-
101 Superi
sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:I.super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].Posit.A.Adj.1.In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:2.at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):B.supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—Substt.1.Sŭpĕri, orum, m.(α).They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:(β).multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:2.quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—sŭpĕra, orum, n.(α).The heavenly bodies:(β).Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—Higher places (sc. loca):II.supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.A.Lit., of place, higher, upper:B.inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—Trop.1.Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:b.superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:2.omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:3. (α).Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—With abl. respect.:(β).pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—Absol.:III.ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.A.‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—B. 1.Lit. (only poet.; cf.2.summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—Trop.a. (α).In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;(β).sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:1. 2.supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.suprēma, orum, n.(α).The last moments, the close of life, death:(β).ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:(γ).supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—A last will, testament:(δ). b.nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:C.multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).1.Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):b.summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:2.ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—Transf., of the voice:2.jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—Trop.a.Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):b.haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1. -
102 superus
sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:I.super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].Posit.A.Adj.1.In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:2.at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):B.supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—Substt.1.Sŭpĕri, orum, m.(α).They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:(β).multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:2.quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—sŭpĕra, orum, n.(α).The heavenly bodies:(β).Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—Higher places (sc. loca):II.supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.A.Lit., of place, higher, upper:B.inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—Trop.1.Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:b.superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:2.omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:3. (α).Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—With abl. respect.:(β).pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—Absol.:III.ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.A.‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—B. 1.Lit. (only poet.; cf.2.summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—Trop.a. (α).In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;(β).sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:1. 2.supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.suprēma, orum, n.(α).The last moments, the close of life, death:(β).ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:(γ).supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—A last will, testament:(δ). b.nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:C.multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).1.Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):b.summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:2.ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—Transf., of the voice:2.jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—Trop.a.Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):b.haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1. -
103 suprema
sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:I.super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].Posit.A.Adj.1.In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:2.at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):B.supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—Substt.1.Sŭpĕri, orum, m.(α).They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:(β).multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:2.quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—sŭpĕra, orum, n.(α).The heavenly bodies:(β).Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—Higher places (sc. loca):II.supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.A.Lit., of place, higher, upper:B.inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—Trop.1.Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:b.superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:2.omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:3. (α).Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—With abl. respect.:(β).pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—Absol.:III.ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.A.‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—B. 1.Lit. (only poet.; cf.2.summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—Trop.a. (α).In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;(β).sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:1. 2.supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.suprēma, orum, n.(α).The last moments, the close of life, death:(β).ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:(γ).supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—A last will, testament:(δ). b.nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:C.multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).1.Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):b.summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:2.ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—Transf., of the voice:2.jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—Trop.a.Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):b.haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1. -
104 supremum
sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:I.super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].Posit.A.Adj.1.In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:2.at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):B.supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—Substt.1.Sŭpĕri, orum, m.(α).They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:(β).multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:2.quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—sŭpĕra, orum, n.(α).The heavenly bodies:(β).Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—Higher places (sc. loca):II.supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.A.Lit., of place, higher, upper:B.inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—Trop.1.Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:b.superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:2.omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:3. (α).Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—With abl. respect.:(β).pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—Absol.:III.ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.A.‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—B. 1.Lit. (only poet.; cf.2.summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—Trop.a. (α).In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;(β).sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:1. 2.supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.suprēma, orum, n.(α).The last moments, the close of life, death:(β).ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:(γ).supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—A last will, testament:(δ). b.nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:C.multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).1.Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):b.summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:2.ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—Transf., of the voice:2.jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—Trop.a.Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):b.haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1. -
105 supremus
sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:I.super inferque vicinus,
Cato, R. R. 149, 1:totus super ignis,
Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].Posit.A.Adj.1.In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:2.at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,
Cic. Lael. 3, 12:limen superum inferumque salve,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:portae Phrygiae limen,
id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:di,
id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,
id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,
Verg. A. 6, 788:supera ad convexa,
to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):lumen,
Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:domus deorum,
Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,
Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:de supero, quom huc accesserit,
from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,ex supero,
Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):B.supera de parte,
i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:superas evadere ad auras,
Verg. A. 6, 128:superum ad lumen ire,
id. ib. 6, 680:aurae,
Ov. M. 5, 641:orae,
Verg. A. 2, 91:limen,
id. ib. 6, 680.—Substt.1.Sŭpĕri, orum, m.(α).They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:(β).multum fleti ad superos,
i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,
the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,
Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:epistula ad superos scripta,
i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:2.quae Superi Manesque dabant,
Verg. A. 10, 34:aspiciunt Superi mortalia,
Ov. M. 13, 70:o Superi!
id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;pro Superi,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,
Verg. A. 1, 4:illa propago Contemptrix Superum,
Ov. M. 1, 161:exemplo Superorum,
id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,Superorum,
id. P. 1, 1, 43:postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,
Verg. A. 3, 2:scilicet is Superis labor est,
id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:superis deorum Gratus et imis,
id. ib. 1, 10, 19:flectere Superos,
Verg. A. 7, 312:te per Superos... oro,
id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—sŭpĕra, orum, n.(α).The heavenly bodies:(β).Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,
id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—Higher places (sc. loca):II.supera semper petunt,
tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,
the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.A.Lit., of place, higher, upper:B.inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 46:dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?
Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:in superiore qui habito cenaculo,
Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:tota domus superior vacat,
the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:superior accumbere,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:de loco superiore dicere,
i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:agere,
i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,
id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,
id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,ex loco superiore,
id. ib. 3, 4:loca,
id. ib. 1, 10, 4;3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,
id. B. C. 3, 98:qui in superiore acie constiterant,
id. B. G. 1, 24:ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,
i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:posteriori superius non jungitur,
id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—Trop.1.Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:b.superiores solis defectiones,
Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,
Caes. B. G. 7, 58:superioribus aestivis,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:superioribus temporibus,
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:tempus (opp. posterius),
id. Dom. 37, 99:tempora (opp. inferiora),
Suet. Claud. 41:annus,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:anno superiore,
id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:superioris anni acta,
Suet. Caes. 23:in superiore vita,
Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:testimonium conveniens superiori facto,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:superius facinus novo scelere vincere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:superioris more crudelitatis uti,
Nep. Thras. 3, 1:superius genus,
mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:nuptiae,
former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:vir,
first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:2.omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,
Caes. B. C. 2, 5:aetate superiores,
Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:superior Africanus,
the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:Dionysius,
id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,
Cic. Or. 34, 120.—Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:3. (α).Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 65:numero superiores,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,
id. ib. 8, 19:se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,
Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:semper discessit superior,
Nep. Hann. 1, 2:si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,
Sall. C. 39, 4:ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,
Caes. B. G. 5, 15:multo superiores bello esse,
Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:superiorem Appium in causa fecit,
Liv. 5, 7, 1.—With abl. respect.:(β).pecuniis superiores,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:loco, fortuna, fama superiores,
id. Lael. 25, 94:habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:ordine,
id. ib. 13, 5, 2:facilitate et humanitate superior,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:si superior ceteris rebus esses,
id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—Absol.:III.ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,
Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,
id. Off. 1, 26, 90:invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,
id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12, 12:cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,
Vell. 2, 101, 1.Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.A.‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—B. 1.Lit. (only poet.; cf.2.summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,
the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,montes,
Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:rupes,
Sen. Oedip. 95:arx,
Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:supremae Tethyos unda,
Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—Trop.a. (α).In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;(β).sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:supremo te sole domi manebo,
at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,
last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,
Ov. M. 12, 526.—In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:1. 2.supremo vitae die,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:dies,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:hora,
Tib. 1, 1, 59:tempus,
Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,
i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:mors,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:finis,
id. ib. 2, 1, 12:iter,
id. C. 2, 17, 11:lumen,
Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,ore,
id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,
Verg. A. 8, 583:Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,
in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;supremis suis annis,
in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:suprema ejus cura,
id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,
Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:funera,
Ov. M. 3, 137:oscula,
id. ib. 6, 278:tori,
i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:ignis,
id. Am. 1, 15, 41:ignes,
id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:officia,
Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,tabulae,
Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:tituli,
i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:Troiae sorte suprema,
Verg. A. 5, 190:dies regnis,
Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,
for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:anima exitura supremo,
Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.suprēma, orum, n.(α).The last moments, the close of life, death:(β).ut me in supremis consolatus est!
Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,
the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:circa suprema Neronis,
the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:(γ).supremis divi Augusti,
Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:suprema ferre (sc. munera),
Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—A last will, testament:(δ). b.nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,
Tac. A. 1, 8:miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,
Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:C.multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,
Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:macies,
Verg. A. 3, 590:Juppiter supreme,
Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,
most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).1.Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):b.summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,
the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):summum jugum montis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 21:summus mons,
the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:feriunt summos fulmina montes,
the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:locus castrorum,
Caes. B. G. 2, 23:in summa sacra via,
on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:in summa columna conlocare,
id. Div. 1, 24, 48:quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:Janus summus ab imo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:ad aquam summam appropinquare,
Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:in aqua summa natare,
the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:apud summum puteum,
id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:per summa volare aequora,
Verg. A. 5, 819:summa cacumina linquunt,
id. ib. 6, 678:mari summo,
id. ib. 1, 110:prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,
id. ib. 6, 357:summaque per galeam delibans oscula,
id. ib. 12, 434:amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,
Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:summam cutem novacula decerpito,
Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,
I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,
Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,a summo dare (bibere),
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:2.ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 26:qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,
Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30:igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,
Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,
Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:summa petere,
Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—Transf., of the voice:2.jubeo te salvere voce summa,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,
at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:vox (opp. ima),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,
Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:summo haec clamore,
Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:bis, terve summum,
id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:triduo aut summum quatriduo,
id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—Trop.a.Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):b.haec est praestituta summa argento dies,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,venit summa dies,
Verg. A. 2, 324:ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:cum esset summa senectute,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,
Luc. 2, 211:summo carmine,
at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,
the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,
at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,
Albin. 1, 137. —Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):summi puerorum amores,
Cic. Lael. 10, 33:spes civium,
id. ib. 3, 11:fides, constantia justitiaque,
id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,
id. ib. 6, 20:non agam summo jure tecum,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:tres fratres summo loco nati,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:qui summo magistratui praeerat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16:concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,
id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:turpitudo,
id. Lael. 17, 61:summum in cruciatum se venire,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:scelus,
Sall. C. 12, 5:hiems,
the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:cum aestas summa esse coeperat,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,
id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,
id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:optimi et summi viri diligentia,
id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:summus Juppiter,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,
id. Am. 1, 2, 6:miles summi inperatoris,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:amicus summus,
the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,
id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:summa ducum Atrides,
the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:summo rei publicae tempore,
at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:summa salus rei publicae,
id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,res publica,
id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:ad summam rem publicam,
Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:quo res summa loco, Panthu?
the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:non agam summo jure tecum,
deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,
id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:quod me sollicitare summe solet,
Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:cupere aliquid,
id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:contendere,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:diffidere,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:admirari,
Quint. 10, 1, 70:summe jucundum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:officiosi,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:summe disertus vir,
Quint. 12, 1, 23:summe munitus locus,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:mei summe observantissimus,
Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1. -
106 godt
хорошо́, ла́дноjeg har det godt — у меня́ всё хорошо́
godt en kilométer — с до́брый киломе́тр
så godt som íngenting — почти́ ничего́
så godt som áldrig — почти́ никогда́
* * *comfortably, fine, marvellously, well, very well* * *adv well;( rigeligt, godt og vel) rather more than ( fx rather more than 90 per cent),T a good ( fx a good hour (, two miles)),(F: mindst) fully ( fx fully two miles),( om klokkeslæt) a few minutes past ( fx twelve);( undertiden = knap) just under ( fx an hour),( om klokkeslæt) a few minutes to ( fx twelve);( i sikkerhed) safely ( fx we got home safely);[ det gør mig godt] it does me good;( ironisk) I like that![ jeg har det godt] I am (very) well, I am all right,( økonomisk) I am well off;[ hav det godt!] all the best; good luck; take care of yourself;(= mor dig godt) have a good time;[ både moder og barn har det godt] both mother and child are doing well (,F: are in good health);[ det kan godt være] maybe, that may well be (the case);[ mene det godt], se mene;[ se godt ud] be good-looking,( rask) look fit;[ slippe godt fra], se slippe;[ så godt han kunne] as well as he could, as best he could;[ så godt som](= næsten) as good as, practically;(se også god). -
107 für
I Präp. (+ Akk)1. Zweck, Ziel: for; für mich for me; (um meinetwillen) for my sake; hier, für dich! this is for you; für was ist das? umg. what’s that in aid of?, what’s that for?; für nichts und wieder nichts umg. (vergebens) all for nothing2. (zugunsten von) for, in favo(u)r of; alles spricht für ihn als Kandidat: he has everything going for him; als Täter: everything points to him; das hat viel für sich there’s a lot to be said for it; und du, für wen bist du? who are you rooting for?4. (anstelle von) for; (im Namen von) auch on behalf of; für jemanden unterschreiben sign for ( oder on behalf of) s.o.; für zwei arbeiten / essen do as much work as two people / eat enough for two; gehst du für mich hin? will you go there for me?; dieses Beispiel steht für viele this example stands for ( oder is one of) many5. Preis, Gegenleistung: for; (als Ersatz) auch in exchange ( oder return) for; für zwei Euro Eis kaufen get two euros’ worth of ice cream; Aktien für tausend Euro a thousand euros of shares; für 20 Euro die oder pro Stunde for 20 euros an hour6. mit Zeitangaben: for; für gewöhnlich usually; für immer for ever; für zwei Wochen for two weeks; das Treffen ist für Montag geplant the meeting is planned for Monday; genug für heute! that’s enough for today7. Bezug herstellend: Lehrer, Professor, Minister etc. für of; sie ist Lektorin für Sachbücher she’s a non-fiction editor; zu alt etc. für too old etc. for; das gilt auch für dich! that applies to ( oder goes for) you too; für ihn heißt es jetzt Geduld haben now he’s just got to be patient; ist das von Interesse für dich? is that of any interest to you?; für mich ist sie die Größte! for me ( oder as far I’m concerned) she’s the greatest!8. Verhältnis, Vergleich: for; sie sieht jung aus für ihr Alter she looks young for her age; nicht schlecht für den ersten Versuch! not bad for a first attempt9. Aufeinanderfolge: Schritt für Schritt step by step; Tag für Tag day after day; Wort für Wort word for word10. Eigenschaft zuweisend: halten / erklären für consider / declare (to be); ich halte es für unklug I don’t think it’s ( oder it would be) a good idea; ich hätte ihn für jünger gehalten I would have thought he was younger; die Sitzung für eröffnet erklären declare the meeting open; jemanden für tot erklären pronounce s.o. dead11. umg. (gegen) for; ein Mittel für Grippe something for flu; gut für den Durst good for thirst, good if you’re thirsty12. für sich bleiben stay on one’s own, be alone; für sich leben live by o.s.; er ist gern für sich ( allein) he likes to be on his own; das ist eine Sache für sich that’s another matter entirely, that’s a different story13. fig.: an und für sich actually; ich für meine Person oder ich für meinen Teil I for my part; sie singt für ihr Leben gern she just loves singing; er kann nichts für seine Dummheit he can’t help being stupid14. umg.: was für ( ein) ... (welche Art) what kind of...; (welche[r,s]) what...; als Ausruf: what (a)...; was für ein Auto hast du? what sort (bes. Am. kind) of car have you got?; was für einen Film meinst du? what ( von bestimmten: which) film do you mean?; was für ein schickes Kleid! what a smart dress!; was ( ist das) für ein Unsinn! what nonsense!II Adv.1. nordd. umg.: da / hier / wo... für dafür, hierfür, wofür* * *to; per; unto; for* * *['fyːɐ]ntdas Fǘr und Wider — the pros and cons pl
* * *1) (cost: bread at $1.20 a loaf.) at2) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) for3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) for5) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) for6) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) for7) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) for8) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) for9) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) for10) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) for11) to* * *<->[fy:ɐ̯]nt* * *1) fordas ist nichts für mich — that's not for me
für immer — for ever; for good
2) (zugunsten) forfür jemanden/etwas sein — be for or in favour of somebody/something
3) (als)4) (anstelle) forfür jemanden einspringen — take somebody's place
für zwei arbeiten — do the work of two people
5) (als Stellvertreter) for; on behalf of6) (um)Jahr für Jahr — year after year
Schritt für Schritt — step by step s. auch was 1.
* * *A. präp (+akk)1. Zweck, Ziel: for;hier, für dich! this is for you;für was ist das? umg what’s that in aid of?, what’s that for?;für nichts und wieder nichts umg (vergebens) all for nothing2. (zugunsten von) for, in favo(u)r of;alles spricht für ihn als Kandidat: he has everything going for him; als Täter: everything points to him;das hat viel für sich there’s a lot to be said for it;und du, für wen bist du? who are you rooting for?3. (wegen) for;jemanden für etwas belohnen/bestrafen reward/punish sb for sthfür jemanden unterschreiben sign for ( oder on behalf of) sb;für zwei arbeiten/essen do as much work as two people/eat enough for two;gehst du für mich hin? will you go there for me?;dieses Beispiel steht für viele this example stands for ( oder is one of) manyfür zwei Euro Eis kaufen get two euros’ worth of ice cream;Aktien für tausend Euro a thousand euros of shares;pro Stunde for 20 euros an hour6. mit Zeitangaben: for;für gewöhnlich usually;für immer for ever;für zwei Wochen for two weeks;das Treffen ist für Montag geplant the meeting is planned for Monday;genug für heute! that’s enough for todayfür of;sie ist Lektorin für Sachbücher she’s a non-fiction editor;zu alt etcfür too old etc for;das gilt auch für dich! that applies to ( oder goes for) you too;ist das von Interesse für dich? is that of any interest to you?;für mich ist sie die Größte! for me ( oder as far I’m concerned) she’s the greatest!8. Verhältnis, Vergleich: for;sie sieht jung aus für ihr Alter she looks young for her age;nicht schlecht für den ersten Versuch! not bad for a first attempt9. Aufeinanderfolge:Schritt für Schritt step by step;Tag für Tag day after day;Wort für Wort word for wordhalten/erklären für consider/declare (to be);ich halte es für unklug I don’t think it’s ( oder it would be) a good idea;ich hätte ihn für jünger gehalten I would have thought he was younger;die Sitzung für eröffnet erklären declare the meeting open;jemanden für tot erklären pronounce sb dead11. umg (gegen) for;ein Mittel für Grippe something for flu;gut für den Durst good for thirst, good if you’re thirsty12.für sich bleiben stay on one’s own, be alone;für sich leben live by o.s.;er ist gern für sich (allein) he likes to be on his own;das ist eine Sache für sich that’s another matter entirely, that’s a different story13. fig:an und für sich actually;ich für meinen Teil I for my part;sie singt für ihr Leben gern she just loves singing;er kann nichts für seine Dummheit he can’t help being stupid14. umg:was für ein schickes Kleid! what a smart dress!;was (ist das) für ein Unsinn! what nonsense!B. adv1. nordd umg:2. obs:für und für for ever and ever* * *1) forfür sich — by oneself; on one's own
für immer — for ever; for good
2) (zugunsten) forfür jemanden/etwas sein — be for or in favour of somebody/something
3) (als)4) (anstelle) for5) (als Stellvertreter) for; on behalf of6) (um)Schritt für Schritt — step by step s. auch was 1.
* * *konj.for conj. präp.in favor (US) expr.in favour (UK) expr.per prep. -
108 di
1. prep ofcon il comparativo thandi ferro (made of) ironicio sono di Roma I'm from Romel'auto di mio padre my father's caruna tazza di caffè a cup of coffeedi giorno by dayparlare di politica talk about politicsd'estate in the summerdi questo passo at this ratedi chi è questo libro? whose is this book?, who does this book belong to?più bello di prettier than2. art someinterrogativo any, somedel vino some wine* * *di prep.1 ( specificazione) of: il calore del sole, the heat of the sun; l'inizio della primavera, the beginning of spring; il capo dei ribelli, the leader of the rebels (o the rebel leader); il profumo delle rose, the scent of roses; l'altezza di un edificio, the height of a building; la fine di un film, the end of a film; il centro della città, the centre of town (o the town centre); il senso dell'umorismo, a sense of humour; una folla di dimostranti, a crowd of demonstrators; una serie di errori, a series of mistakes; la furia degli elementi, the fury of the elements; i vetri della finestra, window panes; gli impiegati delle poste, post office workers; il canto degli uccelli, birdsong (o the song of birds)2 (specificazione con valore di possesso; in inglese si esprime spesso con il 'caso possessivo'): la casa di Sara, Sarah's house; il fratello di Giacomo, James's brother; il figlio dei Rossi, the Rossi's son; le odi del Carducci, Carducci's odes; la riunione di martedì, Tuesday's meeting; la coda del gatto, the cat's tail; la maniglia della porta, the door handle; la porta della cucina, the kitchen door3 ( partitivo) some, (in frasi interrogative, dubitative e negative) any: mangiammo del pane, we ate some bread; è uscita con dei conoscenti, she went out with some people she knew; abbiamo visto delle belle scarpe, we saw some nice shoes; c'è ancora del vino?, is there any wine left?; alcuni degli alunni, some of the pupils; ciascuno di noi, each of us4 (retta da nomi che indicano quantità, numero) of: un chilo di pane, a kilo of bread; una dozzina di uova, a dozen eggs; ci vuole un minimo di buon senso, it takes a bit of common sense; un po' di coraggio, some courage // niente di bello, di interessante, d'importante, nothing nice, interesting, important; qualcosa di nuovo, something new5 (denominazione; talvolta in inglese non si traduce) of: la città di Roma, the city of Rome; l'isola di Capri, the isle of Capri; il mese di febbraio, the month of February; una ragazza di colore, a coloured girl; il nome di Giovanni, the name John6 ( qualità, condizione) at, in, by: sano di corpo, healthy in body; buono d'animo, good at heart; conoscere qlcu. di nome, to know s.o. by name7 ( argomento) about, of: discutere di sport, to talk about sport; parlare bene di qlcu., to speak well of s.o.; un testo di chimica, a chemistry text; un film di spionaggio, a spy film8 ( appartenenza) by: un libro di Calvino, a book by Calvino; un film di Fellini, a film by Fellini; un'opera di Raffaello, a work by Raphael; una sinfonia di Mahler, a symphony by Mahler; una poesia di Montale, a poem by Montale; un'opera di Verdi, an opera by Verdi9 ( per introdurre un secondo termine di paragone) than (dopo compar.); of, in (dopo superl.): Marco è più alto di Giorgio, Mark is taller than George; è il più simpatico dei fratelli, he's the nicest of the brothers; la più grande città del Giappone, the biggest city in Japan; il fiume più lungo del mondo, the longest river in the world10 ( modo): essere di buon umore, to be in a good mood; bere tutto di un fiato, to drink it all in one gulp; ridere di cuore, to laugh heartily; sollevare di peso, to lift up bodily; andarsene di corsa, to rush off11 ( materia): una statua di marmo, a marble statue; una tavola di legno, a wooden table; una borsa di pelle, a leather handbag; una crostata di mele, an apple tart // un cuore d'oro, a heart of gold // un pugno di ferro, an iron fist // castelli di carta, castles in the air12 ( età, valore, misura): un bambino di 6 anni, a 6-year-old child (o a child of 6); un uomo di mezza età, a middle-aged man; un assegno di 500 euro, a cheque for 500 euros; un edificio di 10 piani, a 10-storey building; un circuito di mille metri, a thousand metre circuit; una distanza di 8 km, a distance of 8 kilometres (o 5 miles); una parete di 4 metri, a 4 metre-long wall (o a wall 4 metres long); un appartamento di 150 mq, a flat of 150 square metres13 ( causa) of, for, with: morire di sete, to die of thirst; piangere di gioia, to cry for joy; accusare di furto, to charge with theft; reo di omicidio, guilty of murder14 ( mezzo) with, on: ungere di burro, to grease with butter; cospargere di sale, to sprinkle with salt; campare del proprio stipendio, to live on one's own earnings; vivere di illusioni, to live on illusions15 ( moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, anche fig.) from; out of: uscire di casa, to go (o to come) out of the house (o to leave home); essere di Roma, to be (o to come) from Rome; di dove sei?, where are you from? (o where do you come from?); era di buona famiglia, (s)he was from a good family; allontanati di lì, get away from there; lontano di qui, a long way from here (o a long way off) // uscire di strada, to leave the road // mi cadde di mano, it slipped out of my hand // smontare di sella, to dismount16 ( tempo): di mattina, di sera, in the morning, in the evening; di notte, at night; d'inverno, d'estate, in winter, in summer; di sabato, on Saturday (s); una sera di ottobre, an October evening; un corso di 3 mesi, a three-month course; una lezione di un'ora, an hour-long lesson; una gita di 2 giorni, a two-day trip; una vacanza di un mese, a month's holiday // di recente, recently // di giorno in giorno, from day to day // di anno in anno, from year to year // di tanto in tanto, every now and then (o every so often)17 ( limitazione, privazione): duro d'orecchio, hard of hearing; essere debole di cuore, to have a weak heart; a corto di soldi, short of money; privo di mezzi, without means; mancare di esperienza, to be without experience18 ( destinazione, scopo): stanza di soggiorno, living-room; sala di lettura, reading room ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, nei significati 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18 si usa spesso in inglese la forma aggettivale o avverbiale in luogo del compl. introdotto dalla prep. di19 (seguito da un verbo all'inf. in dipendenza da altro verbo): decidemmo di partire subito, we decided to leave at once; gli dissi di andarsene, I told him to go away; non avevo intenzione di offenderti, I didn't mean to offend you; credo di aver ragione, I believe I'm right; pensava di fare il medico, he thought of becoming a doctor20 (in unione con altra prep.): contro di lui, against him; dopo di te, after you; sopra, sotto di noi, above, below us; dietro di me, after (o behind) me21 (in unione con un avv.): di qua, over here (o on this side); di là, over there (o on that side); di dentro, inside; di fuori, outside.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: di certo, surely; di frequente, often; di rado, seldom; di nuovo, again; di solito, usually; del resto, besides, moreover; di gran lunga, by far // di male in peggio, from bad to worse // ne ha combinati di guai, he caused a lot of trouble // dire di sì, di no, to say yes, no // credere di sì, di no, to think so, not.di s.f. o m. letter D.* * *[di] di + il = del, di + lo = dello, di + l' = dell', di + la = della, di + i = dei, di + gli = degli, di + le = delle1. prep1) (possesso) of, (composto da, scritto da) byla macchina del mio amico/dei miei amici — my friend's/friends' car
la figlia dell'amica di mia madre — the daughter of my mother's friend, my mother's friend's daughter
l'ultimo libro di Umberto Eco — Umberto Eco's latest book, the latest book by Umberto Eco
2) (specificazione, denominazione) ofil professore d'inglese — the English teacher, the teacher of English
3)una casa di mattoni — a brick house, a house made of brick(s)
4) (provenienza) from, out of, (posizione) in, onuscire di casa — to come out of o leave the house
i negozi di Milano — the Milan shops, the shops in Milan
i vicini del piano di sopra — the upstairs neighbours, the people who live on the floor above us
5)d' estate — in (the) summer
6)una stanza di 2 metri per 3 — a room measuring 2 metres by 3
7)fermarsi di botto — to stop dead o suddenly
di cancro — to die of cancerdi burro — to spread with butterqc di sugo — to get sauce on sth8) (argomento) about, ofdel tempo — to talk about the weatherdi qc — to talk about sth9)(abbondanza, privazione)
pieno di — full ofdi carbone — poor in coaldi — lacking indi risorse naturali — rich in natural resources10) (paragone nei comparativi) than, (paragone nei superlativi) ofè meglio di me — he's better than me
11)ti chiedo di dirmi la verità — I beg you to tell me the truth
2. art partitivonon ho dei libri — I haven't any books, I have no books
c'erano delle persone che non conoscevo — there were some people I didn't know
* * *I [di]1) (appartenenza, possesso)l'auto di Paolo, di tuo fratello, dei miei genitori — Paolo's, your brother's, my parents' car
l'auto è di Paolo, di mio fratello — the car is Paolo's, my brother's, the car belongs to Paolo, to my brother
il Primo Ministro del Giappone — the Japanese Prime Minister, the Prime Minister of Japan
la riunione di lunedì, del 7 gennaio — Monday's meeting, the meeting on the 7th of January
3) (autore) byle opere di Dante — Dante's works, the works of Dante
4) (causa) with, formorire di cancro — to die of o from cancer
5) (materia) of, in6) (misura)un libro di 200 pagine — a 200-page book, a book 200 pages long o in length
un interesse del 5% — a 5% interest
7) (origine) from8) (argomento) aboutparlare di qcn., qcs. — to talk about sb., sth.
ridere di qcn. — to laugh at sb
alto di statura — tall of o in stature
di nascosto — out of sight, secretly
di notte — at night, by night
12) (in espressioni di moto, stato)è di sotto, di là — he's downstairs, in the next room
qualche cosa, niente di nuovo — something, nothing new
14) (con un infinito) to15) (nel comparativo) thanII [di]sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile invariabile (lettera) d, D* * *di2/di/m. e f.inv.(lettera) d, D. -
109 dì
1. prep ofcon il comparativo thandi ferro (made of) ironicio sono di Roma I'm from Romel'auto di mio padre my father's caruna tazza di caffè a cup of coffeedi giorno by dayparlare di politica talk about politicsd'estate in the summerdi questo passo at this ratedi chi è questo libro? whose is this book?, who does this book belong to?più bello di prettier than2. art someinterrogativo any, somedel vino some wine* * *di prep.1 ( specificazione) of: il calore del sole, the heat of the sun; l'inizio della primavera, the beginning of spring; il capo dei ribelli, the leader of the rebels (o the rebel leader); il profumo delle rose, the scent of roses; l'altezza di un edificio, the height of a building; la fine di un film, the end of a film; il centro della città, the centre of town (o the town centre); il senso dell'umorismo, a sense of humour; una folla di dimostranti, a crowd of demonstrators; una serie di errori, a series of mistakes; la furia degli elementi, the fury of the elements; i vetri della finestra, window panes; gli impiegati delle poste, post office workers; il canto degli uccelli, birdsong (o the song of birds)2 (specificazione con valore di possesso; in inglese si esprime spesso con il 'caso possessivo'): la casa di Sara, Sarah's house; il fratello di Giacomo, James's brother; il figlio dei Rossi, the Rossi's son; le odi del Carducci, Carducci's odes; la riunione di martedì, Tuesday's meeting; la coda del gatto, the cat's tail; la maniglia della porta, the door handle; la porta della cucina, the kitchen door3 ( partitivo) some, (in frasi interrogative, dubitative e negative) any: mangiammo del pane, we ate some bread; è uscita con dei conoscenti, she went out with some people she knew; abbiamo visto delle belle scarpe, we saw some nice shoes; c'è ancora del vino?, is there any wine left?; alcuni degli alunni, some of the pupils; ciascuno di noi, each of us4 (retta da nomi che indicano quantità, numero) of: un chilo di pane, a kilo of bread; una dozzina di uova, a dozen eggs; ci vuole un minimo di buon senso, it takes a bit of common sense; un po' di coraggio, some courage // niente di bello, di interessante, d'importante, nothing nice, interesting, important; qualcosa di nuovo, something new5 (denominazione; talvolta in inglese non si traduce) of: la città di Roma, the city of Rome; l'isola di Capri, the isle of Capri; il mese di febbraio, the month of February; una ragazza di colore, a coloured girl; il nome di Giovanni, the name John6 ( qualità, condizione) at, in, by: sano di corpo, healthy in body; buono d'animo, good at heart; conoscere qlcu. di nome, to know s.o. by name7 ( argomento) about, of: discutere di sport, to talk about sport; parlare bene di qlcu., to speak well of s.o.; un testo di chimica, a chemistry text; un film di spionaggio, a spy film8 ( appartenenza) by: un libro di Calvino, a book by Calvino; un film di Fellini, a film by Fellini; un'opera di Raffaello, a work by Raphael; una sinfonia di Mahler, a symphony by Mahler; una poesia di Montale, a poem by Montale; un'opera di Verdi, an opera by Verdi9 ( per introdurre un secondo termine di paragone) than (dopo compar.); of, in (dopo superl.): Marco è più alto di Giorgio, Mark is taller than George; è il più simpatico dei fratelli, he's the nicest of the brothers; la più grande città del Giappone, the biggest city in Japan; il fiume più lungo del mondo, the longest river in the world10 ( modo): essere di buon umore, to be in a good mood; bere tutto di un fiato, to drink it all in one gulp; ridere di cuore, to laugh heartily; sollevare di peso, to lift up bodily; andarsene di corsa, to rush off11 ( materia): una statua di marmo, a marble statue; una tavola di legno, a wooden table; una borsa di pelle, a leather handbag; una crostata di mele, an apple tart // un cuore d'oro, a heart of gold // un pugno di ferro, an iron fist // castelli di carta, castles in the air12 ( età, valore, misura): un bambino di 6 anni, a 6-year-old child (o a child of 6); un uomo di mezza età, a middle-aged man; un assegno di 500 euro, a cheque for 500 euros; un edificio di 10 piani, a 10-storey building; un circuito di mille metri, a thousand metre circuit; una distanza di 8 km, a distance of 8 kilometres (o 5 miles); una parete di 4 metri, a 4 metre-long wall (o a wall 4 metres long); un appartamento di 150 mq, a flat of 150 square metres13 ( causa) of, for, with: morire di sete, to die of thirst; piangere di gioia, to cry for joy; accusare di furto, to charge with theft; reo di omicidio, guilty of murder14 ( mezzo) with, on: ungere di burro, to grease with butter; cospargere di sale, to sprinkle with salt; campare del proprio stipendio, to live on one's own earnings; vivere di illusioni, to live on illusions15 ( moto da luogo, origine, provenienza, anche fig.) from; out of: uscire di casa, to go (o to come) out of the house (o to leave home); essere di Roma, to be (o to come) from Rome; di dove sei?, where are you from? (o where do you come from?); era di buona famiglia, (s)he was from a good family; allontanati di lì, get away from there; lontano di qui, a long way from here (o a long way off) // uscire di strada, to leave the road // mi cadde di mano, it slipped out of my hand // smontare di sella, to dismount16 ( tempo): di mattina, di sera, in the morning, in the evening; di notte, at night; d'inverno, d'estate, in winter, in summer; di sabato, on Saturday (s); una sera di ottobre, an October evening; un corso di 3 mesi, a three-month course; una lezione di un'ora, an hour-long lesson; una gita di 2 giorni, a two-day trip; una vacanza di un mese, a month's holiday // di recente, recently // di giorno in giorno, from day to day // di anno in anno, from year to year // di tanto in tanto, every now and then (o every so often)17 ( limitazione, privazione): duro d'orecchio, hard of hearing; essere debole di cuore, to have a weak heart; a corto di soldi, short of money; privo di mezzi, without means; mancare di esperienza, to be without experience18 ( destinazione, scopo): stanza di soggiorno, living-room; sala di lettura, reading room ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, nei significati 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18 si usa spesso in inglese la forma aggettivale o avverbiale in luogo del compl. introdotto dalla prep. di19 (seguito da un verbo all'inf. in dipendenza da altro verbo): decidemmo di partire subito, we decided to leave at once; gli dissi di andarsene, I told him to go away; non avevo intenzione di offenderti, I didn't mean to offend you; credo di aver ragione, I believe I'm right; pensava di fare il medico, he thought of becoming a doctor20 (in unione con altra prep.): contro di lui, against him; dopo di te, after you; sopra, sotto di noi, above, below us; dietro di me, after (o behind) me21 (in unione con un avv.): di qua, over here (o on this side); di là, over there (o on that side); di dentro, inside; di fuori, outside.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: di certo, surely; di frequente, often; di rado, seldom; di nuovo, again; di solito, usually; del resto, besides, moreover; di gran lunga, by far // di male in peggio, from bad to worse // ne ha combinati di guai, he caused a lot of trouble // dire di sì, di no, to say yes, no // credere di sì, di no, to think so, not.di s.f. o m. letter D.* * *[di] di + il = del, di + lo = dello, di + l' = dell', di + la = della, di + i = dei, di + gli = degli, di + le = delle1. prep1) (possesso) of, (composto da, scritto da) byla macchina del mio amico/dei miei amici — my friend's/friends' car
la figlia dell'amica di mia madre — the daughter of my mother's friend, my mother's friend's daughter
l'ultimo libro di Umberto Eco — Umberto Eco's latest book, the latest book by Umberto Eco
2) (specificazione, denominazione) ofil professore d'inglese — the English teacher, the teacher of English
3)una casa di mattoni — a brick house, a house made of brick(s)
4) (provenienza) from, out of, (posizione) in, onuscire di casa — to come out of o leave the house
i negozi di Milano — the Milan shops, the shops in Milan
i vicini del piano di sopra — the upstairs neighbours, the people who live on the floor above us
5)d' estate — in (the) summer
6)una stanza di 2 metri per 3 — a room measuring 2 metres by 3
7)fermarsi di botto — to stop dead o suddenly
di cancro — to die of cancerdi burro — to spread with butterqc di sugo — to get sauce on sth8) (argomento) about, ofdel tempo — to talk about the weatherdi qc — to talk about sth9)(abbondanza, privazione)
pieno di — full ofdi carbone — poor in coaldi — lacking indi risorse naturali — rich in natural resources10) (paragone nei comparativi) than, (paragone nei superlativi) ofè meglio di me — he's better than me
11)ti chiedo di dirmi la verità — I beg you to tell me the truth
2. art partitivonon ho dei libri — I haven't any books, I have no books
c'erano delle persone che non conoscevo — there were some people I didn't know
* * *I [di]1) (appartenenza, possesso)l'auto di Paolo, di tuo fratello, dei miei genitori — Paolo's, your brother's, my parents' car
l'auto è di Paolo, di mio fratello — the car is Paolo's, my brother's, the car belongs to Paolo, to my brother
il Primo Ministro del Giappone — the Japanese Prime Minister, the Prime Minister of Japan
la riunione di lunedì, del 7 gennaio — Monday's meeting, the meeting on the 7th of January
3) (autore) byle opere di Dante — Dante's works, the works of Dante
4) (causa) with, formorire di cancro — to die of o from cancer
5) (materia) of, in6) (misura)un libro di 200 pagine — a 200-page book, a book 200 pages long o in length
un interesse del 5% — a 5% interest
7) (origine) from8) (argomento) aboutparlare di qcn., qcs. — to talk about sb., sth.
ridere di qcn. — to laugh at sb
alto di statura — tall of o in stature
di nascosto — out of sight, secretly
di notte — at night, by night
12) (in espressioni di moto, stato)è di sotto, di là — he's downstairs, in the next room
qualche cosa, niente di nuovo — something, nothing new
14) (con un infinito) to15) (nel comparativo) thanII [di]sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile invariabile (lettera) d, D* * *dì/di/m.inv.lett. day. -
110 rijden
1 [zich voortbewegen van een voertuig] drive 〈 auto〉; ride 〈 (motor)fiets, rolstoel〉 ⇒ 〈 snelheid hebben〉 move, 〈 volgens dienstregeling〉 run 〈 trein, bus〉, do 〈 met betrekking tot snelheid, afstand〉3 [schaatsen] (ice) skate♦voorbeelden:1 hoeveel heeft je auto al gereden? • how many miles/kilometres has your car done?door een vakbondsactie rijden de treinen niet • owing to industrial action no trains are runningeen taxi en een vrachtwagen reden op elkaar (in) • a cab and a lorry collided(te) dicht op elkaar rijden • not keep one's distancede tractor rijdt op dieselolie • the tractor runs/operates on diesel oildie auto rijdt gemakkelijk • that car drives easilyII 〈 overgankelijk werkwoord〉1 [vervoeren] drive♦voorbeelden:iemand in een rolstoel rijden • wheel someone in a wheelchair2 [(op) een rijdier voortbewegen] ride♦voorbeelden:1 honderd kilometer per uur rijden • drive/do a hundred kilometres an hour(met) een kruiwagen rijden • wheel a wheelbarrowhij kan uitstekend rijden • he drives extremely wellhij werd bekeurd omdat hij te hard reed • he was fined for speedingdoor het rode licht rijden • go through a red lightin een auto rijden • drive (in) a carop een tegenligger rijden • crash/run into an oncoming car2 uit rijden gaan, gaan rijden • go (out) for a ride/driveop een/te paard rijden • ride a horse/on horseback -
111 około
Ⅰ praep. (round) about, around- około stu osób about a. around a hundred people- około szóstej/północy about a. around six/midnight- około 1990 roku around 1990Ⅱ part. kryt. about, around- przez około dziesięć minut for about ten minutes- po około dwugodzinnym zebraniu after roughly a two-hour meeting- ceny wzrosły około trzykrotnie prices went up by around 300 per cent* * *prep(+gen) about* * *prep.+ Gen. about, around, roughly, approximately; około dwóch godzin about two hours; około połowy maja somewhere round mid-May; około dwóch kilogramów around l. about two kilos; około dwóch mil around l. about two miles, two miles or thereabout; gdzieś około południa somewhere around noon, noonish; około dwustu ludzi roughly two hundred people; on ma około 45 lat he's in his mid-forties.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > około
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112 ā
ā (before consonants), ab (before vowels, h, and some consonants, esp. l, n, r, s), abs (usu. only before t and q, esp. freq. before the pron. te), old af, praep. with abl., denoting separation or departure (opp. ad). I. Lit., in space, from, away from, out of. A. With motion: ab urbe proficisci, Cs.: a supero mari Flaminia (est via), leads: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun: usque a mari supero Romam proficisci, all the way from; with names of cities and small islands, or with domo, home (for the simple abl; of motion, away from, not out of, a place); hence, of raising a siege, of the march of soldiers, the setting out of a fleet, etc.: oppidum ab Aeneā fugiente a Troiā conditum: ab Alesiā, Cs.: profectus ab Orico cum classe, Cs.; with names of persons or with pronouns: cum a vobis discessero: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, i. e. from his house, T.; (praegn.): a rege munera repudiare, from, sent by, N.— B. Without motion. 1. Of separation or distance: abesse a domo paulisper maluit: tum Brutus ab Romā aberat, S.: hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat, Cs.: a foro longe abesse: procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt, Cs.: cum esset bellum tam prope a Siciliā; so with numerals to express distance: ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo, eight miles distant, Cs.: ab milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off, Cs.; so rarely with substantives: quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur, so far away, Cs.— 2. To denote a side or direction, etc., at, on, in: ab sinistrā parte nudatis castris, on the left, Cs.: ab eā parte, quā, etc., on that side, S.: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, Cs.: ab decumanā portā castra munita, at the main entrance, Cs.: crepuit hinc a Glycerio ostium, of the house of G., T.: (cornua) ab labris argento circumcludunt, on the edges, Cs.; hence, a fronte, in the van; a latere, on the flank; a tergo, in the rear, behind; a dextro cornu, on the right wing; a medio spatio, half way.— II. Fig. A. Of time. 1. Of a point of time, after: Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, immediately after, Cs.: ab eo magistratu, after this office, S.: recens a volnere Dido, fresh from her wound, V.: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine, i. e. after leaving, L.: ab his, i. e. after these words, hereupon, O.: ab simili <*>ade domo profugus, i. e. after and in consequence of, L.— 2. Of a period of time, from, since, after: ab hora tertiā bibebatur, from the third hour: ab Sullā et Pompeio consulibus, since the consulship of: ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumum annum, since, S.: augures omnes usque ab Romulo, since the time of: iam inde ab infelici pugnā ceciderant animi, from (and in consequence of), L.; hence, ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first: ab integro, anew, afresh: ab... ad, from (a time)... to: cum ab horā septimā ad vesperum pugnatum sit, Cs.; with nouns or adjectives denoting a time of life: iam inde a pueritiā, T.: a pueritiā: a pueris: iam inde ab incunabulis, L.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, L.: ab parvulis, Cs.— B. In other relations. 1. To denote separation, deterring, intermitting, distinction, difference, etc., from: quo discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem: propius abesse ab ortu: alter ab illo, next after him, V.: Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus, next in rank to, H.: impotentia animi a temperantiā dissidens: alieno a te animo fuit, estranged; so with adjj. denoting free, strange, pure, etc.: res familiaris casta a cruore civili: purum ab humano cultu solum, L.: (opoidum) vacuum ab defensoribus, Cs.: alqm pudicum servare ab omni facto, etc., II.; with substt.: impunitas ab iudicio: ab armis quies dabatur, L.; or verbs: haec a custodiis loca vacabant, Cs.— 2. To denote the agent, by: qui (Mars) saepe spoliantem iam evertit et perculit ab abiecto, by the agency of: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro: si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, at Caesar's hands, Cs.: vetus umor ab igne percaluit solis, under, O.: a populo P. imperia perferre, Cs.: equo lassus ab indomito, H.: volgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus? by whose hands and upon whose orders? factus ab arte decor, artificial, O.: destitutus ab spe, L.; (for the sake of the metre): correptus ab ignibus, O.; (poet. with abl. of means or instr.): intumuit venter ab undā, O.—Ab with abl. of agent for the dat., to avoid ambiguity, or for emphasis: quibus (civibus) est a vobis consulendum: te a me nostrae consuetudinis monendum esse puto.— 3. To denote source, origin, extraction, from, of: Turnus ab Ariciā, L.: si ego me a M. Tullio esse dicerem: oriundi ab Sabinis, L.: dulces a fontibus undae, V.—With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping (cf. a parte), from, on the part of: a quo quidem genere, iudices, ego numquam timui: nec ab Romanis vobis ulla est spes, you can expect nothing from the Romans, L.; (ellipt.): haec a servorum bello pericula, threatened by: quem metus a praetore Romano stimulabat, fear of what the praetor might do, L.—With verbs of paying, etc., solvere, persolvere, dare (pecuniam) ab aliquo, to pay through, by a draft on, etc.: se praetor dedit, a quaestore numeravit, quaestor a mensā publicā, by an order on the quaestor: ei legat pecuniam a filio, to be paid by his son: scribe decem (milia) a Nerio, pay by a draft on Nerius, H.; cognoscere ab aliquā re, to know or learn by means of something (but ab aliquo, from some one): id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse, Cs.; in giving an etymology: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, L.—Rarely with verbs of beginning and repeating: coepere a fame mala, L.: a se suisque orsus, Ta.— 4. With verbs of freeing from, defending, protecting, from, against: ut a proeliis quietem habuerant, L.: provincia a calamitate est defendenda: sustinere se a lapsu, L.— 5. With verbs and adjectives, to define the respect in which, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of: orba ab optimatibus contio: mons vastus ab naturā et humano cultu, S.: ne ab re sint omissiores, too neglectful of money or property, T.: posse a facundiā, in the matter of eloquence, T.; cf. with laborare, for the simple abl, in, for want of: laborare ab re frumentariā, Cs.— 6. In stating a motive, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: patres ab honore appellati, L.: inops tum urbs ab longinquā obsidione, L.— 7. Indicating a part of the whole, of, out of: scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto, Cs.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).— 8. Marking that to which anything belongs: qui sunt ab eā disciplinā: nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt.— 9. Of a side or party: vide ne hoc totum sit a me, makes for my view: vir ab innocentiā clementissimus, in favor of.—10. In late prose, of an office: ab epistulis, a secretary, Ta. Note. Ab is not repeated with a following pron interrog. or relat.: Arsinoën, Stratum, Naupactum... fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc. It is often separated from the word which it governs: a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo: a minus bono, S.: a satis miti principio, L.—The poets join a and que, making āque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.): aque Chao, V.: aque mero, O.—In composition, ab- stands before vowels, and h, b, d, i consonant, l, n, r, s; abs- before c, q, t; b is dropped, leaving as- before p; ā- is found in āfuī, āfore ( inf fut. of absum); and au- in auferō, aufugiō.* * *IAh!; (distress/regret/pity, appeal/entreaty, surprise/joy, objection/contempt)IIby (agent), from (departure, cause, remote origin/time); after (reference)IIIante, abb. a.in calendar expression a. d. = ante diem -- before the day
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113 Für
I Präp. (+ Akk)1. Zweck, Ziel: for; für mich for me; (um meinetwillen) for my sake; hier, für dich! this is for you; für was ist das? umg. what’s that in aid of?, what’s that for?; für nichts und wieder nichts umg. (vergebens) all for nothing2. (zugunsten von) for, in favo(u)r of; alles spricht für ihn als Kandidat: he has everything going for him; als Täter: everything points to him; das hat viel für sich there’s a lot to be said for it; und du, für wen bist du? who are you rooting for?4. (anstelle von) for; (im Namen von) auch on behalf of; für jemanden unterschreiben sign for ( oder on behalf of) s.o.; für zwei arbeiten / essen do as much work as two people / eat enough for two; gehst du für mich hin? will you go there for me?; dieses Beispiel steht für viele this example stands for ( oder is one of) many5. Preis, Gegenleistung: for; (als Ersatz) auch in exchange ( oder return) for; für zwei Euro Eis kaufen get two euros’ worth of ice cream; Aktien für tausend Euro a thousand euros of shares; für 20 Euro die oder pro Stunde for 20 euros an hour6. mit Zeitangaben: for; für gewöhnlich usually; für immer for ever; für zwei Wochen for two weeks; das Treffen ist für Montag geplant the meeting is planned for Monday; genug für heute! that’s enough for today7. Bezug herstellend: Lehrer, Professor, Minister etc. für of; sie ist Lektorin für Sachbücher she’s a non-fiction editor; zu alt etc. für too old etc. for; das gilt auch für dich! that applies to ( oder goes for) you too; für ihn heißt es jetzt Geduld haben now he’s just got to be patient; ist das von Interesse für dich? is that of any interest to you?; für mich ist sie die Größte! for me ( oder as far I’m concerned) she’s the greatest!8. Verhältnis, Vergleich: for; sie sieht jung aus für ihr Alter she looks young for her age; nicht schlecht für den ersten Versuch! not bad for a first attempt9. Aufeinanderfolge: Schritt für Schritt step by step; Tag für Tag day after day; Wort für Wort word for word10. Eigenschaft zuweisend: halten / erklären für consider / declare (to be); ich halte es für unklug I don’t think it’s ( oder it would be) a good idea; ich hätte ihn für jünger gehalten I would have thought he was younger; die Sitzung für eröffnet erklären declare the meeting open; jemanden für tot erklären pronounce s.o. dead11. umg. (gegen) for; ein Mittel für Grippe something for flu; gut für den Durst good for thirst, good if you’re thirsty12. für sich bleiben stay on one’s own, be alone; für sich leben live by o.s.; er ist gern für sich ( allein) he likes to be on his own; das ist eine Sache für sich that’s another matter entirely, that’s a different story13. fig.: an und für sich actually; ich für meine Person oder ich für meinen Teil I for my part; sie singt für ihr Leben gern she just loves singing; er kann nichts für seine Dummheit he can’t help being stupid14. umg.: was für ( ein) ... (welche Art) what kind of...; (welche[r,s]) what...; als Ausruf: what (a)...; was für ein Auto hast du? what sort (bes. Am. kind) of car have you got?; was für einen Film meinst du? what ( von bestimmten: which) film do you mean?; was für ein schickes Kleid! what a smart dress!; was ( ist das) für ein Unsinn! what nonsense!II Adv.1. nordd. umg.: da / hier / wo... für dafür, hierfür, wofür* * *to; per; unto; for* * *['fyːɐ]ntdas Fǘr und Wider — the pros and cons pl
* * *1) (cost: bread at $1.20 a loaf.) at2) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) for3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) for5) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) for6) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) for7) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) for8) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) for9) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) for10) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) for11) to* * *<->[fy:ɐ̯]nt* * *1) fordas ist nichts für mich — that's not for me
für immer — for ever; for good
2) (zugunsten) forfür jemanden/etwas sein — be for or in favour of somebody/something
3) (als)4) (anstelle) forfür jemanden einspringen — take somebody's place
für zwei arbeiten — do the work of two people
5) (als Stellvertreter) for; on behalf of6) (um)Jahr für Jahr — year after year
Schritt für Schritt — step by step s. auch was 1.
* * *Für n:das Für und Wider the pros and cons pl* * *1) forfür sich — by oneself; on one's own
für immer — for ever; for good
2) (zugunsten) forfür jemanden/etwas sein — be for or in favour of somebody/something
3) (als)4) (anstelle) for5) (als Stellvertreter) for; on behalf of6) (um)Schritt für Schritt — step by step s. auch was 1.
* * *konj.for conj. präp.in favor (US) expr.in favour (UK) expr.per prep. -
114 tour
I.tour1 [tuʀ]1. feminine nouna. ( = édifice) tower ; ( = immeuble très haut) tower block2. compounds• enfermé dans sa or une tour d'ivoire shut away in an ivory tower ► la tour de Londres the Tower of LondonII.tour2 [tuʀ]━━━━━━━━━2. compounds━━━━━━━━━1. <a. ( = excursion, parcours) trip ; ( = promenade) (à pied) walk ; (en voiture) drive ; (en vélo) ride• on en a vite fait le tour [de lieu] there's not much to see ; [de livre, théorie] there isn't much to it ; [de personne] there isn't much to him (or her)► faire le tour de [+ parc, pays, magasins] to go round ; [+ possibilités] to explore ; [+ problème] to consider from all anglesb. (dans un ordre, une succession) turn• attends, tu parleras à ton tour wait - you'll have your turn to speak• chacun son tour ! wait your turn!• à qui le tour ? whose turn is it?c. (Sport, politics) roundd. ( = circonférence) [de partie du corps] measurement ; [de tronc, colonne] girth ; [de surface] circumferencee. ( = rotation) revolution ; [d'écrou, clé] turn• régime de 2 000 tours (minute) speed of 2,000 revs per minute► à tour de bras [frapper, taper] with all one's strength ; [composer, produire] prolifically ; [critiquer] with a vengeance• ils licenciaient à tour de bras they were laying people off left, right and centref. ( = tournure) [de situation, conversation] turn ; ( = phrase) turn of phraseg. ( = exercice) [d'acrobate] feat ; [de jongleur, prestidigitateur] trick• et le tour est joué ! and there you have it!• c'est un tour à prendre ! it's just a knack!h. ( = duperie) tricki. ( = machine) lathe2. <• le premier tour de manivelle est prévu pour octobre [de film] the cameras should begin rolling in October ► tour de piste (Sport) lap ; (dans un cirque) circuit (of the ring)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The famous annual cycle race takes about three weeks to complete in daily stages « étapes » of approximately 110 miles. The leading cyclist wears a yellow jersey, the « maillot jaune ». The route varies and is not usually confined only to France, but the race always ends on the Champs-Élysées in Paris.* * *
I tuʀnom masculin1) ( mouvement rotatif) gén turn; ( autour d'un axe) revolutionfaire un tour sur soi-même — [danseur] to spin around; [planète] to rotate
un (disque) 33/45/78 tours — an LP/a 45 ou single/a 78
à tour de bras — (colloq) [frapper] with a vengeance; [investir, racheter] left, right and centre [BrE] (colloq)
2) ( mouvement autour de)faire le tour de quelque chose — gén to go around something; ( en voiture) to drive around something
3) ( pourtour) ( bords) edges (pl); ( circonférence) circumference; ( mensuration) measurement; ( mesure standard) sizede 15 mètres de tour — 15 metres [BrE] in circumference, 15 metres [BrE] around
4) ( déplacement) ( à pied) walk, stroll; ( à bicyclette) ride; ( en voiture) drive, spinfaire un (petit) tour — ( à pied) to go for a walk ou stroll
je suis allé faire un tour à Paris/en ville — I went to Paris/into GB ou down US town
faire des tours et des détours — lit [route, rivière] to twist and turn; fig [personne] to beat about the bush
5) ( examen) lookon en a vite fait le tour — (colloq) pej there's not much to it/her/them etc
6) ( moment d'agir) gén turn; (de compétition, tournoi, coupe) roundil perd plus souvent qu'à son tour — ( il regrette) he loses more often than he would like; ( je critique) he loses more often than he should
tour à tour — ( alternativement) by turns; ( à la suite) in turn
7) ( consultation électorale)tour de scrutin — ballot, round of voting
8) (manœuvre, ruse) tricket le tour est joué — ( c'est fait) that's done the trick; ( ce sera fait) that will do the trick
en un tour de main — ( habilement) deftly; ( rapidement) in a flash
tour de force — feat; ( œuvre) tour de force
9) (allure, aspect) turntour (de phrase) — Linguistique turn of phrase
10) Technologie ( machine-outil) lathe•Phrasal Verbs:
II tuʀ1) Architecture tower; ( immeuble) tower block GB, high rise US2) ( aux échecs) rook, castle3) ( machine de guerre) siege-tower•Phrasal Verbs:* * *
I tuʀ nf1) (de château, d'église, gratte-ciel) tower2) (= immeuble locatif) high-rise block Grande-Bretagne high-rise building USA tower block Grande-BretagneIl y a beaucoup de tours dans ce quartier. — There are a lot of tower blocks in this area.
3) ÉCHECS castle, rook
II tuʀ nmfaire un tour (à pied) — to go for a walk, (en voiture) to go for a drive
Allons faire un tour dans le parc. — Let's go for a walk in the park.
faire le tour de — to go around, (à pied) to walk around, (en voiture) to drive around, fig, [sujet] to review
Le tour de l'île prend trois heures. — It takes three hours to go around the island.
On a fait un tour des Pyrénées. — We toured the Pyrénées.
4) SPORT (tour de piste) lap5) (d'être servi ou de jouer) turnc'est au tour de...; C'est au tour de Renée. — It's Renée's turn.
C'est ton tour de jouer. — It's your turn to play.
à tour de rôle; tour à tour — in turn
6) (= tournure) turn7) (avec une vis ou clef) turn8) [roue] revolutionfaire 2 tours — to turn twice, to revolve twice
9) (= circonférence)de 3 m de tour — 3 m around, with a circumference of 3 m
10) (= ruse) trick, [prestidigitation, cartes] trick11) [potier] wheel, (à bois, métaux) lathe12) (autre locution)à tour de bras — non-stop, relentlessly
* * *A nm1 ( mouvement rotatif) gén turn; Mécan, Mes revolution; 5 000 tours (par) minute 5,000 revolutions ou revs○ per minute; l'essieu grince à chaque tour de roue the axle squeaks at every turn of the wheel; donner un tour de vis to give the screw a turn; donner un tour de clé to turn the key; être à quelques tours de roue de to be just around the corner from; faire un tour de manège to have a go on the merry-go-round; faire un tour de valse to waltz around the floor; la Terre fait un tour sur elle-même en 24 heures the Earth rotates once in 24 hours; faire un tour sur soi-même [danseur] to spin around; un (disque) 33/45/78 tours an LP/a 45 ou single/a 78; fermer qch à double tour to double-lock sth; s'enfermer à double tour fig to lock oneself away; à tour de bras○ [frapper] with a vengeance; [investir, racheter] left right and centreGB○; ⇒ quart;2 ( mouvement autour de) faire le tour de qch gén to go around sth; ( en voiture) to drive around sth; le train fait le tour du lac en deux heures the train takes two hours to go around the lake; faire le tour du monde to go around the world; la nouvelle a vite fait le tour du village the news spread rapidly through the village; il a fait le tour de l'Afrique en stop he hitchhiked around Africa; faire le grand tour fig to go the long way round GB ou around US; en deuxième tour de circuit Sport on the second lap of the circuit; faire un tour d'honneur to do a lap of honourGB; avec plusieurs tours de corde, ça tiendra with the rope wound around a few times, it'll hold; mettre trois tours de corde to wind the rope around three times; donner plusieurs tours à la pâte Culin to fold the dough several times; ⇒ cadran, propriétaire, repartir B, sang;3 ⇒ Les mesures de longueur, Les tailles ( pourtour) ( bords) edges (pl); ( circonférence) circumference; ( mensuration) measurement; ( mesure standard) size; le tour de l'étang est couvert de jonquilles there are daffodils all around the edges of the pond; elle a le tour des yeux fardé au kohl she has kohl around her eyes; tronc de 15 mètres de tour trunk 15 metresGB in circumference ou 15 metres around; tour de tête/cou/taille/hanches head/neck/waist/hip measurement; faire du 90 de tour de poitrine ≈ to have a 36-inch bust; ⇒ poitrine;4 ( déplacement bref) ( à pied) walk, stroll; ( à bicyclette) ride; ( en voiture) drive, spin; faire un (petit) tour ( à pied) to go for a walk ou stroll; si nous allions faire un tour? shall we go for a walk?; je suis allé faire un tour à Paris/en ville I went to Paris/into GB ou down town; je vais faire un tour chez des amis I'm just going to pop round GB ou go over US to some friends; fais un tour à la nouvelle exposition, ça vaut le coup go and have a look round GB ou around US the new exhibition, it's worth it; faire des tours et des détours lit [route, rivière] to twist and turn; fig [personne] to beat about the bush;5 ( examen bref) look; faire le tour d'un problème/sujet to have a look at a problem/subject; faire un (rapide) tour d'horizon to have a quick overall look (de at), to make a general survey (de of); faire le tour de ses ennemis/relations to go through one's enemies/acquaintances; on en a vite fait le tour○ pej (de problème, sujet, d'ouvrage) there's not much to it; ( de personne) there's not much to him/her/them etc;6 ( moment d'agir) gén turn; (de compétition, tournoi, coupe) round; à qui le tour? whose turn is it?; c'est ton tour it's your turn; chacun son tour each one in his turn; jouer avant son tour to play out of turn; à mon tour de faire it's my turn to do; récompensé à mon tour rewarded in my turn; attendre/passer son tour to wait/miss one's turn; c'est au tour de qn it 's sb's turn; notre équipe a été battue au second tour our team was defeated in the second round; la cuisine est nettoyée, maintenant c'est au tour du salon the kitchen is cleaned up, now for the living-room; il perd plus souvent qu'à son tour ( il regrette) he loses more often than he would like; ( je critique) he loses more often than he should; tour à tour ( alternativement) by turns; ( à la suite) in turn; être tour à tour gentil et agressif to be nice and agressive by turns; il a été tour à tour patron d'entreprise, ministre et professeur d'économie he has been in turn a company boss, a minister and an economics teacher; ⇒ rôle;7 Pol ( consultation) ballot; les résultats du premier/second tour the results of the first/second ballot; au second tour on the second ballot; scrutin à deux tours two-round ballot; tour de scrutin ballot, round of voting;8 (manœuvre, ruse) trick; jouer un bon/mauvais/sale tour à qn to play a good/nasty/dirty trick on sb; ma mémoire me joue des tours my memory is playing tricks on me; et le tour est joué that's done the trick; un peu de peinture et le tour est joué a bit of paint will do the trick; ça te jouera des tours it's going to get you into trouble one of these days; ⇒ pendable, sac;9 ( manipulation habile) trick; tour de cartes card trick; tour de prestidigitation conjuring trick; tour d'adresse feat of skill; tour de main knack; en un tour de main ( habilement) deftly; ( rapidement) in a flash; tour de force gén amazing feat; ( performance) tour de force; constituer un tour de force to be an amazing feat; réussir le tour de force de faire to achieve the amazing feat of doing; ⇒ passe-passe;10 (allure, aspect) (de situation, relations) turn; (de création, mode) twist; tour (de phrase) Ling turn of phrase; le tour qu'ont pris les événements the turn events have taken; donner un tour nouveau à qch to give a new twist to sth; c'est un tour assez rare en français it's a somewhat unusual turn of phrase in French;B nftour de Babel Relig, Ling, fig Tower of Babel; tour de chant Art, Mus song recital; tour de contrôle Aviat control tower; tour Eiffel Eiffel Tower; tour de forage Tech derrick; tour de France ( de cycliste) Tour de France; ( de compagnon) journeyman's travellingGB apprenticeship; tour de garde Mil turn of duty; tour de guet Mil watchtower; tour d'ivoire fig ivory tower; s'enfermer or se retrancher dans sa tour d'ivoire to shut oneself away in an ivory tower; tour de Londres Tower of London; tour mort Naut round turn; tour de Pise Leaning Tower of Pisa; tour de potier Art potter's wheel; tour de refroidissement Nucl cooling tower; tour de rein(s) Méd back strain; se donner or attraper un tour de rein(s) to strain one's back; tour de table Fin pool; faire un tour de table ( à un réunion) to sound out everybody ou to go round GB ou around US the table; après un rapide tour de table having gone round GB ou around US the table quickly (to see what people think).I[tur] nom féminintour d'habitation tower ou high-rise block2. (familier) [personne grande et corpulente]c'est une vraie tour he's/she's built like the side of a house4. CHIMIEII[tur] nom masculinA.[CERCLE]1. [circonférence - d'un fût, d'un arbre] girth ; [ - d'un objet, d'une étendue] circumference2. [mensuration]tour de taille/hanches waist/hip measurementquel est votre tour de taille/hanches? what size waist/hips are you?a. [d'une femme] bust measurement ou sizeb. [d'un homme] chest measurement ou size3. [parure]a. JOAILLERIE chokerb. [vêtement en fourrure] fur collarb. [à pied] to walk round a parkc. [en voiture] to drive round a parkfaire le tour du monde en auto-stop/voilier to hitch-hike/to sail round the worldfaire le tour de (figuré) : l'anecdote a fait le tour des bureaux the story went round the offices ou did the rounds of the officesje sais ce qu'il vaut, j'en ai vite fait le tour I know what he's worth, it didn't take me long to size him upa. [cycliste] the Tour de Franceb. [des compagnons] the Tour de France (carried out by an apprentice to become a journeyman)b. ÉQUITATION round5. [promenade - à pied] walk, stroll ; [ - en voiture] drive, ride ; [ - à bicyclette, à cheval, en hélicoptère] ridea. [à pied] to go for a walkb. [en voiture] to go for a drive ou ridec. [à vélo] to go for a rideB.[PÉRIODE, ÉTAPE]1. [moment dans une succession] turn[aux échecs] movea. [généralement] it's your turn ou gob. [échecs] it's your moveà qui le tour whose turn is it?, who's next?c'est à ton tour de mettre la table it's your turn to lay ou to set the tabletour de garde [d'un médecin] spell ou turn of dutyau premier tour in the first ballot ou roundC.[ACTION HABILE OU MALICIEUSE]1. [stratagème] trickjouer un sale ou mauvais tour à quelqu'un to play a nasty ou dirty trick on somebodyça vous jouera un mauvais ou vilain tour you'll be sorry for it!, it'll catch up with you (one day)!ma mémoire/vue me joue des tours my memory/sight is playing tricks on me2. [numéro, technique]tour d'adresse skilful trick, feat of skillD.[ASPECT]1. [orientation] turntour d'esprit turn ou cast of minda. (Suisse) [maladie] to take a turn for the betterb. [personne] to wrap up[en syntaxe] constructionE.[ROTATION][d'un outil] turnfaire un tour/trois tour s sur soi-même to spin round once/three times (on oneself)donner deux tours de clef to give a key two turns, to turn a key twice3. MÉDECINEF.technologie lathe————————à tour de bras locution adverbiale[frapper] with all one's strength ou might————————à tour de rôle locution adverbialetour à tour locution adverbiale————————tour de chant nom masculin————————tour de force nom masculinil a réussi le tour de force de la convaincre he managed to convince her, and it was quite a tour de force ou quite an achievement————————tour de main nom masculin1. [savoir-faire] knackavoir/prendre le tour de main to have/to pick up the knack2. (locution)en un tour de main in no time (at all), in the twinkling of an eye————————tour de table nom masculin2. [débat]The world-famous annual cycle race starts in a different town each year, but the home stretch is always the Champs-Élysées in Paris. The widespread excitement caused by the race, along with the heroic status of many coureurs-cyclistes, reflects the continuing fondness of the French towards cycling in general. -
115 Palmer, John
[br]b. 1743 Bath, Avon, Englandd. 1818 Bath, Avon, England[br]English pioneer in mail transport.[br]He was the son of a brewer and maltster and part-owner of a theatre in Bath. In his early 20s his father sent him to London to organize the petition for a licence for the Orchard Street theatre, which was granted in 1768. He then organized a series of post-chaises to transport ac-tors between this and another theatre in Bristol in which his father also had an interest. By 1782 he had ready a plan for a countrywide service of mail coaches to replace the existing arrangements of conveying the mail by post-boys and -girls mounted on horseback who were by law compelled to carry the mail "at a Rate of Six Miles in the Hour at least" on penalty of one month's hard labour if found loitering. Lord Camden, Member of Parliament for Bath, put Palmer's plan before Prime Minister Pitt, who approved of it. An experimental run was tried on 2 August 1782, a coach leaving Bristol at 4 pm and arriving in London at 8 am the next morning, to return the following night from London at 8 pm and reaching Bristol at 10 am. In March 1785 the Norwich Mail Coach was started and during that year services were started to Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Shrewsbury, Chester, Holyhead, Worcester, South Wales and Milford Haven. A feature of importance was that each mail coach was accompanied by an armed guard. In August 1786 Palmer was appointed Surveyor and Comptroller-General of the Post Office at a salary of £1,500 per annum and a bonus depending on all revenue over £300,000 each year. The popularity of the new service is shown by the feet that by 1813 his 2 1/2 per cent bonus came to £50,000. Due to the intrigues of his deputy, he was removed from office, but he was given a pension of £3,000 a year. He received the freedom of some eighteen towns, was made Mayor of Bath and represented that constituency in Parliament four times.[br]Further ReadingE.Vale, 1960, The Mail-Coach Men, London: Cassell.IMcN -
116 kilometer
♦voorbeelden:1 op een kilometer afstand • at a distance of one kilometre, at a kilometre's distancede file was kilometers lang • there was a line of cars stretching for mileskilometers vreten • burn up the road, speed90 kilometer per uur rijden • drive at 90 kilometres an hour
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