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101 σάκκος
σάκκος, ου, ὁ (Hdt., Aristoph.+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 20:2; Test12Patr, JosAs; AscIs 2:10; Joseph.; Mel., P. 19, 131.—Semit. loanw.: HLewy, Die semit. Lehnwörter im Griech. 1895, 87 [cp. שַׂק]. On the quest. whether to spell it w. one κ or two s. Mayser 215) a coarse cloth made of animal (goat or camel) hair, sack, sackcloth ὠμόλινον ἐκ σάκκου γεγονός a rough linen towel made of (a) sack (cloth) Hs 8, 4, 1. The fabric from which a sack is made is usu. dark in color ἁμαρτίαι μελανώτεραι σάκκου 1 Cl 8:3 (quot. of unknown orig.). μέλας ὡς σάκκος τρίχινος Rv 6:12 (cp. Is 50:3). Hence sackcloth is esp. suited to be worn as a mourning garment (LXX; PsSol 2:20; JosAs 10:16 al.; Jos., Bell. 2, 237, Ant. 5, 37 al.) περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους Rv 11:3 (cp. 4 Km 19:2; Is 37:2; AscIs 2:10 σάκκον and s. περιβάλλω 2a). ἔρριψεν αὑτὸν χαμαὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ς. (Joseph) threw himself down to the ground on sackcloth JosAs 13:1. W. σποδός (Esth 4:2f; Jos., Ant. 20, 123; TestJos 15:2) ἐν ς. καὶ σποδῷ καθῆσθαι sit in sackcloth and ashes Lk 10:13 (Mel., P. 19, 131). ἐν ς. καὶ σποδῷ μετανοεῖν Mt 11:21. ἐπὶ ς. καὶ σποδοῦ κόπτεσθαι (κόπτω 2) B 7:5. καὶ σάκκον ἐνδύσησθε καὶ σποδὸν ὑποστρώσητε 3:2 (Is 58:5).—Menand., Fgm. 544 Kock=754 Kö., of Syrian penitents, who sinned against the goddess: ἔλαβον σακίον, εἶτʼ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκάθισαν αὑτοὺς ἐπὶ κόπρου, καὶ τὴν θεὸν ἐξιλάσαντο τῷ ταπεινοῦσθαι σφόδρα ‘they took sackcloth, then seated themselves in the path on a dunghill and propitiated the goddess by humiliating themselves exceedingly’; Plut., Superst. 7 p. 168d: ἔξω κάθηται σακκίον ἔχων καὶ περιεζωσμένος ῥάκεσι ῥυπαροῖς, πολλάκις δὲ γυμνὸς ἐν πηλῷ κυλινδούμενος ἐξαγορεύει τινὰς ἁμαρτίας, ὡς τόδε φαγόντος ἢ πιόντος ἢ βαδίσαντος ὁδόν, ἣν οὐκ εἴα τὸ δαιμόνιον ‘he sits outside in sackcloth, girt with filthy rags, and frequently he rolls naked in mire and publicly confesses some sins, such as eating or drinking this or that or taking some path forbidden by Heaven’; cp. Lam. 4:5. On the rags of a penitent cp. ἐν ἱεροῖς ῥακενδύτας: Hermes Trismeg., Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/4 p. 148, 2; 165, 16.—DELG. M-M. TW. -
102 ἀνάγκη
ἀνάγκη, ης, ἡ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; PsSol 5:6; TestJob 12:3; TestJos 2:4; ApcSed 10:4; ApcMos 25; Philo, Joseph., Ar., Just.; Mel. Fgm. 6, 5; Ath.) never in NT in the exceptional sense of ‘fate’ (e.g. Eur., Ph. 1000).① necessity or constraint as inherent in the nature of things, necessity, pressure of any kind, a divine dispensation, some hoped-for advantage, custom, duty, etc. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 17 §68 ἀ. νόμων; Musaeus 289 of love; Crates p. 54, 15 al. Malherbe; SibOr 3, 101; 296; Just., D. 44, 11) ἄνευ ζυγοῦ ἀνάγκης without the yoke of necessity B 2:6. ἀνάγκη (sc. ἐστὶν) it is necessary, inevitable, one must w. inf., or acc. and inf. (Hdt. 2, 35; SIG 888, 79; BGU 665 II, 16; Just., A I, 21, 4 al.; Ath. 17, 1 al.; Did., Gen. 104, 29) ἀ. (ἐστὶν [v.l.]) ἐλθεῖν τὰ σκάνδαλα temptations must come Mt 18:7. διὸ ἀ. (sc. ἐστὶν) therefore it is nec. (for you) to be subject Ro 13:5. θάνατον ἀ. (sc. ἐστὶν) φέρεσθαι τοῦ διαθεμένου the death of the testator must be announced Hb 9:16; cp. vs. 23. W. ἐστί and without inf. εἰ ἀ. ἐστί Hs 9, 9, 3. ἐὰν ᾖ ἀ. D 12:2—ἀ. ἔχω w. inf. (Plut., Cato Min. 24, 6; Jos., Ant. 16, 290, Vi. 171 et al.; TestJob 10:3; 12:3 al.; POxy 1061, 4 [22 B.C.]; PFlor 278 IV, 23; cp. New Docs 1, 45) I must ἰδεῖν αὐτόν Lk 14:18; ἀπολύειν 23:16 [17] v.l; γράψαι ὑμῖν Jd 3; θυσίας ἀναφέρειν Hb 7:27; αἰτεῖσθαι Hs 5, 4, 5; ἐρωτᾶν 9, 14, 4; cp. 9, 16, 2. Without inf. μὴ ἔχων ἀ. 1 Cor 7:37.—ἀ. μοι ἐπίκειται (Il. 6, 458) I am under obligation 9:16.—W. prep. ἐξ ἀνάγκης under pressure (Trag., Thu.; Epict. 2, 20, 1; Jos., Bell. 5, 568; Ath., R. 66, 17; Did., Gen. 75, 21; POxy 237 IV, 33; PIand 19, 1) 2 Cor 9:7; necessarily (logically) (Diod S 1, 80, 3; Dio Chrys. 21 [38], 31; 34; Philo, Aet. M. 21; 52) Hb 7:12; Hs 7:3. For this pleonastically δεῖ ἐξ ἀ. m 6, 2, 8; Hs 9, 9, 2. ὡς κατὰ ἀνάγκην (opp. κατὰ ἑκούσιον) as it were, by pressure Phlm 14 (cp. X., Cyr. 4, 3, 7; Artem. 5, 23; EpArist 104; 2 Macc 15:2; Jos., Ant. 3, 223; Ar.; Just., A I, 30, 1; Ath. 24, 2; PCairMasp 66, 2).② a state of distress or trouble, distress, calamity, pressure (characteristic of later Gk.: Diod S 10, 4, 6 [mortal danger]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 40 §167 ἐσχάτη ἀ.; LXX; Jos., Bell. 5, 571; Ant. 2, 67. So as loanw. in rabb.) of distress in the last days ἀ. μεγάλη Lk 21:23. ἡ ἐνεστῶσα ἀ. the present distress 1 Cor 7:26 (the expr. ‘present distress’ is found in Epict. 3, 26, 7; 3 Macc 1:16 v.l. and PGM 4, 526f. In Antiphon 6, 25 the present coercion is called ἡ παροῦσα ἀνάγκη.—See KBenz, TGl 10, 1918, 388ff; PTischleder, ibid. 12, 1920, 225ff). W. θλῖψις (like Job 15:24) 1 Th 3:7. Pl. pressures (Antiphon 6, 25; Herodas 5, 59; Diod S 4, 43, 5; 10, 17, 1; SIG 521, 23 [III B.C.]; Cat. Cod. Astr. VII 143, 23; VIII/3, 182, 17; 185, 27; LXX; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 41; Jos., Ant. 16, 253; TestJos 2:4) w. θλίψεις, στενοχωρίαι et al. 2 Cor 6:4; w. διωγμοί and στενοχωρίαι 12:10 (but see 3 below). In Paul’s recitals of woe there surfaces the theme of the endangered benefactor who risks much for his public (s. AFridrichsen, Zum Stil des Paulinischen Peristasenkatalogs: SymbOsl 7, 1928, 25–29; Danker, Benefactor 363–64). ἐξ ἀναγκῶν ἐξαιρεῖσθαι rescue from calamities 1 Cl 56:8 (Job 5:19). For this ἐξ ἀναγκῶν λυτροῦσθαι τοὺς δούλους τοῦ θεοῦ Hm 8:10.③ concr. for abstr. compulsion by forcible means, torture (ref. in AFridrichsen, ConNeot 9, ’44, 28f and L-S-J-M s.v. 3); this mng. is prob. in some passages, e.g. 2 Cor 12:10 (s. 2 above).—HSchreckenburg, Ananke, ’64.—B. 638. DELG. DDD s.v.Ananke. M-M. TW. Sv. -
103 ἀντίδικος
ἀντίδικος, ου, ὁ (s. δίκη; Aeschyl. et al.)① one who brings a charge in a lawsuit, accuser, plaintiff (so X. et al.; SIG 656, 24; 953, 5 and 15; very oft. pap, e.g. POxy 37 I, 8; 237 VII, 24 and 32; VIII, 12; BGU 592, 7; Pr 18:17; Jer 27:34; Philo, Aet. M. 142; Jos., Ant. 8, 30; loanw. in rabb.) Mt 5:25; Lk 12:58; 18:3. Of the devil, since he appears in court as an accuser 1 Pt 5:8 (cp. Rv 12:10; Job 1:6ff; Zech 3:1); but here and in Lk 18:3 it could mean② one who is continuously antagonistic to another, enemy, opponent in gener. (so Aeschyl., Ag. 41; Philod., Ira p. 65 W.; PGM 3, 6; 1 Km 2:10; Is 41:11; Sir 36:6; Jos., Ant. 13, 413). This would corresp. to the designation of the devil as ἐχθρός TestDan 6:3f.—B. 1432. DELG s.v. δίκη. M-M. TW. -
104 ἄρρητος
ἄρρητος, ον (cp. ῥῆμα; Hom.+; Sb 7600, 7; TestSol 8:7 D; JosAs 12:5 cod. A 27:2; GrBar ins 1; ApcZeph; Philo; Jos., Bell. 7, 262; Just., D. 127, 2 al.; Ath. 6, 1; Tat. 34, 3; for spelling B-D-F §11, 1)① of someth. that cannot be expressed, since it is beyond human powers, inexpressible (Pla., Symp. 189b; Plut., Mor. 564f; Herm. Wr. 1, 31; PGM 13, 763 explains it: ἐν ἀνθρώπου στόματι λαληθῆναι οὐ δύναται).② of someth. that must not be expressed, since it is holy, not to be spoken (since Eur., Bacch. 472; Hdt. 5, 83, 3; Thessalus [I A.D.] adjures Asclepius διʼ ἀρρήτων ὀνομάτων: Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/3, 137. Not infreq. on sacral ins [Nägeli 55]. PGM 3, 205; 12, 237; Vett. Val. 19, 1; Plut., Mor. 360f; Mesomedes in: Alex. Coll. p. 198, no. 36, 14=IAndrosIsis, Mesomedes p. 145 ln. 14; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 175) ἄ. ῥήματα words too sacred to tell 2 Cor 12:4 (cp. Lucian, Epigr. 11).—DELG s.v. 2 εἴρω. M-M. TW.
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