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1 Crofting
The oldest process of linen bleaching, which consists of spreading fabric out in a field of short grass after it has been soaked in an alkaline solution, and letting it lie until the sun has whitened it. -
2 парцеллярное земледелие
1) Engineering: cropping agriculture2) British English: crofting, crofting agricultureУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > парцеллярное земледелие
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3 графства с мелкими фермами
Scottish language: crofting countiesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > графства с мелкими фермами
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4 земельный надел и усадьба мелкого арендатора
General subject: croftingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > земельный надел и усадьба мелкого арендатора
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5 земельный надел и усадьба мелкого арендатора или фермера
General subject: croftingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > земельный надел и усадьба мелкого арендатора или фермера
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6 земельный надел и усадьба мелкого фермера
General subject: croftingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > земельный надел и усадьба мелкого фермера
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7 земледелие на мелких участках
1) Engineering: cropping agriculture2) Economy: crofting agricultureУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > земледелие на мелких участках
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8 луговое беление
1) General subject: crofting2) Engineering: grass bleaching3) Textile: bleaching on green, grassing, natural bleaching, sun-bleach (льна)4) Special term: grass-bleaching -
9 мелкое сельское хозяйство
British English: croftingУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > мелкое сельское хозяйство
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10 отбеливание
2) Medicine: bleaching3) Engineering: bleach-out process, bleaching process, crofting (льняного полотна на солнце), refining, rehalogenization (фотографическое)4) Agriculture: decoloration, decoloring8) Polygraphy: etch-bleach9) Electronics: bleach process10) Seismology: whitening11) Drilling: decolorizing12) Automation: blanching (в кислоте)13) Makarov: blanching (напр. черешкового сельдерея окучиванием или загущением) -
11 отбелка на солнце
2) Textile: sun-bleach -
12 система мелкого арендаторства
General subject: crofting (в Шотландии)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > система мелкого арендаторства
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13 сосредоточение мелких ферм
Ecology: crofting townshipУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > сосредоточение мелких ферм
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14 отбеливание
bleach, bleaching, ( чугуна) chilling метал., ( льняного полотна на солнце) crofting, bleaching [bleach-out] process* * *отбе́ливание с. ( воздействие химикатов или солнца)
bleachingотбе́ливание под кра́шение — bleaching for dyeing, dyers bleachingотбе́ливание чугуна́ — chilling of iron casting* * * -
15 Parzellenbesitzer
Parzellenbesitzer, Parzelleninhaber
stake (allotment, Br.) holder;
• im Wert gestiegene Parzellenfläche plottage (US);
• Parzellenvereinigung assembling parcels of land, land assembly;
• durch Zusammenlegung gestiegener Parzellenwert plottage increment (value);
• Parzellenwirtschaft crofting (Br.). -
16 Parzelleninhaber
Parzellenbesitzer, Parzelleninhaber
stake (allotment, Br.) holder;
• im Wert gestiegene Parzellenfläche plottage (US);
• Parzellenvereinigung assembling parcels of land, land assembly;
• durch Zusammenlegung gestiegener Parzellenwert plottage increment (value);
• Parzellenwirtschaft crofting (Br.). -
17 Parzellenwirtschaft
Parzellenwirtschaft
crofting (Br.). -
18 maanviljelys
yks.nom. maanviljelys; yks.gen. maanviljelyksen; yks.part. maanviljelystä; yks.ill. maanviljelykseen; mon.gen. maanviljelysten maanviljelyksien; mon.part. maanviljelyksiä; mon.ill. maanviljelyksiinagriculture (noun)farming (noun)* * *• agricultural• agriculture• crofting• farming• husbandry -
19 Bain, Alexander
[br]b. October 1810 Watten, Scotlandd. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).[br]Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.[br]Bibliography1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles andMechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).Further ReadingThe best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).See also: Bakewell, Frederick C.DV / KF
См. также в других словарях:
Crofting — is a form of land tenure[1] and small scale food production unique to the Scottish Highlands, the Islands of Scotland, and formerly on the Isle of Man.[2] Within crofting townships, individual crofts are established on the better land, and a… … Wikipedia
Crofting — Croft ing, n. 1. Croftland. [Scot.] Jamieson. [1913 Webster] 2. (Textile Manuf.) Exposing linen to the sun, on the grass, in the process of bleaching. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
crofting — [[t]krɒ̱ftɪŋ, AM krɔ͟ːft [/t]] N UNCOUNT: oft N n In Scotland, crofting is the activity of farming on small pieces of land. ...isolated crofting communities … English dictionary
crofting — tiŋ noun ( s) Etymology: croft (I) + ing 1. chiefly Britain a. : the quality or state of being successively cropped b … Useful english dictionary
crofting — noun A form of land tenure and small scale food production, unique to the Highlands and islands of Scotland, in which individual crofts are established on the better land while a large area of poor quality hill ground is shared by all the… … Wiktionary
crofting — croft|ing [ˈkrɔftıŋ US ˈkro:f ] n [U] BrE the system of farming on crofts in Scotland … Dictionary of contemporary English
crofting — noun (U) the system of farming on crofts in Scotland … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
crofting — croft·ing … English syllables
crofting — UK [ˈkrɒftɪŋ] / US [ˈkrɑftɪŋ] noun [uncountable] farming on a croft … English dictionary
Scottish Crofting Foundation — The Scottish Crofting Foundation (SCF), formerly called the Scottish Crofters Union (SCU), is an organisation of crofting communities in the highlands and islands of Scotland. Its magazine is called The Crofter .The SCF is currently involved in… … Wikipedia
home-crofting — homeˈ crofting noun • • • Main Entry: ↑home … Useful english dictionary