-
1 Brearley, Harry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 18 February 1871 Sheffield, Englandd. 14 July 1948 Torquay, Devon, England[br]English inventor of stainless steel.[br]Brearley was born in poor circumstances. He received little formal education and was nurtured rather in and around the works of Thomas Firth \& Sons, where his father worked in the crucible steel-melting shop. One of his first jobs was to help in their chemical laboratory where the chief chemist, James Taylor, encouraged him and helped him fit himself for a career as a steelworks chemist.In 1901 Brearley left Firth's to set up a laboratory at Kayser Ellison \& Co., but he returned to Firth's in 1904, when he was appointed Chief Chemist at their Riga works, and Works Manager the following year. In 1907 he returned to Sheffield to design and equip a research laboratory to serve both Firth's and John Brown \& Co. It was during his time as head of this laboratory that he made his celebrated discovery. In 1913, while seeking improved steels for rifle barrels, he used one containing 12.68 per cent chromium and 0.24 per cent carbon, in the hope that it would resist fouling and erosion. He tried to etch a specimen for microscopic examination but failed, from which he concluded that it would resist corrosion by, for example, the acids encountered in foods and cooking. The first knives made of this new steel were unsatisfactory and the 1914–18 war interrupted further research. But eventually the problems were overcome and Brearley's discovery led to a range of stainless steels with various compositions for domestic, medical and industrial uses, including the well-known "18–8" steel, with 18 per cent chromium and 8 per cent nickel.In 1915 Brearley left the laboratory to become Works Manager, then Technical Director, at Brown Bayley's steelworks until his retirement in 1925.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1920.BibliographyBrearley wrote several books, including: 1915 (?), with F.Ibbotson, The Analysis of Steelworks Materials, London.The Heat Treatment of Tool Steels. Ingots and Ingot Moulds.Later books include autobiographical details: 1946, Talks on Steelmaking, American Society for Metals.1941, Knotted String: Autobiography of a Steelmaker, London: Longmans, Green.Further ReadingObituary, 1948, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 428–9.LRD -
2 Haynes, Elwood
[br]b. 14 October 1857 Portland, Indiana, USAd. 13 April 1925 Kokomo, Indiana, USA[br]American inventor ofStellite cobalt-based alloys, early motor-car manufacturer and pioneer in stainless steels.[br]From his early years, Haynes was a practising Presbyterian and an active prohibitionist. He graduated in 1881 at Worcester, Massachusetts, and a spell of teaching in his home town was interrupted in 1884–5 while he attended the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. In 1886 he became permanently diverted by the discovery of natural gas in Portland. He was soon appointed Superintendent of the local gas undertaking, and then in 1890 he was hired by the Indiana Natural Gas \& Oil Company. While continuing his gas-company employment until 1901, Haynes conducted numerous metallurgical experiments. He also designed an automobile: this led to the establishment of the Haynes- Apperson Company at Kokomo as one of the earliest motor-car makers in North America. From 1905 the firm traded as the Haynes Automobile Company, and before its bankruptcy in 1924 it produced more than 50,000 cars. After 1905, Haynes found the first "Stellite" alloys of cobalt and chromium, and in 1910 he was publicizing the patented material. He then discovered the valuable hardening effect of tungsten, and in 1912 began applying the "improved" Stellite to cutting tools. Three years later, the Haynes Stellite Company was incorporated, with Haynes as President, to work the patents. It was largely from this source that Haynes became a millionaire in 1920. In April 1912, Haynes's attempt to patent the use of chromium with iron to render the product rustless was unsuccessful. However, he re-applied for a US patent on 12 March 1915 and, although this was initially rejected, he persevered and finally obtained recognition of his modified claim. The American Stainless Steel Company licensed the patents of Brearley and Haynes jointly in the USA until the 1930s.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsJohn Scott Medal 1919 (awarded for useful inventions).BibliographyHaynes was the author of more than twenty published papers and articles, among them: 1907, "Materials for automobiles", Proceedings of the American Society of MechanicalEngineers 29:1,597–606; 1910, "Alloys of nickel and cobalt with chromium", Journal of Industrial Engineeringand Chemistry 2:397–401; 1912–13, "Alloys of cobalt with chromium and other metals", Transactions of the American Institute of 'Mining Engineers 44:249–55;1919–20, "Stellite and stainless steel", Proceedings of the Engineering Society of WestPennsylvania 35:467–74.1 April 1919, US patent no. 1,299,404 (stainless steel).The four US patents worked by the Haynes Stellite Company were: 17 December 1907, patent no. 873,745.1 April 1913, patent no. 1,057,423.1 April 1913, patent no. 1,057, 828.17 August 1915, patent no. 1,150, 113.Further ReadingR.D.Gray, 1979, Alloys and Automobiles. The Life of Elwood Haynes, Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society (a closely documented biography).JKA -
3 Metallurgy
См. также в других словарях:
Brearley — is a surname that may refer to:* Harry Brearley, British chemist who invented stainless steel * Mike Brearley, Middlesex and England cricketer, one of the most successful cricket captains of all time * Walter Brearley, Lancashire fast bowler *… … Wikipedia
Brearley — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: David Brearley (1745–1790), Deligierter der Constitutional Convention Harry Brearley (1871–1948), britischer Erfinder Norman Brearley (1890–1989), australischer Pilot und Luftfahrtpionier Peter Brearley (* … Deutsch Wikipedia
Brearley — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie différentes personnes partageant un même nom. Le nom de famille Brearley est porté notamment par : David Brearley (1745 1790), délégué à la convention constitutionnelle américaine ; Harry Brearley … Wikipédia en Français
Brearley — This name is of English locational origin from Brierley in Staffordshire or Brierly in West and South Yorkshire. The name, in all cases, derives from the Olde English pre 7th Century broer meaning briar plus leah , a clearing. The surname from… … Surnames reference
Brearley School — Infobox Secondary school name = The Brearley School native name = motto = By Truth and Toil established = 1884 city = New York City state = NY province = country = USA campus = type = Private Girls School affiliation = affiliations = president =… … Wikipedia
Brearley Brook — Infobox River river name = Brearley Brook caption = origin = Low House Moor mouth = Hollingworth Brook basin countries = England length = elevation = mouth elevation = discharge = watershed =Brearley Brook is a watercourse in Greater Manchester… … Wikipedia
Mike Brearley — Personal information Full name John Michael Brearley Born 28 April 1942 (1942 04 28) (age 69) Harrow, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom Nickname Brears, Scagg Height 5 ft 11 i … Wikipedia
Mike Brearley — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Brearley. John Michael Brearley, dit Mike Brearley, est un joueur de cricket international anglais né le 28 avril 1942 à Harrow. Ce batteur effectue sa carrière avec le Middlesex County Cricket Club… … Wikipédia en Français
David Brearley High School — Location 401 Monroe Avenue Kenilworth, NJ 07033 Information Type Public high school School district Kenilworth Public Schools Principal … Wikipedia
Norman Brearley — in the 1920s Born 1890 Geelong, Victoria, Australia Died 9 June 1989 Nationality … Wikipedia
Walter Brearley — Infobox Historic Cricketer nationality = English country = England country abbrev = ENG name = Walter Brearley picture = Cricket no pic.png batting style = Right hand bat bowling style = Right arm fast tests = 4 test runs = 21 test bat avg = 7.00 … Wikipedia