-
1 Belém, National Palace of
Since 1911, Belém Palace in western Lisbon has been the official residence of the president of the republic. This 18th-century pink palace is a superb historical legacy in itself and represents an important part of the country's monumental patrimony. Ordered built by King João V in 1726, Belém Palace was altered during the course of the 19th century. Intricate interior decorations, art, and elaborate gardens enhance the palace's delicate image. Belém Palace was the preferred residence of Queen Maria II (r. 1834—53) as well as of King Carlos I and Queen Amélia (r. 1889-1908). The annex to Belém Palace, once the royal riding ring and stables, is currently the National Museum of Coaches.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Belém, National Palace of
-
2 Belém, Tower of
Built during the country's early imperial age when Portugal was a world maritime power, the Tower of Belém (Torre do Belém) in Lisbon was constructed as a defense against maritime attack in the Tagus River. This historic stone tower, one of Portugal's most perfect Manueline architectural style monument-treasures, was begun in 1515 by order of King Manuel I. The first architect was the military architect Francisco Arruda, and the tower was built in the River Tagus.With changes in tides, time, and the shoreline since, the tower today rests close to the Belém shoreline. The tower was built to accommodate a garrison, a prison, and artillery to ward off pirates and other raiders coming from the Atlantic up the Tagus River. Eclectic in architectural style, the tower's styles include Roman-Gothic and Manu-eline, with touches of Venetian and Moroccan influence. Located not far from the massive Monastery of Jerónimos convent, the tower is square and is surrounded by a polygonal bulwark, as well as by walls facing the Tagus. Centuries after its use in defense had ceased, the tower in its restored state became a memorable symbol of Portugal's Age of Discoveries and expansion, as well as a much-photographed icon in tourist literature. -
3 Belem, PA, Brazil
Airports: BEL -
4 kijön a belem!
barf me out! -
5 Community of Portuguese language countries
The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Comunidade dos Paises de Língua Portuguesa, CPLP) was founded at a meeting of presidents and other leaders of the Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) countries at Belém, Portugal, 17 July 1996. That meeting, a constituent summit, brought together leaders of the seven countries whose official language is Portuguese: Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea- Bissau, Cape Verdes, São Tomé, and Príncipe. Belém, this cultural summit's venue, held a symbolic, historical significance for the conferees since they met only a short distance from the historic Tower of Belém and from the embarkation point of Vasco da Gama's 1497-99 voyage, which pioneered an all-water route from Portugal to India.The Community of Portuguese Language Countries did not experience an easy birth. Despite earlier postponements, the July 1996 Summit was successful, but some key issues divided the membership. Several members, most notably, Brazil, showed scant interest in the project. Further, while the language question—the common use of Portuguese—was intended to be a unifying element, sometimes language issues were divisive. For example, West African CPLP member Guinea-Bissau has joined a Francophone (French-speaking) community in West Africa, and the use of Portuguese is giving way there to that of French. Also, a more important CPLP member, Mozambique, has effectively joined The Commonwealth, an Anglophone community, since its principal neighbors in southern Africa are Anglophone. Unlike the cited Francophone and Anglophone communities, however, the CPLP has an official center or headquarters (in Lisbon), as well as a budget and constituent bureaucratic organs.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Community of Portuguese language countries
-
6 Discoveries, Monument of the
Located on the Tagus shore in Belém, not far from the Tower of Belém and the Jerónimos Monastery, the Monument of the Discoveries is a stone tribute of relatively recent origin. Built originally in 1940, as part of the Estado Novo's Double Centenary Exposition of the Portuguese World, the Monument of the Discoveries was constructed of temporary, lightweight materials. Unlike most of the exposition's constructions, however, the monument was not torn down after the exposition closed in December 1940. It remained in place and was reconstructed out of permanent materials and stone in time for the 1960 celebrations of the 500th anniversary of the death of Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator).The monument is the work of sculptor Leopoldo de Almeida. It is complemented by an enormous mosaic wind rose showing the points of the compass, which was contributed by the Union of South Africa and is set in the open square just inland from the monument. This modern construction forms an imposing caravel in full sail, with Prince Henry the Navigator at the prow and a group of the country's chief navigators and sailors behind him. Notably, Columbus, who sailed for Spain, is not among them.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Discoveries, Monument of the
-
7 Telmo, José Ângelo Cottinelli
(1897-1948)Architect, artist, musician, photographer, illustrator, and filmmaker. Trained at the Escola de Belas-Artes, Lisbon, he produced the classic film A Canção de Lisboa (Song of Lisbon). Although best known for his extraordinary architectural creations, he was also a musician, dancer, and photographer, and it was Cottinelli Telmo who introduced the newspaper cartoon ( banda desenhada) to Portugal. A visionary creator and organizer, he pioneered the notion of the "garden-city" in Lisbon. While he was employed by the Portuguese railroads, he designed train stations and other structures, including several in Lisbon, Campolide, and Caçém.His most memorable contribution was work at the massive 1940 Exposition of the Portuguese World at Belém, a kind of world's fair that opened in the weeks before the fall of France in June 1940. The centerpiece of this exposition, in what is now the Praça do Império and fronting on the Monastery of Jerônimos, was the Pavilion of the Portuguese in the World. Named chief architect by Minister of Public Works Duarte Pacheco, Cottinelli Telmo gathered around him a stellar array of the country's finest architects and artists of their generation. Other major projects were buildings in Belém, the Sanctuary at Fátima, the Catholic shrine, and Coimbra's University City.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Telmo, José Ângelo Cottinelli
-
8 (г.) Белен
-
9 г. Белен
Geography: Belem -
10 Белен
-
11 בלם
n. Belem————————v. be braked, stopped; restrained, bridled————————v. to brake, stop, curb; restrain, bridle, rein————————brake, skid; barrier; dam; stopper (football) -
12 Белен
I( Бразилия) BelémII(США, шт. Нью-Мексико) Belen -
13 Белен
м.( город) Belém (порт.) [be'lem] -
14 Castles, Portuguese
"Castles in Spain,' still a common phrase in English, can conjure up romantic images of scenery in neighboring Spain. Although less well known, "Castles in Portugal" are also quite numerous and equally remarkable, romantic, and scenic. Virtually all have been fully restored since the 1930s, when preparations began for the 1940 Double Centenary celebrations. Major Portuguese castles are listed below and several of them have individual entries in this dictionary (noted in boldface type). This is by no means an exhaustive list.Lisbon Region São Jorge Castle Palmella Castle* Belém Tower Moorish Castle, Sintra Pena Palace, Sintra Tagus River ValleyCastle of Torres Novas/Castle of São Filipe (Setúbal)* Castle of Almourol Central/ Southern Portugal Castle of AbrantesCastle of Belver Castle of Silves (Algarve)Castle of Torres Vedras Castle of MarvãoCastle of Óbidos Castle of VideCastle of Peniche Castle of Alter do ChãoCastle of Ourém Castles of ElvasCastles of Tomar Castle of Estremoz*Castle of Pombal Castle of SalirCastle of Montemor-o-Velho Castle of BejaCastle of MértolaCastle of Bode*Castle of Louzã Castle of GuimarãesCastle of Feira Castle of LanhosoCastle of S. João da Foz Castle of MontalegreCastle of Chaves Castle of ValençaCastle of Monção Castle of BragançaCastle of Penedono Castle of Celórico da BeiraCastle of Belmonte Castle of Sabugal*Indicates castle is now a pousada (state inn) where visitors can stay. -
15 Commemorations, Portuguese historic
As in so many other activities of Portugal and its people, in historic commemorative work, the past always seems present. For more than a century, Portugal has planned and sponsored a variety of historic commemorations related to the glorious Age of Discoveries era of historic Portugal. The Columban centenary commemorations, involving Spain and Italy in particular, have gained greater world attention, Portugal, nevertheless, has a history of her own commemorations.Whatever the political ideology of the governmental system involved, Portugal's historic commemorations have been continuous and well-planned, and have sought to stir national pride as well as regime loyalty. Portugal's official efforts in public commemoration date at least back to 1880, when the Portuguese celebrated the 300th anniversary of the death of the national epic poet, Luís de Camões. Others followed that sought to arouse national remembrance and encourage notions of national revival, by focusing either on biographical or national discovery dates. The next major commemoration was in 1894, when Portugal commemorated the 500th anniversary of the birth in 1394 of Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator) and, in 1897-99, the 400th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of the sea route to India.The 20th century has seen the most elaborate and publicized historic commemorations for Portugal. Besides its extensive propaganda program beginning in the 1930s, the Estado Novo put considerable effort into extensive historic commemorations, with the purpose of encouraging national pride and international respect, as well as regime loyalty. At least three national commemorations are worthy of note here, although scores of other events were held on a smaller scale. From June to December 1940, Portugal held the grand Double Centenary celebrations, which celebrated Portugal's emergence as an independent monarchy and state in 1140 (800 years) and the restoration of independence from Spain in 1640 (300 years). More than five months of activities included expensive publications of books and tourist materials, exhibits, academic conferences, and an outstanding Lisbon "world's fair" known as the "Exposition of the Portuguese World," staged at Belém, in front of the Monastery of Jerónimos, and involving the unveiling for the first time of the new Monument of the Discoveries.Two other commemorations of the Estado Novo deserve mention: the 1947 celebration of the 800th anniversary of the Portuguese taking of Lisbon (1147) from Moorish forces and the 1960 commemoration activities marking the 500th anniversary of the death of the central figure of the Portuguese Discoveries, Prince Henry the Navigator. The latter set of events took place during a time of political sensitivity, when the government's African policy was under strong international pressures.Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, democratic Portugal has put substantial resources into commemorating various persons and events of the Age of Discoveries. In 1980, Portugal's scholars celebrated the 400th anniversary of the death of the national poet Camões in many books, articles, exhibits, and conferences. But this would all be overshadowed by the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Portuguese Discoveries, which would run from 1988 to 2000. This elaborate effort involved the establishment of a government agency, the National Committee for the Commemoration of the Portuguese Discoveries, headed by one of Portugal's most eminent scholars on the subject, Dr. Vasco Graça Moura. Commemoration began in 1988 with the celebration and reenactment of the 1488 voyage of navigator Bartolomeu Dias from Lisbon to beyond the Cape of Good Hope, in South Africa. The 12-year cycle, the longest Discoveries commemorations of any century and of any Western country, put the 1992 Columban Quincentenary events somewhat in the shade.Between May and October 1998, Portugal held Expo '98 in Lisbon, a world's fair that was keyed to the celebration of the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's discovery of an all-water route to India in 1498. This cycle ended in 2000, marking the 500th anniversary of the year that Portugal's Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Commemorations, Portuguese historic
-
16 Gama, Vasco da
(1468?-1524)Navigator, conqueror, and fleet commander of the Portuguese ships that discovered the sea route to India in 1497-98. Born in Sines and trained in navigation, Vasco da Gama was named commander of four—by today's standards very small—vessels, which left the Tagus from Belém on 8 July 1497. The fleet sailed via the Cape Verde Islands down the African coast and passed the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, on 18 November 1497. After cruising up the coast of East Africa, Vasco da Gama's ships reached Mombasa and then Melinde, where a friendly sultan permitted an Indian Ocean pilot to assist da Gama in the voyage east to the west coast of what became Portuguese India. The Portuguese reached Calicut, India, on 18 May 1498. Vasco da Gama's missions were to discover the route to India, tap into the spice markets of Asia, and contact and make treaties with Christian rulers there.Perhaps the greatest of Portugal's discoverers and sea explorers, da Gama accomplished these missions, although liaison with Christian princes proved illusory; Portugal broke the spice monopoly of the Venetian-Asian system and began the process of prying open Asia to Western trade, conquest, and empire.The first of da Gama's ships returned to Lisbon in July 1499, and da Gama himself returned later in the summer. In the age of exploration, in a different league even than Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the West Indies, da Gama's feat stands unequaled: the distance from Portugal to India by the most direct route around the Cape of Good Hope was 16,000 kilometers (10,000 miles) by sea under severe conditions typical of the age of sail. The entire round trip took two years, and out of about 170 crew members only 55 returned to Lisbon. King Manuel I showered the navigator-commander with honors. Da Gama made another voyage to Calicut (1502-04) and died in government service in India in 1524. Along with other famous navigator-conquerors of the Age of Discoveries, as well as the national epic poet Luís de Camões, Vasco da Gama is buried in the Jerônimos Monastery. -
17 Jerónimos, Monastery of
(Mosteiro do Jerónimos)Located at Belém, west of Lisbon, the Monastery and Cathedral of Jerônimos is the most magnificent of the Age of Discoveries monuments. Ordered built as a gift to the monastic Order of Hieronymites by King Manuel I ( 1469- 1521), following the return of Vasco da Gama from India in 1499, Jerónimos was constructed between 1502 and 1525. The purpose of this massive building was to commemorate the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India. Its location, at the time of its building very close to the water, was near the Restelo beach, the departure point for da Gama's voyage.One of Portugal's premier tourist attractions, Jerónimos consists of a church and claustrum and a portion of the convent, partially destroyed in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The Manueline architectural style was an innovation (named for King Manuel I, who helped finance constructions from the new imperial wealth from Africa and Asia; more recently, students employ the term Atlantic Baroque), with columns, pillars, and door frames decorated elaborately with stone sculpted in the form of maritime objects such as ship ropes, coral, sea life, sailors, and seaweeds.Jerónimos is inland from the Monument of the Discoveries, in an open square once the main site of the 1940 Double Centenary Exposition of the Portuguese World, a kind of Lisbon world's fair. -
18 Necessidades, Palace of
Necessidades Palace is a sprawling, massive 18th-century palace in western Lisbon. As in the cases of Mafra and Belém Palaces, The Palace of the Necessities was ordered built by King João V, on the site of an old chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Necessities. The original 18th-century building consists of a chapel, palace, and convent, and contains a considerable amount of historic artifacts and art. As the current headquarters of Portugal's Foreign Service and Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Necessidades is a working museum-palace with many different sections. Various mon-archs resided in the rose-colored building. During the course of the 5 October 1910 republican revolution in Lisbon, the last reigning king, Manuel II, spent his last night as sovereign in Necessidades Palace before escaping to Mafra Palace en route to exile in Great Britain. Damage to the palace from republican naval shelling has since been repaired. One section of the palace houses the Ministry of Foreign Affair's official library and archives, where several centuries of records of external relations are deposited. -
19 Pacheco, Duarte
(1900-1943)One of Portugal's outstanding civil engineers and the most energetic and accomplished cabinet minister in the early phase of the Estado Novo, Duarte Pacheco was born in Loulé, Algarve district. As director and instructor in the Higher Technical Institute, Lisbon, Pacheco trained several generations of urban planners and engineers and served in several key posts in the Dictatorship: minister of education, president of the Lisbon Câmara Municipal (City Hall), and on two occasions between 1932 and 1943, the premier minister of public works and communications in the history of the regime. As a relatively liberal republican in a regime of conservatives, monarchists and crypto-monarchists, and integralists, Duarte Pacheco was a political maverick but a highly respected, if controversial, man of action. His Public Works Ministry helped to transform the look of the capital, Lisbon, improve urban planning and housing, create the remarkable Double Centenary Exposition of the Portuguese World at Belém in 1940, and construct a number of key edifices for various institutions. In November 1943, he was killed in a tragic automobile accident. His influential memory still lives in the oral tradition of the new Portugal's Ministry of Public Works, and his work sets a high standard of excellence.
См. также в других словарях:
Belém (PA) — Belém Pour les articles homonymes, voir Belém (homonymie). 1° 27′ 21″ S 48° 30′ 14″ W … Wikipédia en Français
Bélem — Belém Pour les articles homonymes, voir Belém (homonymie). 1° 27′ 21″ S 48° 30′ 14″ W … Wikipédia en Français
Belem — steht für: Belem (Schiff), ein französischer Windjammer Belém (der portugiesische Name von Betlehem) ist der Name folgender Orte: Belém (Alagoas), Gemeinde in Brasilien Belém (Pará), die Landeshauptstadt des brasilianischen Bundesstaates Pará… … Deutsch Wikipedia
BELÉM — Ville du Brésil, capitale de l’État de Pará, Belém a eu au XXe siècle une croissance accélérée: elle, qui ne comptait que 96 000 habitants en 1900 et 200 000 en 1940, avait 400 000 habitants en 1960, 642 000 en 1970, 756 000 en 1980 et 1 246 000… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Belém — Belem steht für: Belem (Schiff), ein französischer Windjammer Belém (der portugiesische Name von Betlehem) ist der Name folgender Orte: Belém (Brasilien), die Landeshauptstadt des brasilianischen Bundesstaates Pará Belém (Paraíba), eine Stadt im… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Belem — can refer to: *The Belem (ship) , a three masted barque from France *Belem Vitor, Portuguese plastic artist.Belém is the Portuguese word for Bethlehem. This spelling may refer to: * Belém, capital city of the Brazilian state of Pará * Belém,… … Wikipedia
Belém — [be lɛ̃j], 1) westlicher Vorort von Lissabon, Portugal. Weltberühmt ist das Hieronymitenkloster (wahrscheinlich um 1502 72), ein Hauptwerk des Emanuelstils (nach Entwürfen von D. Boytac, 1517 22 unter Leitung von J. de Castilho erbaut) mit… … Universal-Lexikon
Belém — es la capital del estado brasileño de Pará. * * * C. de Portugal, agregada a Lisboa. C. de Brasil, cap. del estado de Pará, en el delta del Amazonas; 1 235 625 h. Gran puerto fluvial. * * * Ciudad (pob., est. 2000: área metrop., 1.271.615 hab.)… … Enciclopedia Universal
Belem — Belem, 1) Stadt u. Hauptort der brasilianischen Provinz Para, Sitz des Statthalters u. eines Bischofs, eines Seminars u. Collegiums; Handel mit Kaffee, Gummi etc.; 10,000 Ew.; 2) Stadttheil Lissabons, hat seinen Namen von der Kirche Nossa Senhora … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Belém — (spr. bĕläng), 1) Vorstadt von Lissabon (s. d.). – 2) B., vollständig Nossa Senhora de B., offizieller Name für die Hauptstadt des brasil. Staates Para (s. d.) … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Belem — (spr. läng), Vorstadt von Lissabon. – B., Stadt in Brasilien, s. Pará … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
