-
1 Robert
-
2 Robert
m.1 Robert, Henry Martyn Robert.2 Robert. -
3 Robert
Abbreviation: BOB -
4 Robert, Nicolas Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 2 December 1761 Paris, Franced. 8 August 1828 Dreux, France[br]French inventor of the papermaking machine.[br]Robert was born into a prosperous family and received a fair education, after which he became a lawyer's clerk. In 1780, however, he enlisted in the Army and joined the artillery, serving with distinction in the West Indies, where he fought against the English. When dissatisfied with his prospects, Robert returned to Paris and obtained a post as proof-reader to the firm of printers and publishers owned by the Didot family. They were so impressed with his abilities that they promoted him, c. 1790, to "clerk inspector of workmen" at their paper mill at Essonnes, south of Paris, under the control of Didot St Leger.It was there that Robert conceived the idea of a continuous papermaking machine. In 1797 he made a model of it and, after further models, he obtained a patent in 1798. The paper was formed on a continuously revolving wire gauze, from which the sheets were lifted off and hung up to dry. Didot was at first scathing, but he came round to encouraging Robert to make a success of the machine. However, they quarrelled over the financial arrangements and Robert left to try setting up his own mill near Rouen. He failed for lack of capital, and in 1800 he returned to Essonnes and sold his patent to Didot for part cash, part proceeds from the operation of the mill. Didot left for England to enlist capital and technical skills to exploit the invention, while Robert was left in charge at Essonnes. It was the Fourdrinier brothers and Bryan Donkin who developed the papermaking machine into a form in which it could succeed. Meanwhile the mill at Essonnes under Robert's direction had begun to falter and declined to the point where it had to be sold. He had never received the full return from the sale of his patent, but he managed to recover his rights in it. This profited him little, for Didot obtained a patent in France for the Fourdrinier machine and had two examples erected in 1814 and the following year, respectively, neatly side-tracking Robert, who was now without funds or position. To support himself and his family, Robert set up a primary school in Dreux and there passed his remaining years. Although it was the Fourdrinier papermaking machine that was generally adopted, it is Robert who deserves credit for the original initiative.[br]Further ReadingR.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Papermaking Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 279–83 (provides a full description of Robert's invention and patent, together with a biography).LRD -
5 Robert Bartlett
m.Robert Bartlett, Robert Abram Bartlett. -
6 Robert Benchley
m.Robert Benchley, Robert Charles Benchley. -
7 Robert Bunsen
m.Robert Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. -
8 Robert Curl
m.Robert Curl, Robert Floyd Curl Jr.. -
9 Robert Frost
m.Robert Frost, Robert Lee Frost. -
10 Robert Graves
m.Robert Graves, Robert Ranke Graves. -
11 Robert Lowell
m.Robert Lowell, Robert Traill Spence Lowell Jr.. -
12 Robert Merton
m.Robert Merton, Robert King Merton. -
13 Robert Peary
m.Robert Peary, Robert Edwin Peary. -
14 Robert Peel
m.Robert Peel, Sir Robert Peel. -
15 Robert Redford
m.Robert Redford, Charles Robert Redford. -
16 Robert Robinson
m.Robert Robinson, Sir Robert Robinson. -
17 Robert Schumann
m.Robert Schumann, Robert Alexander Schumann. -
18 Robert Scott
m.Robert Scott, Robert Falcon Scott. -
19 Robert Venturi
m.Robert Venturi, Robert Charles Venturi. -
20 Robert Adam
m.Robert Adam, Adam.
См. также в других словарях:
Robert R. — Robert R. (early 1954 – May 15 [cite news last = Gorman first = Christine coauthors = title = Strange Trip Back to the Future work = pages = language = English publisher = Time date = November 9, 1987 url =… … Wikipedia
RoBERT — (chanteuse) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Robert. RoBERT Alias RoBERT Nom Myriam Roulet Naissance 14 octobre 1964 … Wikipédia en Français
Robert I — may refer to: *Robert I of France (c. 865 ndash;923), King of France, 922 ndash;923, rebelled against Charles the Simple *Robert I of Poitiers (866 ndash;923), Count of Poitiers, Count of Paris (888), Marquis of Neustria, and King of West Franks … Wikipedia
robert — [ rɔbɛr ] n. m. • 1928; du biberon Robert, marque vendue depuis 1888 ♦ Fam. Sein. « J aurais pu tomber plus mal. Tu verrais ses roberts : aux pommes » (Sartre). ● robert nom masculin (de Robert, nom d une marque de biberons) Populaire. Sein.… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Robert — steht für den Vornamen Robert, siehe Robert (Vorname) den Nachnamen Robert, siehe Robert (Familienname) den Herrschernamen Robert, siehe Liste der Herrscher namens Robert einen Nebenfluss der Gitte in Frankreich, siehe Robert (Fluss) einen… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Robert d’Eu — Robert d Eu Robert fournit une partie des nefs qui vont transporter les futurs vainqueurs de la bataille d Hastings. Robert d’Eu (1022 1089), comte d Eu, fut un baron anglo normand. Sommaire … Wikipédia en Français
Robert II — may refer to:*Robert II of France (972 1031) *Robert II of Dreux (1154 1218) *Robert II of Scotland (1316 1390), known as The Steward *Robert II of Flanders (1065 1111), known as Robert of Jerusalem *Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (1248–1306)… … Wikipedia
Robert d'Eu — Robert fournit une partie des nefs qui vont transporter les futurs vainqueurs de la bataille d Hastings. Robert d’Eu (1022 1089), comte d Eu, fut un baron anglo normand. Sommaire … Wikipédia en Français
ROBERT (M.) — ROBERT MARTHE (1914 1996) Née à Paris, Marthe Robert fait ses études à la Sorbonne puis à l’université J. W. Goethe de Francfort sur le Main. De retour à Paris, elle se lie d’amitié avec Roger Gilbert Lecomte, Arthur Adamov et Antonin Artaud. En… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Robert de Ho — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Robert de Ho (hacia 1140 hacia 1210), fue un poeta y literato anglo normando. Robert de Ho era originario de la península de Hoo en Kent, en la orilla izquierda del Medway. Fue el autor, con el anagrama de Trebor, de … Wikipedia Español
Robert VI — d Auvergne Robert VI d Auvergne, né en 1250, mort en 1314. Robert VI fut comte d Auvergne (1280 1314) et comte de Boulogne (1280 1314), succédant dans les deux fiefs à son frère. Il était le fils de Robert V (v. 1225 1277), comte d Auvergne (1247 … Wikipédia en Français
