidsmodelleChinese\ \ 疲劳模型Korean\ \ 피로 모형 -
19 Hall, Charles Martin
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 6 December 1863 Thompson, Ohio, USAd. 27 December 1914 USA[br]American metallurgist, inventor of the first feasible electrolytic process for the production of aluminium.[br]The son of a Congregationalist minister, Hall was educated at Oberlin College. There he was instructed in chemistry by Professor F.F.Jewett, a former student of the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, who encouraged Hall to believe that there was a need for a cheap process for the manufacture of aluminium. After graduating in 1885, Hall set to work in his private laboratory exploring the method of fused salt electrolysis. On Wednesday 10 February 1886 he found that alumina dissolved in fused cryolite "like sugar in water", and that the bath so produced was a good conductor of electricity. He contained the solution in a pure graphite crucible which also acted as an efficient cathode, and by 16 February 1886 had produced the first globules of metallic aluminium. With two backers, Hall was able to complete his experiments and establish a small pilot plant in Boston, but they withdrew after the US Patent Examiners reported that Hall's invention had been anticipated by a French patent, filed by Paul Toussaint Héroult in April 1886. Although Hall had not filed until July 1886, he was permitted to testify that his invention had been completed by 16 February 1886 and on 2 April 1889 he was granted a seventeen-year monopoly in the United States. Hall now had the support of Captain A.E. Hunt of the Pittsburgh Testing Institute who provided the capital for establishing the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which by 1889 was selling aluminium at $1 per pound compared to the $15 for sodium-reduced aluminium. Further capital was provided by the banker Andrew Mellon (1855–1937). Hall then turned his attention to Britain and began negotiations with Johnson Matthey, who provided land on a site at Patricroft near Manchester. Here the Aluminium Syndicate, owned by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, began to produce aluminium in July 1890. By this time the validity of Hall's patent was being strongly contested by Héroult and also by the Cowles brothers, who attempted to operate the Hall process in the United States. Hall successfully sued them for infringement, and was confirmed in his patent rights by the celebrated ruling in 1893 of William Howard Taft, subsequently President of the USA. In 1895 Hall's company changed its name to the Pittsburgh Aluminium Company and moved to Niagara Falls, where cheap electrical power was available. In 1903 a legal compromise ended the litigation between the Hall and Héroult organizations. The American rights in the invention were awarded to Hall, and the European to Héroult. The Pittsburgh Aluminium Company became the Aluminium Company of America on 1 January 1907. On his death he left his estate, worth about $45 million, for the advancement of education.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChemical Society, London, Perkin Medal 1911.Further ReadingH.N.Holmes, 1930, "The story of aluminium", Journal of Chemical Education. E.F.Smith, 1914, Chemistry in America.ASD -
20 Metallurgy
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См. также в других словарях:
Wöhler — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: August Wöhler (1819–1914), deutscher Werkstoffwissenschaftler August Anton Wöhler (1771–1850), deutscher Agrarwissenschaftler, Tierarzt und Pädagoge Cordula Wöhler (1845–1916), deutsche Dichterin und… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Wöhler — Wohler may refer to:* Wöhler (crater), a crater on Earth s moon * Wöhler process, a chemical process used in the production of aluminum * Wöhler synthesis, the chemical reaction in which ammonium cyanate is converted into urea * August Wöhler… … Wikipedia
Wöhler — Wöhler, 1) August, Ingenieur, * Soltau 22. 6. 1819, ✝ Hannover 21. 3. 1914; ab 1840 im Eisenbahnbau tätig. Wöhler führte experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen von Materialeigenschaften durch und entwickelte entsprechende Apparate und… … Universal-Lexikon
WÖHLER (F.) — WÖHLER FRIEDRICH (1800 1882) Chimiste allemand né à Eschersheim, près de Francfort sur le Main et mort à Göttingen. Wöhler commence ses études de médecine à Marburg en 1820, puis à Heidelberg. Là, L. Gmelin le persuade de se consacrer à la chimie … Encyclopédie Universelle
Wöhler — Wöhler, Friedrich, geb. 31. Juli 1800 zu Eschersheim (im Kurhessischen) bei Frankfurt a. M., studirte 1820–23 in Marburg u. Heidelberg Medicin, ging dann bis 1824 zu weiterer Ausbildung zu Berzelius nach Stockholm, wurde 1824 Privatdocent der… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Wöhler — Wöhler, Friedrich, Chemiker, geb. 31. Juli 1800 in Eschersheim bei Frankfurt a. M., gest. 23. Sept. 1882 in Göttingen, studierte seit 1819 in Marburg Medizin, dann in Heidelberg auch Chemie und Mineralogie, arbeitete ein Jahr lang in Berzelius… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Wöhler — Wöhler, Friedrich, Chemiker, geb. 31. Juli 1800 in Eschersheim bei Frankfurt a. M., 1825 Lehrer an der Gewerbeschule in Berlin, 1831 in Cassel, seit 1836 Prof. in Göttingen, gest. das. 25. Sept. 1882; entdeckte mit der Umwandlung des cyansauren… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Wöhler — Wöhler, Friedrich, ausgezeichneter Chemiker, geb. 1800 zu Eschersheim bei Frankfurt, 1828 Professor an der Gewerbeschule zu Berlin, 1836 Professor der Medicin u. Director des chemischen Instituts in Göttingen, zugleich Generalinspector der hannöv … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Wöhler — Wöhler, Friedrich … Enciclopedia Universal
Wohler — Recorded in England as Wohler and Wohlers, and in Germany as Wolle, Wollen, Woller, Wollers, Woehler, Wohler, Wohlers, Wohlerss and possibly others, this is a surname of some antiquity. It is understood to be cognate with the English name Wooler… … Surnames reference
Wöhler process — was used in the production of aluminium. It involved the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium, and produced powdered aluminium.In 1827, Friedrich Wöhler refined a process discovered by Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist … Wikipedia