Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

Franco-Prussian

  • 1 Franco-Prussian

    franco-prussien;
    ∎ the Franco-Prussian War la guerre de 70

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > Franco-Prussian

  • 2 Franco-Prussian

    Общая лексика: франко-прусский

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Franco-Prussian

  • 3 Franco-Prussian

    adj. \/ˌfræŋkəʊˈprʌʃ(ə)n\/
    fransk-tysk

    English-Norwegian dictionary > Franco-Prussian

  • 4 Franco-Prussian War

    the subst.
    ( historisk) Den fransk-tyske krig (1870-1871)

    English-Norwegian dictionary > Franco-Prussian War

  • 5 Franco-

    ['fræŋkəu]
    ( as part of a word) (French: Franco-Scottish.) franco-
    * * *
    Franco- /ˈfræŋkəʊ/
    pref.
    (nei composti) franco-: the Franco-Prussian war, la guerra franco-prussiana ( del 1870-71).

    English-Italian dictionary > Franco-

  • 6 Krupp, Alfred

    [br]
    b. 26 April 1812 Essen, Germany
    d. 14 July 1887 Bredeney, near Essen, Germany
    [br]
    German manufacturer of steel and armaments.
    [br]
    Krupp's father founded a small cast-steel works at Essen, but at his early death in 1826 the firm was left practically insolvent to his sons. Alfred's formal education ended at that point and he entered the ailing firm. The expansion of trade brought about by the Zollverein, or customs union, enabled him to increase output, and by 1843 he had 100 workers under him, making steel springs and machine parts. Five years later he was able to buy out his co-heirs, and in 1849 he secured his first major railway contract. The quality of his product was usefully advertised by displaying a flawless 2-ton steel ingot at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Krupp was then specializing in the manufacture of steel parts for railways and steamships, notably a weldless steel tire for locomotives, from which was derived the three-ring emblem of the Krupp concern. Krupp made a few cannon from 1847 but sold his first to the Khedive of Egypt in 1857. Two years later he won a major order of 312 cannon from the Prussian Government. With the development of this side of the business, he became the largest steel producer in Europe. In 1862 he adopted the Bessemer steelmaking process. The quality and design of his cannon were major factors in the victory of the Prussian artillery bombardment at Sedan in the Franco- Prussian War of 1870. Krupp expanded further during the boom years of the early 1870s and he was able to gain control of German coal and Spanish iron-ore supplies. He went on to manufacture heavy artillery, with a celebrated testing ground at Osnabrück. By this time he had a workforce of 21,000, whom he ruled with benevolent but strict control. His will instructed that the firm should not be divided.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.Batty, 1966, The House of Krupp (includes a bibliography). G.von Klass, 1954, Krupp: The Story of an Industrial Empire.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Krupp, Alfred

  • 7 -o-

    cоединительная гласная сложных слов образованных от названий стран и национальностей: - Anglo-Saxon англо-саксонский - Franco-Prussian франко-прусский - Graeco-Latin греко-латинский состоящих преимущественно из морфем классических языков: - galvanometer гальванометр - speedometer спидометр - lexicography лексикография - seriocomic трагикомический

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > -o-

  • 8 -o-

    [-əʋ-]

    НБАРС > -o-

  • 9 fight

    1. I
    abs boys (dogs, etc.) are fighting .мальчишки и т. д. дерутся; they set the cocks fighting они стравили петухов
    2. II
    1) fight in some manner fight resolutely (desperately, heroically, doggedly, to the finish, to the last, etc.) бороться решительно и т. д.; they fought to the death они сражались /боролись, стояли/ насмерть; fight tooth and nail сражаться не на жизнь, а на смерть; they fell fighting valiantly они мужественно пали в бою
    2) fight at some time my brother and sister often (always, never, etc.) fight мои брат и сестра часто и т. д. ссорятся
    3. III
    1) fight smth. fight the fire (the gale, fight disease, the vermin, that tendency of yours, etc.) бороться с пожаром и т. д.', you must fight their resistance (discontent) вы должны подавить их сопротивление (недовольство)
    2) fight smth., smb. fight a battle вести борьбу; участвовать в сражении; they fought a losing battle они вели бессмысленную / заранее обреченную на провал/ борьбу; fight a duel драться на дуэли; fight an enemy (this man, the opposition candidate, etc.) веста борьбу с врагом и т. д.
    3) fight smth. fight a prize оспаривать приз /награду/; fight a cause отстаивать какое-л. дело; he decided to fight that point он решил оспаривать этот пункт /дать бой по этому вопросу/; they fight everything I say что бы я ни сказал, они все встречают в штыки; I intend to fight that suit to the last я приму все меры, чтобы выиграть дело (в суде); fight a football match (a race) участвовать в футбольном матче (в соревнованиях по бегу); fight an election вести предвыборную борьбу; from now on you'll have to fight your own battles с этого времени тебе придется самому отстаивать свои интересы
    4) fight smb., smth. fight troops (reserves, etc.) маневрировать войсками и т. д.; fight a ship управлять кораблем; fight a gun вести огонь из орудия (в бою); fight a tank управлять танком (в бою)
    4. XI
    be fought at some place a bloody battle was fought near the frontier у границы произошло кровопролитное сражение; be fought in some manner the race (the match) was very closely fought гонки (соревнования) прошла в острой борьбе
    5. XIII
    fight to do smth. fight to preserve their freedom (to regain one's liberty, to have the right to decide for themselves, etc.) бороться /сражаться, веста бой/ за то, чтобы сохранить свободу /за сохранение свободы/ и т. д., the boys fought to prove their mettle мальчишки дрались, чтобы показать, какие они храбрые; we fought to gain more time мы стремились выиграть побольше времени
    6. XVI
    1) fight against /with/ smb., smth. fight against the enemy (against that country, with a person, against difficulties, against a disease, with temptations, with an evil, against nature, etc.) бороться с врагом /против врага/ и т. д.', England fought against /with/ Germany in two wars Англия дважды воевала с Германией; they fought against fearful odds они сражались против значительно превосходящих сил /в самых неблагоприятных условиях/; fight for smth. fight for one's country (for liberty, for one's independence, for peace, for one's rights, for justice against force, for higher wages and better conditions, for existence, for survival, etc.) бороться /сражаться/ за свою родину и т. д.; I know what I'm fighting for я знаю, за что сражаюсь; fight for one's life отчаянно драться, сражаться не на жизнь, а на смерть; fight for glory (for fame, for the prize, etc.) добиваться славы и т. д., стремиться к славе и т. д.; fight about /over/ smth. I think I'm right but I'm not going to fight about it думаю, что я прав, но не стану спорить; fight with smth. fight with swords (with the fists, etc.) драться на шпагах и т. д.; fight with revolvers стрелять друг в друга из револьверов; fight with bravery проявлять в бой /в борьбе/ храбрость; fight with success успешно сражаться; fight in smth. fight in the Franco-Prussian war (in the North African campaign, in the battle of X, in fifty seven battles, etc.) принимать участие /участвовать/ в франко-прусской войне и т. д., fight in a duel драться на дуэли; fight under smb. fight under General А. воевать под командованием генерала А.; fight in defence (on behalf) of smb., smth. fight in defence of the people бороться за свой народ; fight on behalf of a good cause бороться за правое дело
    2) fight with smb. have you been fighting with the boy next door again? ты опять подрался с соседским мальчиком?; fight with each other for a place драться друг с другом из-за места; fight over smith, fight over a bone (over a trifle, etc.) драться из-за кости и т.д.; fight over the box стараться отнять друг у друга коробку || fight among themselves ссориться, ругаться; they always fight among themselves вечно они воюют /дерутся, спорят/ между собой;
    7. XIX1
    fight like smb. fight like a lion (like a wild cat, like vultures over succession, etc.) драться как лев и т. д.
    8. XXI1
    fight smth., smb. with smb., smth. fight a battle with very few soldiers (with these weapons, with a small force, with no support to speak of, with facts and words, etc.) вести борьбу /сражение/ с горсткой солдат и т. д., fight smb. with his own weapons бить кого-л. его собственным оружием; fight one's wag (in)to (out of, through, etc.) smth. fight one's way into the town (into the building, etc.) ворваться /войти/ с боями в город и т. д., fight one's way through the bushes (through the snow, through the enemy's country, to the top, etc.) пробиться сквозь кустарник и т. д., fight one's way out of the crowd (out of the surrounded fort, etc.) вырваться из толпы и т. д.; fight one's way in life /in the world/ пробить себе дорогу в жизни; fight smth. at smth. fight a case at law отстаивать дело в суде || fight smb.'s battles for him заступаться /лезть в драку/ за кого-л.; отстаивать чьи-л. интересы

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > fight

  • 10 Generation of 1870

       A generation of Portuguese writers and intellectuals and a postregeneration phase of the country's intellectual history in the last third of the 19th century. Many of them graduates of Coimbra University, these writers, whose work challenged conventional wisdom of their day, included J. Oliveira Martins, economist and social scientist; Eça de Queirós, novelist; Antero de Quental, poet; Ramalho Ortigão, editor and essayist; Teófilo Braga, literary historian; and the geographer and diplomat abroad, Jaime Batalha Reis. Coming of political age at the time of the Franco-Prussian War, the French Commune, and the French Third Republic (1870-71), these Portuguese intellectuals believed that economically weak Portugal had a polity and society in the grip of a pervasive decadence and inertia. They called for reform and renewal.
       Critical of romanticism, they were realists and neorealists and espoused the ideas of Karl Marx, Pierre Proudhon, and Auguste Comte. They called for revolution through the establishment of republicanism and socialism, and they were convinced that Portugal's backwardness and poverty were due primarily to the ancient influences of a weakened monarchy and the Catholic Church. This group of like-minded but also distinctive thinkers had an important impact on Portuguese letters and elite culture, but only a minor effect on contemporary politics and government.
       Like so many other movements in modern Portugal, the Generation of 1870's initiatives began as essentially a protest by university students of Coimbra, who confronted the status quo and sought to change their world by means of change and innovation in action and ideas. In certain respects, Portugal's Generation of 1870 resembled neighboring Spain's Generation of 1898, which began its "rebellion" in ideas following a disastrous foreign war (the Spanish-American War, 1898).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Generation of 1870

  • 11 Baudot, Jean-Maurice-Emile

    [br]
    b. 11 September 1845 Magneux, France
    d. 28 March 1903 Sceaux, France
    [br]
    French engineer who developed the multiplexed telegraph and devised a 5-bit code for data communication and control.
    [br]
    Baudot had no formal education beyond his local primary school and began his working life as a farmer, as was his father. However, in September 1869 he joined the French telegraph service and was soon sent on a course on the recently developed Hughes printing telegraph. After service in the Franco-Prussian war as a lieutenant with the military telegraph, he returned to his civilian duties in Paris in 1872. He was there encouraged to develop (in his own time!) a multiple Hughes system for time-multiplexing of several telegraph messages. By using synchronized clockwork-driven rotating switches at the transmitter and receiver he was able to transmit five messages simultaneously; the system was officially adopted by the French Post \& Telegraph Administration five years later. In 1874 he patented the idea of a 5-bit (i.e. 32-permutation) code, with equal on and off intervals, for telegraph transmission of the Roman alphabet and punctuation signs and for control of the typewriter-like teleprinter used to display the message. This code, known as the Baudot code, was found to be more economical than the existing Morse code and was widely adopted for national and international telegraphy in the twentieth century. In the 1970s it was superseded by 7—and 8-bit codes.
    Further development of his ideas on multiplexing led in 1894 to methods suitable for high-speed telegraphy. To commemorate his contribution to efficient telegraphy, the unit of signalling speed (i.e. the number of elements transmitted per second) is known as the baud.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    17 June 1874, "Système de télégraphie rapide" (Baudot's first patent).
    Further Reading
    1965, From Semaphore to Satellite, Geneva: International Telecommunications Union.
    P.Lajarrige, 1982, "Chroniques téléphoniques et télégraphiques", Collection historique des télécommunications.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Baudot, Jean-Maurice-Emile

  • 12 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

    [br]
    b. 2 August 1802 Lille, France
    d. 28 April 1872 Lille, France
    [br]
    French photographer, photographic innovator and entrepreneur.
    [br]
    After beginning his working life in a tobacco company, Blanquart-Evrard became Laboratory Assistant to a chemist. He also became interested in painting on ivory and porcelain, foreshadowing a life-long interest in science and art. Following his marriage to the daughter of a textile merchant, Blanquart-Evrard became a partner in the family business in Lyon. During the 1840s he became interested in Talbot's calotype process and found that by applying gallic acid alone, as a developing agent after exposure, the exposure time could be shorter and the resulting image clearer. Blanquart-Evrard recognized that his process was well suited to producing positive prints in large numbers. During 1851 and 1852, in association with an artist friend, he became involved in producing quantities of prints for book illustrations. In 1849 he had announced a glass negative process similar to that devised two years earlier by Niepcc de St Victor. The carrying agent for silver salts was albumen, and more far-reaching was his albumen-coated printing-out paper announced in 1850. Albumen printing paper was widely adopted and the vast majority of photographs made in the nineteenth century were printed in this form. In 1870 Blanquart-Evrard began an association with the pioneer colour photographer Ducos du Hauron with a view to opening a three-colour printing establishment. Unfortunately plans were delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, and Blanquart-Evrard died in 1872 before the project could be brought to fruition.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1851, Traité de photographie sur papier, Paris (provides details of his improvements to Talbot's process).
    Further Reading
    J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstein, New York.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré

  • 13 Dagron, Prudent René-Patrice

    [br]
    b. 1819 Beaumont, France
    d. June 1900 Paris, France
    [br]
    French photographer who specialized in microphotography.
    [br]
    Dagron studied chemistry, but little else is known of his early career. He was the proprietor of a Paris shop selling stationery and office equipment in 1860, when he proposed making microscopic photographs mounted in jewellery. Dagron went on to produce examples using equipment constructed by the optician Debozcq. In 1864 Dagron became one of the celebrities of the day when he recorded 450 portraits on a single photograph that measured 1 mm3. The image was viewed by means of a tiny magnifying lens popularly known as a "Stanhope" after its supposed inventor, the English Lord Charles Stanhope. The great demand for Stanhoped jewellery soon allowed Dagron to build a factory for its manufacture. Dagron's main claim to fame rests on his work during the Franco-Prussian War. At the siege of Paris, Dagron was ballooned out of the city to organize a carrier-pigeon communication service. Thousands of microphotographed dispatches could be carried by a single pigeon, and Dagron set up a regular service between Paris and Tours. In Paris the messages from the outside world were enlarged and projected onto a white wall and transcribed by a team of clerks. After the war, Dagron dabbled in aerial photography from balloons, but his interest in microphotography continued until his death in 1900.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.Tissandier, 1874, Les Merveilles de la photographie, Paris (a contemporary account of Dagron's work during the siege of Paris).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Dagron, Prudent René-Patrice

  • 14 Messel, Rudolf

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 14 January 1848 Darmstadt, Germany
    d. 18 April 1920 London, England
    [br]
    German industrial chemist.
    [br]
    Messel served three years as an apprentice to the chemical manufacturers E.Lucius of Frankfurt before studying chemistry at Zürich, Heidelberg and Tübingen. In 1870 he travelled to England to assist the distinguished chemist Sir Henry Roscoe, but was soon recalled to Germany on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. After hostilities ceased, Messel returned to London to join the firm of manufacturers of sulphuric acid Dunn, Squire \& Company of Stratford, London. The firm amalgamated with Spencer Chapman, and after Messel became its Managing Director in 1878 it was known as Spencer, Chapman \& Messel Ltd.
    Messel's principal contribution to chemical technology was the invention of the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Earlier processes for making this essential product, now needed in ever-increasing quantities by the new processes for making dyestuffs, fertilizers and explosives, were based on the oxidation of sulphur dioxide by oxides of nitrogen, developed by Joshua Ward and John Roebuck. Attempts to oxidize the dioxide to the trioxide with the oxygen in the air in the presence of a suitable catalyst had so far failed because the catalyst had become "poisoned" and ineffective; Messel avoided this by using highly purified gases. The contact process produced a concentrated form of sulphuric acid called oleum. Until the outbreak of the First World War, Messel's firm was the principal manufacturer, but then the demand rose sharply, so that other firms had to engage in its manufacture. Production thereby increased from 20,000 to 450,000 tons per year.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1912. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1911–12, 1914.
    Further Reading
    1931, Special jubilee issue, Journal of the Society of the Chemical Industry (July). G.T.Morgan and D.D.Pratt, 1938, The British Chemical Industry, London.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Messel, Rudolf

См. также в других словарях:

  • Franco-Prussian — adjective Of or pertaining to both France and Prussia, as in, for example, the Franco Prussian War …   Wiktionary

  • Franco-Prussian War — [fraŋ′kō prush′ən] n. a war (1870 71) in which Prussia defeated France …   English World dictionary

  • Franco-Prussian War — Infobox Military Conflict caption=Pierre Georges Jeanniot s La ligne de feu (1886), depicting the Battle of Mars La Tour partof=the wars of German unification conflict=Franco Prussian War date=19 July 1870 – 10 May 1871 place=France and Prussia… …   Wikipedia

  • Franco-Prussian War — (1870–1871)    The final and most significant of the wars of German unification, the Franco Prussian War lasted from July 19, 1870, to May 10, 1871. It pitted France against Prussia and its allies, which included the states of the North German… …   Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914

  • Franco-Prussian War —    The underlying causes for this war (1870 71), lost by France to the German states under the leadership of Prussia, was the determination of the Prussian statesman Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany under Prussian control (and also to eliminate …   France. A reference guide from Renaissance to the Present

  • Franco-Prussian War Order of Battle — This is an order of battle of the French and German Armies at the beginning of the Franco Prussian War in 1870.FranceOrder of battle at the beginning of the war:Army of the Rhine*Imperial Guard Corps ( Garde impériale ) **1st Infantry Division… …   Wikipedia

  • Franco-Prussian War — /frang koh prush euhn/ the war between France and Prussia, 1870 71. * * * or Franco German War (1870–71) War in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France, ending French hegemony in continental Europe and creating a unified …   Universalium

  • Causes of the Franco-Prussian War — The causes of the Franco Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars. France and Prussia had been combatants against each other, with France on the losing side and Napoleon I exiled to Elba …   Wikipedia

  • Franco-Prussian War — Fran′co Prus′sian War′ [[t]ˈfræŋ koʊ ˈprʌʃ ən[/t]] n. why the war between France and Prussia, 1870–71 …   From formal English to slang

  • Franco-Prussian War — /ˌfræŋkoʊ prʌʃən ˈwɔ/ (say .frangkoh prushuhn waw) noun a war (1870–71) between France and Prussia, resulting in the ceding of Alsace and eastern Lorraine to Prussia …  

  • Franco-Prussian War — noun a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870 1871 • Instance Hypernyms: ↑war, ↑warfare …   Useful english dictionary

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»