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1 Coburg
A twill cloth made from cotton and silk, worsted and silk, or all worsted. Used as a dress fabric, varying in width and quality. One quality is made 64/128 per inch. 50's T., 72's W., botany yarns. Actually the cloth is a cashmere. It was introduced shortly after Queen Victoria's marriage to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. The Coburg today is an all-worsted fabric (see Paramatta) -
2 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince Albert of
Biographical history of technology > Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince Albert of
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3 Cashmere Cloth
A large trade is done in cotton cashmeres, which are generally dyed black, although colours are sometimes shown. The following are standard makes: - 56-in. full, 90 yards, 52 X 140, 36's/28's, 43-lb.; 41-in. full, 90 yards, 80 X 104, 36's/40's; 221/2-in. full, 90 yards, 78 X 114, 32's/28's, 25-lb. The weave is 2 X 1 twill, and super weft is used. Another cashmere is made with a cotton warp, which is printed before weaving, and either cotton or wool weft. Used for dress purposes. About 68 X 132, 2/60's cotton, 56's botany. The name is obtained from the Cashmere goat, whose wool was first used to make cashmeres. This wool cashmere is still made in Yorkshire. Such as 56-in., 68 X 140, 54's/18's worsted. A cashmere made for China with a few ends of coloured worsted at each selvedge is known as " Worsted Border Cashmere." A standard quality is made 36-in., 120 yard, 54 X 104, 36's/28's, 12 ends worsted each side. The cloth is dyed and has a special lustrous finish. See also Coburg, Henrietta, Jockey Cloth, Paramatta, which are all cashmeres. -
4 Paramatta
Originally this term was applied to a dress fabric having a silk warp and worsted weft. The name came from the town in New South Wales where the paramatta wool came from. When made of worsted warp and weft the cloth was known as Coburg. It is now made with a cotton warp and botany weft in 2 & 1 weft twill weave, and used for proofing. One quality is made 60 ends and 128 picks per inch, 40's warp, 60's weft, botany yarns. -
5 Pedro V, king
(1837-1861)Of all Portuguese kings in the 18th and 19th centuries, Pedro V was the best educated and most intellectually talented. Pedro was the firstborn son of Queen Maria II and Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Exceptionally well-educated, Prince Pedro traveled extensively abroad, which was unusual for a Portuguese royal heir in that day, and was tutored under his mother's watchful eye. He was blessed with a brilliant memory, a fine imagination, shrewd political judgment, and a fund of learning. Pedro demonstrated a keen interest not only in the common political affairs such as fell within a constitutional monarch's concerns, but with a variety of subjects including science, emigration, diplomacy, and the African colonies. He carried on a lively correspondence with royal relatives abroad, including Queen Victoria of England to whom he was related through his father.When his mother Queen Maria II died tragically at age 34 in childbirth, 16-year-old Pedro became regent. He ascended the throne at age 18 and was a model monarch. He ruled formally from 1855 to 1861, when he died of typhus. His brief but significant appearance as an enlightened ruler was a sad case of unfulfilled promise. -
6 Albert, Prince Consort
[br]b. 26 August 1819 The Rosenau, near Coburg, Germanyd. 14 December 1861 Windsor Castle, England[br]German/British polymath and Prince Consort to Queen Victoria.[br]Albert received a sound education in the arts and sciences, carefully designed to fit him for a role as consort to the future Queen Victoria. After their marriage in 1840, Albert threw himself into the task of establishing his position as, eventually, Prince Consort and uncrowned king of England. By his undoubted intellectual gifts, unrelenting hard work and moral rectitude, Albert moulded the British constitutional monarchy into the form it retains to this day. The purchase in 1845 of the Osborne estate in the Isle of Wight provided not only the growing royal family with a comfortable retreat from London and public life, but Albert with full scope for his abilities as architect and planner. With Thomas Cubitt, the eminent engineer and contractor, Albert erected at Osborne one of the most remarkable buildings of the nineteenth century. He went on to design the house and estate at Balmoral in Scotland, another notable creation.Albert applied his abilities as architect and planner in the promotion of such public works as the London sewer system and, in practical form, the design of cottages for workers, such as those in south London, as well as those on the royal estates. Albert's other main contribution to technology was as educationist in a broad sense. In 1847, he was elected Chancellor of Cambridge University. He was appalled at the low standards and narrow curriculum prevailing there and at Oxford. He was no mere figurehead, but took a close and active interest in the University's affairs. With his powerful influence behind them, the reforming fellows were able to force measures to raise standards and widen the curriculum to take account, in particular, of the rapid progress in the natural sciences. Albert was instrumental in ending the lethargy of centuries and laying the foundations of the modern British university system.In 1847 the Prince became Secretary of the Royal Society of Arts. With Henry Cole, the noted administrator who shared Albert's concern for the arts, he promoted a series of exhibitions under the auspices of the Society. From these grew the idea of a great exhibition of the products of the decorative and industrial arts. It was Albert who decided that its scope should be international. As Chairman of the organizing committee, by sheer hard work he drove the project through to a triumphant conclusion. The success of the Exhibition earned it a handsome profit for which Albert had found a use even before it closed. The proceeds went towards the purchase of a site in South Kensington, for which he drew up a grand scheme for a complex of museums and colleges for the education of the people in the sciences and the arts. This largely came to fruition and South Kensington today is a fitting memorial to the Prince Consort's wisdom and concern for the public good.[br]Further ReadingSir Theodore Martin, 1875–80, The Life of His Royal Highness, the Prince Consort, 5 vols, London; German edn 1876; French edn 1883 (the classic life of the Prince).R.R.James, 1983, Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography, London: Hamish Hamilton (the standard modern biography).L.R.Day, 1989, "Resources for the study of the history of technology in the Science Museum Library", IATUL Quarterly 3:122–39 (provides a short account of the rise of South Kensington and its institutions).LRD -
7 Berger, Hans
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 21 May 1873 Neuses bei Coburg, Germanyd. 1 June 1941 Jena, Germany[br]German psychiatrist and neurophysiologist, discoverer of the human electroencephalogram (EEG).[br]Berger studied medicine at the University of Jena from 1892. In 1897 he became Assistant to the psychiatric clinic, in 1912 he became Chief Doctor and then Director and Professor of Psychiatry, remaining in this post until his retirement in 1938.The central theme of his research work was the correlation between the objective activity of the brain and subjective psychic phenomena. His early attempts involving the blood flow and temperature of the brain yielded no positive results, and it was not until 1929 that he had developed methods of recording the fluctuations of electric potential arising from brain activity. This electroencephalogram (EEG) proved to be of immediate value in the diagnosis and treatment of brain disease, but it did not prove to be an indicator of a connection between brain and psychic energy.Although Berger continued to study the EEC intensively, the technique did not gain widespread recognition until its development by Adrian and Matthews from 1934 onwards.[br]BibliographyVarious papers, including "Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschens", Archiv für Psychiatrie, 1929–38.Further ReadingAdrian and Matthews, 1934, "The Berger Rhythm", Brain.MG
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