Gebrüder

1) Bruder, der

2) (fellow member of trade union) Kollege, der

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1) (the title given to a male child to describe his relationship to the other children of his parents: I have two brothers.) der Bruder

2) (a fellow member of any group ( also adjective): brother officers.) der Kollege

3) ((plural also brethren ['breƟrən]) a member of a religious group: The brothers of the order prayed together; The brethren met daily.) der Bruder

•

- academic.ru/9238/brotherhood">brotherhood

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[ˈbrʌðəʳ, AM -ɚ]

I. n

1. (son of same parents) Bruder m

\brothers and sisters Geschwister pl

2. (comrade)

▪ \brothers! pl Kameraden!, Brüder!

\brothers in arms Waffenbrüder pl

3. REL (monk) Bruder m

B\brother Michael Bruder m Michael

4. esp AM ( fam: male friend) Kumpel m

▶ I am not my \brother's keeper ich bin nicht der Hüter meines Bruders geh

II. interj ( fam) Mann! fam, Mannomann! fam

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n pl - s or ( obs, Eccl) brethren

1) (ALSO ECCL) Bruder m

2) (in trade unions) Kollege m

3) (= fellow man DDR POL) Bruder m

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brother [ˈbrʌðə(r)]

A s

1. Bruder m:

brothers and sisters Geschwister;

Smith Brothers WIRTSCH Gebrüder Smith

2. REL pl brethren Bruder m:

a) Nächste(r) m

b) Glaubensgenosse m, Mitglied n einer religiösen Gemeinschaft

c) KATH (Laien)Bruder m

3. Amtsbruder m, Kollege m, Genosse m, Gefährte m, Kamerad m:

brother in affliction ( oder distress) Leidensgefährte, -genosse;

brother in arms Waffenbruder m, Kampfgenosse

B adj Bruder…:

brother officer Offizierskamerad m;

brother scientist wissenschaftlicher Kollege;

brother student Kommilitone m, Studienkollege m

C int

1. umg Freundchen!

2. umg Mann!, Mensch!:

brother, was I sick! Mann, war mir schlecht!

br. abk

1. branch

2. bronze

3. brother

4. brown

bro. abk brother

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1) Bruder, der

2) (fellow member of trade union) Kollege, der

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Bruder -¨ m.

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Junghans was of the family that owned Gebrüder Junghans, one of the largest firms in the German watch-and clockmaking industry. From 1906 to 1918 he served in the German Army, after which he took a course in metallurgy and analytical chemistry at the Technical High School in Stuttgart. Junghans was then given control of the brassworks owned by his family. He wanted to make castings simply and cheaply, but he found that he lacked the normal foundry equipment. By 1927, formulating his ideas on continuous casting, he had conceived a way of overcoming this deficiency and began experiments. By the time the firm was taken over by Wieland-Werke AG in 1931, Junghans had achieved positive results. A test plant was erected in 1932, and commercial production of continuously cast metal followed the year after. Wieland told Junghans that a brassfounder who had come up through the trade would never have hit on the idea: it took an outsider like Junghans to do it. He was made Technical Director of Wielands but left in 1935 to work privately on the development of continuous casting for all metals. He was able to license the process for non-ferrous metals during 1936–9 in Germany and other countries, but the Second World War interrupted his work; however, the German government supported him and a production plant was built. In 1948 he was able to resume work on the continuous casting of steel, which he had been considering since 1936. He pushed on in spite of financial difficulties and produced the first steel by this process at Schorndorf in March 1949. From 1950 he made agreements with four firms to work towards the pilot plant stage, and this was achieved in 1954 at Mannesmann's Huckingen works. The aim of continuous casting is to bypass the conventional processes of casting molten steel into ingots, reheating the ingots and shaping them by rolling them in a large mill. Essentially, in continuous casting, molten steel is drawn through the bottom of a ladle and down through a water-cooled copper mould. The unique feature of Junghans's process was the vertically reciprocating mould, which prevented the molten metal sticking as it passed through. A continuous length of steel is taken off and cooled until it is completely solidified into the required shape. The idea of continuous casting can be traced back to Bessemer, and although others tried to apply it later, they did not have any success. It was Junghans who, more than anybody, made the process a reality.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Otto Lilienthal and his brother Gustav developed an interest in flying as boys, when they studied birds in flight, built models and even tried to fit wings to their arms. Gustav went on to become a successful architect while Otto, after a brilliant scholastic career, became a mechanical engineer. Otto was able to devote his spare time to the problems of flight, and Gustav helped when his work allowed. They considered manpowered and mechanically powered projects, but neither looked hopeful so they turned to gliding. Otto published his research work in a book, Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation. By 1889 Otto Lilienthal was ready to test his first full-size gliders. No. 1 and No. 2 were not successful, but No. 3, built in 1891, showed promise. He gradually improved his designs and his launching sites as he gained experience. To take off he ran downhill carrying his hang-glider until it became airborne, then he controlled it by swinging his body weight in the appropriate direction. He even built an artificial mound near Berlin so that he could take off into the wind whichever way it was blowing.

In all, Lilienthal built some eighteen gliders with various wing shapes, including biplanes. By 1895 he was planning movable control surfaces (operated by head movement) and a powered version using a carbonic acid gas motor. Unfortunately, Lilienthal crashed and died of his injuries before these ideas could be tested. In all, he made over two thousand flights covering distances up to 300 m (300 yds. Many of these flights were recorded on photographs and so generated an interest in flying. Lilienthal's achievements also encouraged other pioneers, such as Percy Pilcher in Britain, and Octave Chanute and the Wright brothers in the United States.

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