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1 cinematograph
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2 Lumière, Auguste
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 19 October 1862 Besançon, Franced. 10 April 1954 Lyon, France[br]French scientist and inventor.[br]Auguste and his brother Louis Lumière (b. 5 October 1864 Besançon, France; d. 6 June 1948 Bandol, France) developed the photographic plate-making business founded by their father, Charles Antoine Lumière, at Lyons, extending production to roll-film manufacture in 1887. In the summer of 1894 their father brought to the factory a piece of Edison kinetoscope film, and said that they should produce films for the French owners of the new moving-picture machine. To do this, of course, a camera was needed; Louis was chiefly responsible for the design, which used an intermittent claw for driving the film, inspired by a sewing-machine mechanism. The machine was patented on 13 February 1895, and it was shown on 22 March 1895 at the Société d'Encouragement pour l'In-dustrie Nationale in Paris, with a projected film showing workers leaving the Lyons factory. Further demonstrations followed at the Sorbonne, and in Lyons during the Congrès des Sociétés de Photographie in June 1895. The Lumières filmed the delegates returning from an excursion, and showed the film to the Congrès the next day. To bring the Cinématographe, as it was called, to the public, the basement of the Grand Café in the Boulevard des Capuchines in Paris was rented, and on Saturday 28 December 1895 the first regular presentations of projected pictures to a paying public took place. The half-hour shows were an immediate success, and in a few months Lumière Cinématographes were seen throughout the world.The other principal area of achievement by the Lumière brothers was colour photography. They took up Lippman's method of interference colour photography, developing special grainless emulsions, and early in 1893 demonstrated their results by lighting them with an arc lamp and projecting them on to a screen. In 1895 they patented a method of subtractive colour photography involving printing the colour separations on bichromated gelatine glue sheets, which were then dyed and assembled in register, on paper for prints or bound between glass for transparencies. Their most successful colour process was based upon the colour-mosaic principle. In 1904 they described a process in which microscopic grains of potato starch, dyed red, green and blue, were scattered on a freshly varnished glass plate. When dried the mosaic was coated with varnish and then with a panchromatic emulsion. The plate was exposed with the mosaic towards the lens, and after reversal processing a colour transparency was produced. The process was launched commercially in 1907 under the name Autochrome; it was the first fully practical single-plate colour process to reach the public, remaining on the market until the 1930s, when it was followed by a film version using the same principle.Auguste and Louis received the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society in 1909 for their work in colour photography. Auguste was also much involved in biological science and, having founded the Clinique Auguste Lumière, spent many of his later years working in the physiological laboratory.[br]Further ReadingGuy Borgé, 1980, Prestige de la photographie, Nos. 8, 9 and 10, Paris. Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London ——1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.BC
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cinématographe — [ sinematɔgraf ] n. m. • 1893; h. 1892; du gr. kinêma, kinêmatos « mouvement » et graphe ♦ Appareil inventé par les frères Lumière, capable de reproduire le mouvement par une suite de photographies. Vx Cinéma. « Le cinématographe est un art »… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Cinematographe — Cinématographe Pour le septième art, voir Cinéma. Cinématographe des frères Lumière en 1895 Le … Wikipédia en Français
Cinématographe — Filmvorführung mit dem Cinématographen (Zeichnung von Louis Poyet) Als Cinématographe oder Kinematograph, ursprünglich Kinétoscope de projection, bezeichnet man Apparate der Lumière Gesellschaft, die Filmkamera, Kopiergerät und Filmprojektor in… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Cinématographe — Pour le septième art, voir Cinéma. Cinématographe des frères Lumière en 1895 Le cinématographe (du grec ancien … Wikipédia en Français
Cinématographe — The Cinématographe was the film camera and projector developed by Louis and Auguste Lumière in 1895. It is, properly speaking, the first true motion picture camera and projector, and it is from the name of this device, which literally means… … Guide to cinema
Cinématographe — The Cinématographe was the film camera and projector developed by Louis and Auguste Lumière in 1895. It is, properly speaking, the first true motion picture camera and projector, and it is from the name of this device, which literally means… … Historical Dictionary of French Cinema
Cinématographe — ▪ film technology first motion picture apparatus, used as both camera and projector. The invention of Louis and Auguste Lumière, manufacturers of photographic materials of Lyon, Fr., it was based in part on the Kinetoscope of Thomas A.… … Universalium
CINÉMATOGRAPHE — n. m. Appareil d’optique qui, au moyen de projections photographiques, donne aux spectateurs l’illusion de voir des mouvements réels. On dit par abréviation CINÉMA … Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francaise, 8eme edition (1935)
Une représentation au cinématographe — est un court métrage, muet réalisé par Louis Gasnier en 1908 et présenté en 1910 Résumé Dans la salle, le public attend le début de la séance. Un mari entre et surprend sa femme dans les bras d un autre . Il sort son révolver et tire. Les… … Wikipédia en Français
Le Cinématographe de Pierrot — est un film muet français réalisé par Louis Feuillade sorti en 1909. Portail du cinéma français Catégories : Film en noir et blancFilm muet … Wikipédia en Français
Liste Des Membres De L'Académie Royale Des Arts Du Canada — Cette liste présente les membres de l Académie royale des arts du Canada par ordre alphabétique. L année indique l année de naissance. Sommaire : Haut A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z … Wikipédia en Français
