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1 Sundback, Gideon
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1910 USA[br]American engineer who improved zip fasteners so they became both a practical and a commercial proposition.[br]The zip fastener was originally patented in the USA in 1896 by W.L. Judson of Chicago. At first it was used only in boots and shoes and was not a success because it tended to jam or spring open. It was expensive, for it was made largely by hand. Eventually the Automatic Hook and Eye Company of Hoboken, New Jersey, took on Dr Gideon Sundback, a Swedish electrical engineer who had settled in the United States in 1905. After several years' work Sundback filed a patent application and his model was sold as a novelty item but was still unsatisfactory in use. In 1912 he invented a hookless fastener which looked promising but also was impractical in use. Finally, in 1913, he invented a fastener which in all important essentials was the modern zip fastener and, in addition, he invented the machinery to produce it. However, clothing manufacturers continued to oppose its introduction until in 1918 a contractor making flying suits for the United States Navy placed an order for 10,000 fasteners and in 1923 B.F.Goodrich \& Co. put zips in the galoshes that they manufactured. Success was assured from then on.[br]Further ReadingJ.Jewkes, D.Sawers and R.Stillerman, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London (discusses the invention).I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge pp. 852–3 (for an account of the development of fastenings).RLH -
2 Judson, Whitcomb L.
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1891–1905 USA[br]American inventor of the zip fastener.[br]Whitcomb Judson was a mechanical engineer by profession. He filed his first patent application for a zip fastener in 1891 and took out a fifth in 1905. His invention was originally designed for shoes and consisted of separate fasteners with two interlocking parts which could be fastened either by hand or by a movable guide. In his last patent, he clamped the fastening elements to the edge of a fabric tape and patented a machine for manufacturing this. Through an earlier exploit, the Judson Pneumatic Street Railway Company, Judson knew Colonel Lewis Walker, who helped him to organize the Universal Fastener Company of Chicago to manufacture these fasteners, which at first were made by hand. One machine invented by Judson proved to be too complicated, but Judson's later fasteners were easier to adapt to machine production. The original company was reorganized as the Automatic Hook and Eye Company of Hoboken, New Jersey, and the new fasteners were sold under the name "C-curity". However, the garment manufacturers would not use them at first because the fasteners had defects, such as springing open at unexpected moments. The Automatic Hook and Eye Company brought in Gideon Sundback, who improved Judson's work and made the zip fastener successful.[br]Further ReadingJ.Jewkes, D.Sawyers and R.Stillerman, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London (for an account of the invention).I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 852–3 (provides a brief account of fastenings).RLH -
3 Textiles
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Dore, Samuel GriswoldHeilmann, JosuéLevers, JohnLister, Samuel CunliffeMa JunSong Yingxing
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