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1 Jenney, William Le Baron
[br]b. 25 September 1832 Fairhaven, Massachusetts, USAd. 15 June 1907 Los Angeles, California, USA[br]American architect and engineer who pioneered a method of steel-framed construction that made the skyscraper possible.[br]Jenney's Home Insurance Building in Chicago was completed in 1885 but demolished in 1931. It was the first building to rise above ten to twelve storeys and was possible because it did not require immensely thick walls on the lower storeys to carry the weight above. Using square-sectioned cast-iron wall piers, hollow cylindrical cast-iron columns on the interior and, across these, steel and cast-iron beams and girders, Jenney produced a load-bearing metal framework independent of the curtain walling. Beams and girders were united by ties as well as being bolted to the vertical members, so providing a strong framework to take the building load. Jenney went on to build in Chicago the Second Leiter Building (1889–91) and, in 1891, the Manhattan Building. He played a considerable part in the planning of the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Jenney is accepted as having been the founder of the Chicago school of architecture, and he trained many of the later noted architects and builders of the city, such as William Holabird, Martin Roche and Louis Sullivan.[br]Further ReadingA.Woltersdorf, 1924, "The father of the skeleton frame building", Western Architecture 33.F.A.Randall, 1949, History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.C.Condit, 1964, The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial and Public Building in the Chicago Area 1875–1925, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.DYBiographical history of technology > Jenney, William Le Baron
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2 Holabird, William
[br]b. 11 September 1854 American Union, New York, USAd. 19 July 1923 Evanston, Illinois, USA[br]American architect who contributed to the development of steel framing, a type of structure that rendered possible the erection of the skyscraper.[br]The American skyscraper was, in the 1870s and 1880s, very much the creation of what came to be known as the Chicago school of architecture. It was the most important American contribution to the urban architectural scene. At this time conditions were ripe for this type of office development, and in the big cities, notably Chicago and New York, steeply rising land values provided the incentive to build high; the structural means to do so had been triggered by the then low costs of making quality iron and steel. The skyscraper appeared after the invention of the passenger lift by Otis and the pioneer steel-frame work of Jenney. In 1875 Holabird was working in Jenney's office in Chicago. By 1883 he had set up in private practice, joined by another young architect, Martin Roche (1855–1927), and together they were responsible for the Tacoma Building (1887–9) in Chicago. In this structure the two front façades were entirely non-load-bearing and were carried by an internal steel skeleton; only the rear walls were load-bearing. The design of the building was not revolutionary (this had to wait for L.H. Sullivan) but was traditional in form. It was the possibility of being able to avoid load-bearing outer walls that enabled a building to rise above some nine storeys, and the thirteen-storeyed Tacoma Building pointed the way to the future development of the skyscraper. The firm of Holabird \& Roche continued in the following decades in Chicago to design and construct further high-quality, although lower, commercial buildings such as those in South Michigan Avenue and the McClurg Building. However, they are best remembered for their contribution in engineering to the development of high-rise construction.[br]Further ReadingF.Mujica, 1929, History of the Skyscraper, Paris: Archaeology and Architecture Press. C.W.Condit, 1964, The Chicago School of Architecture: A History of Commercial andPublic Building in the Chicago Area 1875–1925, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. J.W.Rudd (compiler), 1966, Holabird and Roche: Chicago Architects, American Association of Architectural Bibliographers.DY -
3 Sullivan, Louis Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 3 September 1856 Boston, Massachusetts, USAd. 14 April 1924 Chicago, Illinois, USA[br]American architect whose work came to be known as the "Chicago School of Architecture" and who created a new style of architecture suited specifically to steel-frame, high-rise structures.[br]Sullivan, a Bostonian, studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon he joined his parents, who had moved to Chicago, and worked for a while in the office of William Le Baron Jenney, the pioneer of steel-frame construction. After spending some time studying at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, in 1875 Sullivan returned to Chicago, where he later met and worked for the Danish architect Dankmar Adler, who was practising there. In 1881 the two architects became partners, and during the succeeding fifteen years they produced their finest work and the buildings for which Sullivan is especially known.During the early 1880s in Chicago, load-bearing, metal-framework structures that made lofty skyscrapers possible had been developed (see Jenney and Holabird). Louis H.Sullivan initiated building design to stress and complement the metal structure rather than hide it. Moving onwards from H.H.Richardson's treatment of his Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago, Sullivan took the concept several stages further. His first outstanding work, built with Adler in 1886–9, was the Auditorium Building in Chicago. The exterior, in particular, was derived largely from Richardson's Field Store, and the building—now restored—is of bold but simple design, massively built in granite and stone, its form stressing the structure beneath. The architects' reputation was established with this building.The firm of Sullivan \& Adler established itself during the early 1890s, when they built their most famous skyscrapers. Adler was largely responsible for the structure, the acoustics and function, while Sullivan was responsible for the architectural design, concerning himself particularly with the limitation and careful handling of ornament. In 1892 he published his ideas in Ornament in Architecture, where he preached restraint in its quality and disposition. He established himself as a master of design in the building itself, producing a rhythmic simplicity of form, closely related to the structural shape beneath. The two great examples of this successful approach were the Wainwright Building in St Louis, Missouri (1890–1) and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1894–5). The Wainwright Building was a ten-storeyed structure built in stone and brick and decorated with terracotta. The vertical line was stressed throughout but especially at the corners, where pilasters were wider. These rose unbroken to an Art Nouveau type of decorative frieze and a deeply projecting cornice above. The thirteen-storeyed Guaranty Building is Sullivan's masterpiece, a simple, bold, finely proportioned and essentially modern structure. The pilaster verticals are even more boldly stressed and decoration is at a minimum. In the twentieth century the almost free-standing supporting pillars on the ground floor have come to be called pilotis. As late as the 1920s, particularly in New York, the architectural style and decoration of skyscrapers remained traditionally eclectic, based chiefly upon Gothic or classical forms; in view of this, Sullivan's Guaranty Building was far ahead of its time.[br]BibliographyArticle by Louis H.Sullivan. Address delivered to architectural students June 1899, published in Canadian Architecture Vol. 18(7):52–3.Further ReadingHugh Morrison, 1962, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture.Willard Connely, 1961, Louis Sullivan as He Lived, New York: Horizon Press.DY -
4 bad painting
"плохая" живописьТечение в живописи США, впервые заявившее о себе на выставке в Нью-Йорке в 1978. В отличие от господствовавших в то время разновидностей абстрактного искусства, считавшегося "хорошей" живописью, в картинах "плохих" художников наметился возврат к фигуративной (репрезентативной) живописи. Представители движения: Дж. Браун [Brown, Joan], Н. Дженни [Jenney, Neil] и др.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > bad painting
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5 New Image
"Новый образ"Собирательное название направления в творчестве ряда американских художников 1970-х (Дж. Борофски [Borofsky, Jonathan], Н. Дженни [Jenney, Neil], Р. Московитц [Moskowitz, Robert] и др.). После господства в 1960-х минимализма [ minimalism] в нем наметился возврат к фигуративной (реалистичной) живописи и традиционной технике (масляные краски, холст) -
6 skyscraper
Высотное многоэтажное здание различного назначения (деловой или административный центр, жилой комплекс, отель и пр.). Небоскребы - наиболее существенный вклад США в мировую архитектуру. Сооружение небоскребов началось в 1880-х с изобретением стального каркаса и пассажирских лифтов [elevator] и было вызвано в первую очередь плотностью городской застройки и дороговизной земельных участков. В 1878 сыновья Э. Отиса [ Otis, Elisha Graves] начали выпуск гидравлических лифтов, достигавших скорости 245 м в минуту (электрический лифт используется с 1889). Славу зачинателя строительства небоскребов оспаривают города Нью-Йорк и Чикаго. В 1868-70 в г. Нью-Йорке было возведено здание страховой фирмы "Экуитабл лайф" [Equitable Life Building] высотой 40 м. Первым высотным зданием в Чикаго был 10-этажный Хоум-иншуранс-билдинг [Home Life Insurance Building], построенный в 1884 по проекту У. Дженни [Jenney, William L.] (позднее надстроен еще на 2 этажа). При постройке этого здания впервые использовались цельнометаллический каркас и стальные перекрытия, что позволяет именно его считать первым в США небоскребом. В 1895 Чикаго уступил первенство Нью-Йорку, где было возведено 21-этажное здание Американ-шурти-билдинг [American Surety Building] (архитектор Б. Прайс [Price, Bruce]). В 1913-29 самым высоким зданием мира был 60-этажный Вулворт-билдинг [ Woolworth Building] (архитектор К. Джилберт [ Gilbert, Cass]). В 1930-31 рекордным по высоте и количеству этажей был Крайслер-билдинг [ Chrysler Building] архитектора У. Ван Аллена [Van Allen, William]. В мае 1931 Манхэттен [ Manhattan] украсился одним из самых известных в мире небоскребов - Эмпайр-стейт-билдинг [ Empire State Building], - сохранявшим первенство до 1962. Строительство небоскребов возобновилось с новым размахом после окончания Великой депрессии [ Great Depression] и второй мировой войны, а сами они стали элементом архитектуры деловой части [ downtown] каждого крупного американского города. 110-этажные башни Центра международной торговли [ World Trade Center] (построены в 1962-77, разрушены в результате террористических актов 11 сентября 2001 [ September 11]) были самыми высокими в мире до 1973. Ныне таковым является чикагский небоскреб Сирс-тауэр [ Sears Tower] (110 этажей, высота 443 м), построенный в 1970-73 (этот статус оспаривают небоскребы "Петронас тауэрс" в Малайзии). -
7 Architecture and building
Biographical history of technology > Architecture and building
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8 Civil engineering
См. также в других словарях:
Jenney — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Lucinda Jenney (* 1954), US amerikanische Schauspielerin Neil Jenney (* 1945), US amerikanischer Maler William Le Baron Jenney (1832–1907), US amerikanischer Architekt Kategorie: Familienname … Deutsch Wikipedia
Jenney — (William Le Baron) (1832 1907) architecte américain de l école de Chicago … Encyclopédie Universelle
Jenney — [ dʒenɪ], William Le Baron, amerikanischer Architekt, * Fairhaven (Massachusetts) 25. 9. 1832, ✝ Los Angeles (Calif.) 15. 6. 1907; seit 1867 in Chicago (Illinois), Nestor der Chicagoer Schule, baute das Home Insurance Building in Chicago (1883… … Universal-Lexikon
Jenney — Recorded in many forms including Jane, Jan, Jaine, Jenes, Jenn, Jenne, Jenney, Jeens, Genn and Genney, this interesting and unusual name is of medieval English origin. However spelt the derivation is from the Middle English given name Jan, a… … Surnames reference
JENNEY (W. LE BARON) — JENNEY WILLIAM LE BARON (1832 1907) Formé à Paris, à l’École centrale des arts et manufactures, William Le Baron Jenney a été ingénieur avant d’être architecte. En 1868, il s’établit à Chicago et fait un cours d’architecture auquel assistent… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Jenney Grist Mill — The Jenney Grist Mill is a working grist mill located in Plymouth, Massachusetts. It is a reconstruction of the original Jenney Grist Mill, and it stands on the site of the original mill. History John Jenney came to America from Leyden in 1623 on … Wikipedia
Jenney, William Le Baron — ▪ American engineer and architect born Sept. 25, 1832, Fairhaven, Mass., U.S. died June 15, 1907, Los Angeles, Calif. American civil engineer and architect whose technical innovations were of primary importance in the development of the… … Universalium
Jenney — /jen ee/, n. William Le Baron /leuh bar euhn/, 1832 1907, U.S. engineer and architect: pioneer in skyscraper construction. * * * … Universalium
Jenney — /jen ee/, n. William Le Baron /leuh bar euhn/, 1832 1907, U.S. engineer and architect: pioneer in skyscraper construction … Useful english dictionary
JENNEY, William Le Baron — (1832 1907) See SKYSCRAPER … Historical Dictionary of Architecture
Neil Jenney — is a self taught artist born in 1945. He attended Massachusetts College of Art in 1964. In 1966 he moved to New York City where he currently resides. His painting style was described by the art critic Marcia Tucker in 1978 as Bad Painting, a… … Wikipedia