340a

κατακᾰλύπτω,

A cover up, κατά τε κνίσῃ ἐκάλυψαν (sc. μηρούς) Il. 1.460, cf. Hdt.2.47 (tm.);

με τεθνηῶτα.. κατὰ γαῖα καλύπτοι Il.6.464

;

κατὰ δὲ σκότος ὄσσε κάλυψεν 16.325

; Ἴδην δὲ κατὰ νεφέεσσι κ. 17.594;

κἀμὲ θανάτου κατὰ μοῖρα καλύψαι A.Pers. 917

(anap.), cf. Hes.Op. 121, E.Tr. 1315 (lyr.), etc.:—[voice] Med., κατὰ κρᾶτα καλυψάμενος γοάασκεν having covered his head, Od.8.92; so - καλυψάμενος alone, Hdt.6.67; κἂν κατακεκαλυμμένος τις γνοίη even one veiled would perceive, Pl. Men. 76b;

λογισμῷ κατακαλυψάμενος Id.Ep. 340a

.

κελεύω, [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

A

κέλευον Il.23.767

: [tense] fut. [suff] κελεύς-σω, [dialect] Ep. inf. -

σέμεναι Od. 4.274

: [tense] aor. ἐκέλευσα, [dialect] Ep. κέλ- Il.20.4: [tense] pf.

κεκέλευκα Lys.1.34

, Luc. Demon.44:—[voice] Med., [tense] aor.

ἐκελευσάμην Hp.Nat.Puer.13

: more freq. in compds. δια-, ἐπι-, παρα-κελεύομαι (q.v.):—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. - ευσθήσομαι D.C.68.9: [tense] aor.

ἐκελεύσθην Hdt.7.9

.ά, S.OC 738, Th.7.70: [tense] pf.

κεκέλευσμαι X.Cyr.8.3.14

, Luc.Sacr.11: [tense] plpf.

ἐκεκέλευστο D.C.78.4

( ἐκελεύθην v.l. in Hdt.7.9.ά, and

κεκέλευμαι IG22.1121.13

(iv A.D.), v.l. in App.BC5.141 are later forms). (A lengthd. form of κέλομαι, q.v.):—prop. urge, drive on, [

ἵππους] ὁ γέρων ἐφέπων μάστιγι κέλευε.. κατὰ ἄστυ Il.24.326

: hence, exhort, bid,

1 c.acc. pers. et inf., order one to do,

σ' ἔγωγε.. κελεύω ἐς πληθὺν ἰέναι 17.30

, cf. 2.11, al., Hdt.1.8,24, etc.; ἐκέλευσε τὸν παῖδα περιμεῖναί ἑ κελεῦσαι he bade the lad bid us to wait for him, Pl.R. 327b; ὁ νόμος τὸν ἐπιβουλεύσαντα κελεύει φονέα εἶναι, i.e. bids that he be held guilty, Antipho 4.2.5;

ὁ τὸν νόμον κελεύων ἄρχειν δοκεῖ κελεύειν ἄρχειν τὸν θεὸν καὶ τὸν νοῦν Arist. Pol. 1287a29

;

ἐς τὴν Μίλητον ἔπεμπον κελεύοντες σφίσι τὸν Ἀστύοχον βοηθεῖν Th.8.38

; request, Lys.16.16; opp. ἐπιτάττειν, IG12.76.33.

2 c. acc. pers. et rei,

σφῶϊ μὲν οὔ τι κελεύω Il.4.286

; τά με θυμὸς.. κελεύει (sc. εἰπεῖν) 7.68, etc.: with inf. subjoined, τί με ταῦτα κελεύεις.. μάχεσθαι; 20.87.

3 c. acc. pers. only, εἰ μὴ θυμός με κελεύοι (sc. φείδεσθαι) Od.9.278; ὥς με κελεύεις (sc. μυθεῖσθαι) 11.507: in Prose, ἐκέλευσε τοὺς ἕνδεκα ἐπὶ τὸν Θηραμένην ordered them [to go] against him, ordered them to seize him, X.HG2.3.54; κ. τινὰς ἐπὶ τὰ ὅπλα ib.20:—[voice] Pass., receive orders, Arist.Pol. 1253b34.

4 c.acc. rei only, ὃ μὴ κελεύσαι Ζεύς (Herm. for - σει) A.Eu. 618;

ὁ νόμος τὰ μὲν κελεύων τὰ δ' ἀπαγορεύων Arist.EN 1129b24

:— [voice] Pass., τὸ κελευόμενον commands, orders, Hdt.7.16, Antipho Soph. 61, X.Cyr.4.1.3: pl., Pl.R. 340a.

5 c. dat. pers. folld. by inf., urge or order one to do, κηρύκεσσι.. κέλευσε κηρύσσειν .. Il.2.50, Od. 2.6, etc.; ἀλλήλοισι κέλευον ἅπτεσθαι νηῶν .. Il.2.151;

ἑτάροισι.. ἐκέλευσα ἐμβαλέειν Od.9.488

: in later Prose, D.S.19.17, Ceb.32.4 codd., Luc.DMort.1.1, Phalar.Ep.121.1, etc.

6 rarely c. dat. pers. et acc. rei, τί δ' ἐστὶν ὃ κελεύεις ἐμοί; Men.Pk. 224, cf. Ael.NA 9.1.

7 c. dat. pers. only,

ἵπποισι καὶ Αὐτομέδοντι κελεύσας Il. 16.684

; cf.infr. 111.

8 abs., freq. in Hom.,

ὡς σὺ κελεύεις Il.23.96

, al.;

λέξω, κελεύεις γάρ A.Ch. 107

; κελεύων, opp. αὐτοχειρίῃ, Democr.260;

κελευούσης τῆς Πυθίης Hdt.6.36

;

κελεύοντος καὶ δεομένου Lys.5.1

.

9 c. inf. only, σιγᾶν κελεύω I order silence, S.Ph. 865;

οὐκ ἂν κελεύσαιμ' εὐσεβεῖν Id.Ant. 731

; recommend, propose, Lys. 12.25, D.4.21, etc.; opp. οὐκ ἐάω, Hdt.6.109, X.Ath.2.18.

II of inferiors, urge, entreat, Il.24.599, Od.10.17, Hdt.1.116.

III of the boatswain, give time to rowers, c.dat., Pl.R. 396b: abs., Ath.12.535d.

2 sing a chanty, S.E.M.6.24.

μαγγᾰν-εία, ἡ,

A trickery, esp. of magical arts, Pl.Lg. 908d; μαγγανεῖαι καὶ ἐπῳδαί ib. 933a;

περίαπτα καὶ μ. Ph.2.267

, Gal.11.792;

τῆς Κίρκης ἡ μ. Them.Or.26.330b

, cf. Jul.Gal. 340a; μ. μαγειρικαί, of meretricious cookery, Ath.1.9c.

μαγγᾰν-εύω, ([etym.] μάγγανον)

A use charms or philtres, of Circe, Ar.Pl. 310: metaph., play tricks, D.25.80, Jul.Gal. 340a; μ. πρὸς τὰς θεάς use superstitious means to propitiate the goddesses, Plb. 15.29.9;

μ. ἐπί τινα Luc.DDeor.2.1

, Bis Acc.21: c. acc. cogn., μ. ἀπάτην contrive means for cheating, Ach.Tat.2.38.

II c. acc., trick out, dress artificially, of cooks,

τὰ σιτία καὶ τὰ ὄψα μ. καὶ φαρμάττειν Plu.2.126a

.

μάρτῠς, ὁ, ἡ, Cret., Epid. [full] μαῖτυς Leg.Gort.1.13, al., IG42(1).42, Cret. also [full] μαίτυρς GDI4998 v ii; gen. μάρτῠρος, acc. - ῠρα Hes.Op. 371, etc., formed from [full] μάρτυρ (q. v.), exc. acc.

A

μάρτῠν Simon. 84

. 4, Men. 1034, Plu. 2.49a; dat. pl. μάρτῠσι (but μάρτυρσι prob. in Hippon. 51):— witness (not in Hom.), Hes. l.c., h.Merc. 372, Thgn. 1226, etc.;

ἄμμιν μάρτυς ἔστω Ζεύς Pi.P.4.167

, cf. A.Eu. 664;

ἁμέραι δ' ἐπίλοιποι μ. σοφώτατοι Pi.O.1.34

;

τούτων μάρτυρας καλῶ θεούς S. Tr. 1248

, cf. E.Ph. 491;

μάρτυρα θέσθαι τινά Id.Supp. 261

;

μ. θεοὺς ποιεῖσθαι Th.4.87

, etc.;

μάρτυρι χρῆσθαί τινι Arist.Rh. 1375b30

; μάρτυρας παρέχεσθαι produce witnesses, Pl.Grg. 471e, cf. D.27.51, etc.;

μάρτυρες παρίστανται X.Cyr.1.6.16

; μάρτυρα παράγεσθαι, μάρτυρας ἐπάγεσθαι, Pl.Lg. 836c, R. 364c;

δικάζει ταῦτα μαρτύρων ὅπο A.Supp. 934

;

μαρτύρων ἐναντίον Antipho 1.28

, Ar.Ec. 448;

ἐν μάρτυσι Pl.Smp. 175e

; τί δεῖται μάρτυρος; Id.R. 340a.

II martyr, Apoc.2.13, etc.

III Astrol., in aspect,

μάρτυρες ἀλλήλων Man. 4.451

. (Cf. μάρτυρ, μάρτυρος.)

μουσῐκή (sc. τέχνη), ἡ,

A any art over which the Muses presided, esp. poetry sung to music, Pi.O.1.15, Hdt.6.129;

μουσικῆς ἀγών Th.3.104

, cf. IG12.84.16, etc.;

ποίησις ἡ κατὰ μουσικήν Pl.Smp. 196e

, cf. 205c; τίς ἡ τέχνη, ἧς τὸ κιθαρίζειν καὶ τὸ ᾄδειν καὶ τὸ ἐμβαίνειν ὀρθῶς; Answ.

μουσικήν μοι δοκεῖς λέγειν Id.Alc.1.108d

.

2 = ἀγὼν μουσικῆς, IG 12(9).189.8 (Eretria, iv B. C.).

II generally, art or letters,

μουσικῇ καὶ πάσῃ φιλοσοφίᾳ προσχρώμενος Pl.Ti. 88c

, cf. Phd. 61a, Prt. 340a; μουσική, γράμματα, γυμναστική, as three branches of education, Id.R. 403c, cf. X.Lac.2.1; with γραφική added, Arist.Pol. 1337b24;

ἐν μουσικῇ καὶ γυμναστικῇ παιδεύειν Pl.Cri. 50d

: metaph.,

εὑρὼν ἀκριβῆ μ. ἐν ἀσπίδι E.Supp. 906

.

πολῐορκ-έω, [tense] fut.

A

- ήσω X.Cyr.7.5.12

:[tense] aor.

- ησα Ar.Lys. 281

, Th.1.61, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

- ηθήσομαι X.HG4.8.5

; in med. form -ήσομαι, Hdt. 5.34, 8.49, Th.3.109, X.HG7.5.18, Cyr.6.1.15: [tense] aor.

ἐπολιορκήθην Isoc. 6.57

: [tense] pf. πεπολιόρκημαι ([etym.] ἐκ-) Th.7.75: ([etym.] πόλις, ἕρκος):—besiege, Hdt. 1.17, 154, Ar.V. 685, Lys. 281, etc.; οἱ πολιορκοῦντες the besiegers, opp. οἱ κατακεκλειμένοι, Isoc.6.40:—[voice] Pass., to be besieged, in a state of siege, Hdt.1.81, al.; ὑπό τινος ib.26; also of a fleet, to be blockaded, Isoc.4.142; of Scamander, to be blocked, dammed back,

ὑπὸ Ἀχιλλέως Pl.Prt. 340a

.

2 metaph.,

π. τῆς ψυχῆς τὸ φρόνημα Porph.Chr.28

:—[voice] Pass., to be besieged, pestered,

ὑπὸ τῶν συκοφαντῶν -ούμενοι πολιορκίαν Pl.Alc. 2.142a

, cf. R. 453a, X.Mem.2.1.13, UPZ6.33 (ii B.C.); of a banker,

π. περὶ ἀργυρίου PCair.Zen.62

(a)4 (iii B.C.): in Medicine, to be blocked, Dsc.5.6.13.

ἐκπέρθω, [tense] fut. -πέρσω,

A destroy utterly, sack, of cities, Il.1.19, al. (never in Od.), A.Th. 427, etc.; also

τὴν Διὸς τυραννίδ' ἐ. βίᾳ Id.Pr. 359

: metaph.,

μὴ ἡμῖν..τὸν Σιμωνίδην ἐκπέρσῃ Pl.Prt. 340a

.

II take as booty from,

τὰ μὲν πολίων ἐξεπράθομεν Il.1.125

.

ἐπανόρθ-ωμα, ατος, τό,

A correction, Pl.Prt. 340a, 340d, Tht. 183a, D.25.16, Arist.EN 1135a13, 1137b12.

μάρτυς, μάρτυρος, ὁ dat. pl. μάρτυσιν (Pind., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 22 [Stone p. 32]; TestLevi 19:3; Philo, Joseph.; apolog. exc. Ar.)

① one who testifies in legal matters, witness (Just., A I, 23, 3; Ath. 3, 2) Ac 7:58; Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1; 1 Ti 5:19 (the last 3 after Dt 19:15; cp. Jos., Vi. 256 and Hipponax [VI B.C.] 47 D.³ ἐλθὼν σὺν τριοῖσι μάρτυσιν); Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6.—ἐπὶ μάρτυσι also Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 14 §49). τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων; what further need have we of witnesses? (Pla., Rep. 1, 340a τί δεῖται μάρτυρος; αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁ Θρασύμαχος ὁμολογεῖ) Mt 26:65; Mk 14:63. μάρτυρες ψευδεῖς false witnesses (Demosth. 29, 28) Ac 6:13 (Mel., P. 79, 572). There is a suggestion of bureaucratic protocol relating to the account of the prudent and blameless men whom the Roman church sent to Corinth and who μάρτυρες ἔσονται μεταξὺ ὑμῶν κ. ἡμῶν 1 Cl 63:3.

② one who affirms or attests, testifier, witness transf. sense of mng. 1, of anyone who can or should testify to anything.

ⓐ of God (or the exalted Christ) as witness (deities as witnesses oft. Pind. et al.; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 595, Ant. 1, 209; TestLevi 19:3; SibOr, Fgm. 1, 4; Just., A II, 12, 4 θεὸν … μάρτυρα ἔχοντες. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 46, 26 θεὸς [sc. ἐστιν] μ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου συνειδότος); as a formula God is my witness (that I am telling the truth) Ro 1:9; Phil 1:8; shortened θεὸς μ. 1 Th 2:5; cp. vs. 10 (here also Jos., Ant. 15, 130 μ. ὑμᾶς ποιούμενος). μ. μοι ἐν ᾧ δέδεμαι IPhld 7:2. μάρτυρα τὸν θεὸν ἐπικαλεῖσθαι call upon God as witness 2 Cor 1:23 (cp. 1 Km 12:5f; 20:23; Polyb. 11, 6, 4 τ. θεοὺς ἐπικαλέσεσθε μάρτυρας; Heliod. 1, 25, 1; Galen VI 775 Kühn; likewise of calling upon deities, Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 6: τοὺς ἑπτὰ μάρτυρας μαρτύρομαι).

ⓑ of humans (cp. Pind. O. 4, 5): witnessing by eye and ear (X., Ages. 4, 5; Pla., Ep. 1 p. 309a; Aelian, VH 10, 6; Jos., Ant. 18, 299; Tat. 31, 1; 36, 1) 1 Th 2:10; 1 Ti 6:12; 2 Ti 2:2.—Also of those witnesses whose faith is tried and true τοσοῦτον νέφος μαρτύρων Hb 12:1.—Of witnesses of events which they know about, without having experienced them personally (acc. to Strabo 7, 3, 7 p. 300 Hesiod is μάρτυς with regard to the Scythians): the teachers of the law bear witness to the murder of the prophets by their ancestors, by erecting tombs for the prophets Lk 11:48 (μαρτυρεῖτε v.l.).

ⓒ of witnesses who bear a divine message (Epict. 3, 26, 28 God uses the wise men as his μάρτυρες) Rv 11:3 (though the mng. approaches martyr [s. 3 below] here; cp. vs. 7. S. DHaugg, D. zwei Zeugen-Apk 11:1–13, ’36; JConsidine, CBQ 8, ’46. 377–92). In this sense, above all, of Jesus’ disciples as the witnesses of his life, death, and resurrection: ἔσεσθέ μου μάρτυρες you will be my witnesses Ac 1:8; cp. 13:31 (Ps.-Demetr. 222 μάρτυς σου γίνεται). W. obj. gen. of the thing witnessed: witness for/of (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 4 τῶν ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ λεγομένων μ., Ant. 4, 40; ἀληθείας μ. of Polycarp Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 13, 4]; παραδόσεως of the Ephesian congregation 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 15, 6]; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 47, 24) Lk 24:48; Ac 1:22; 3:15; 5:32; 10:39; 26:16. μ. τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων a witness of the sufferings of Christ 1 Pt 5:1. ἔσῃ μ. αὐτῷ πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους you will be a witness for him to all people Ac 22:15 (Epict. 3, 24, 113 μ. πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους).—10:41. Danker, Benefactor 442–47.

③ one who witnesses at cost of life, martyr, in the usage of the persecuted church τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου Ac 22:20. Of Antipas ὁ μ. μου ὁ πιστός μου Rv 2:13 (cp. Pind., P. 1, 88 μάρτυρες πιστοί=dependable witnesses; on the textual problems of Rv 2:13 s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 45–47). Onesimus μ. Χριστοῦ γεγένηται Phlm subscr. v.l. Gener. μάρτυρες Ἰησοῦ Rv 17:6; cp. MPol 2:2; 14:2; 15:2; 16:2 v.l.; 17:3; 19:1. Of Zacharias μ. εἰμι τοῦ θεοῦ GJs 25:3 (s. de Strycker ad loc.). Since Rv also calls Jesus (as well as Antipas) ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός 1:5; 3:14, these pass. are prob. to be classed here (cp. Ps 88:38), but with awareness of strong focus in all the NT passages in this classification on the fact of witness. The death of Jesus was early regarded as the first martyrdom.—For an analysis of the question how μάρτυς=‘witness’ came to mean ‘martyr’, s. FKattenbusch, ZNW 4, 1903, 111ff; KHoll, variously, then Gesamm. Aufsätze II 1928, 103ff; ASchlatter, BFChTh 19, 3, 1915; PCorssen, NJklA 35, 1915, 481ff, 37, 1916, 424ff, ZNW 15, 1914, 221ff w. several continuations until 18, 1917, 249ff, Sokrates 6, 1918, 106ff; Rtzst., Hist. Mon. 1916, 85; 257, NGG 1916, 417ff, Her 52, 1917, 442ff; FDornseiff, ARW 22, 1923/24, 133ff; HDelehaye, Analecta Bollandiana 39, 1921, 20ff, Sanctus 1927 (²’33), 74ff (75, 1 lit.). ELohmeyer, D. Idee des Martyriums im Judent. u. Urchristent.: ZST 5, 1927/28, 232–49; GFitzer, D. Begriff des μ. im Judent. u. Urchristent., diss. Bresl. 1929; HLietzmann, Martys: Pauly-W. XIV 2, 1930, 2044–52; OMichel, Prophet u. Märt. ’32; RCasey, Μάρτυς: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 30–37; EStauffer, Märtyrertheologie u. Täuferbewegg.: ZKG 52, ’33, 545–98; DRiddle, The Martyr Motif in Mk: JR 4, 1924, 174–91, Hb, 1 Cl and the Persecution of Domitian: JBL 43, 1924, 329–48, From Apocalypse to Martyrology: ATR 9, 1927, 260–80, The Martyrs: A Study in Social Control ’31, Die Verfolgungslogien im formgesch. u. soziol. Bed.: ZNW 33, ’34, 271–89; HvCampenhausen, D. Idee des Martyriums in d. alten Kirche² ’64; EPeterson, Zeuge d. Wahrh. ’37; EBurnier, Le notion de témoignage dans le NT ’37; HSurkau, Martyrien in jüd. u. frühchristl. Zt. ’38; HFischel, Martyr and Prophet (in Jewish lit.), JQR 37, ’46/47, 265–80; 363–86; EGünther, Μάρτυς, D. Gesch. eines Wortes ’41, Zeuge u. Märtyrer, ZNW 47, ’56, 145–61. ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht ’55; HvanVliet, No Single Testimony (Dt 19:15) ’58; NBrox, Zeuge u. Märtyrer ’61.—B. 1436; ATrites, Μάρτυς and Martyrdom in the Apocalypse, A Semantic Study: NovT 15, ’73, 72–80, The NT Concept of Witness ’77; GDragas, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy in the NT Era: Greek Orthodox Theological Review 30, ’85, 287–96; PVassiliadis, The Translation of μαρτυρία Ιησοῦ in Rv: BT 36, ’85, 129–34; M-ERosenblatt, Paul the Accused ’95, 1–21; Kl. Pauly III 1059f; BHHW II 1156f.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.