1042

ἀκάθαρτος, ον (Soph., Hippocr.+; ins; except for Mag. pap perh. PTebt 1043, 42 [II B.C.], LXX, TestSol, Test12Patr, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just.)

① pert. to that which may not be brought into contact w. the divinity, impure, unclean (the cultic sense, mostly LXX, also Jos., C. Ap. 1, 307; SIG 1042, 3; Just., D. 20, 4): of foods (Orig., C. Cels. 3, 11, 9) w. κοινός: πᾶν κοινὸν καὶ ἀ. anything common or unclean Ac 10:14, 11:8; GJs 6:1; w. μεμισημένος of birds (and other animals Lev 11:4ff; Dt 14:7ff; Did., Gen. 52, 22) Rv 18:2; (τὸ) ἀ. what is unclean 2 Cor 6:17 (Is 52:11; Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 23).—Esp. of everything connected w. polytheism, which defiles whatever it touches (Am 7:17; Is 52:1 ἀπερίτμητος κ. ἀ.; SibOr 5, 264) of gentiles ἄνθρωπος κοινὸς ἢ ἀ. Ac 10:28; τέκνα ἀ (opp. ἅγια) 1 Cor 7:14 (on the question of child baptism s. τέκνον 1a). As the ceremonial mng. fades, the moral sense becomes predominant.

② pert. to moral impurity (since Pla., Leg. 4, 716e; Is 6:5; 64:5; Sir 51:5; Pr 3:32 al.; Philo, Deus Imm. 132, Spec. Leg. 3, 209; Jos., Bell. 4, 562; Just., D. 141, 3) unclean, impure (s. ἀκαθαρσία 2) B 10:8. W. πόρνος (Plut., Oth. 1067b [2, 2] ἐν γυναιξὶ πόρναις κ. ἄκαθάρτοις. Cp. Vett. Val. 76, 1), πλεονέκτης and εἰδωλολάτρης Eph 5:5.—τὰ ἀ. (w. πονηρά) impure things Hv 1, 1, 7. τὰ ἀ. τῆς πορνείας the impurities of fornication Rv 17:4 (ἀ. of actions, such as adultery, that defile one TestJos 4:6; on the constr. s. B-D-F §136, 1).—Esp. of evil spirits πνεῦμα, πνευματα ἀ. (cp. Zech 13:2; TestBenj 5:2; Cat. Cod. Astr. X 179, 19; 181, 5; Just., D. 7, 3 al.) Mt 10:1; 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26f; 3:11, 30; 5:2, 8, 13; 6:7; 7:25; 9:25. Ending of Mk in Freer ms. 3; Lk 4:36; 6:18; 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; 18:2. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου Lk 4:33 (cp. PGM 4, 1238). On ἐν πνεύματι ἀ. s. GBjörck, ConNeot 7, ’42, 1–3.—B. 1081. DELG s.v. καθαρός. M-M. TW.

ἀνθρώπινος, η, ον (s. ἄνθρωπος; Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. Just. has fem.-ος A I, 11, 1f, otherw.-η) pert. to being a person, human.

ⓐ gener. (ἀνθρώπινόν τι πάσχειν=die: PPetr I, 11, 9ff; PGen 21, 15; BGU 1149, 34; SIG 1042, 13) ἀ. ἔργα human deeds 1 Cl 59:3 (Just., D. 76, 1 [sg.]); φόβοι ἀ. human fears i.e. such as humans are heir to 2 Cl 10:3; συνήθεια ἀ. IEph 5:1; φόβῳ (sc.) ἀ. AcPl Ha 11, 17; σάρξ ἀ. (Wsd 12:5; Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 103) IPhld 7:2; πειρασμὸς ἀ. a temptation common to humanity (cp. Epict. 1, 9, 30, Ench. 26; Num 5:6), i.e. bearable (Pollux 3, 27, 131 also mentions τὸ ἀνθρώπινον among the concepts which form a contrast to ὸ̔ οὐκ ἄν τις ὑπομένειεν) 1 Cor 10:13. ἀνθρώπινον λέγειν speak in human terms i.e. as people do in daily life Ro 6:19 (cp. Plut., Mor. 13c; Philo, Somn. 2, 288); ἀ. ὁ λόγος the saying is commonly accepted 1 Ti 3:1 D*, cp. 1:15 v.l. (favored by Zahn, Einl. I 487; GWohlenberg ad loc.; EKühl, Erläuterung d. paul. Briefe II 1909, 179; WLock, ICC ad loc. and Intr. xxxvi, ‘true to human needs’).

ⓑ in contrast to animal (Diod S 3, 35, 5; Ezk 4:15; Da 7:4, 8) δεδάμασται τῇ φύσει τῇ ἀ. has been tamed by human nature or humankind Js 3:7; ὁ λέων … εἶπεν τῷ Παύλῳ ἀ. γλώσσῃ (cp. TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 18f [Stone p. 6] ἄ. φωνῇ of a tree. ParJer 7, 2 of an eagle).

ⓒ in contrast to the divine (Maximus Tyr. 38, 5e; SIG 526, 29f [III B.C.]; 721, 33; 798, 10 [c. 37 A.D.]; Job 10:5; 4 Macc 1:16f; 4:13; Jos., Bell. 6, 429) ἀ. μυστήρια (merely) human secrets Dg 7:1. ὑπὸ χειρῶν ἀ. θεραπεύεται Ac 17:25 (χ. ἀ. Jos., Bell. 5, 387; 400; Just., A I, 20, 5). ἀ. σοφία human wisdom (Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 126.—Jos., Ant. 3, 223 σύνεσις ἀ; Just., D. 80, 3 διδάγματα ἀ.) 1 Cor 2:4 v.l., 13. ἀ. ἡμέρα a human court 4:3. πρόσκλισις ἀ. human partiality 1 Cl 50:2. δόγμα ἀ. human opinion Dg 5:3. ἀ. κτίσις human institution of the authorities 1 Pt 2:13.—DELG s.v. ἄνθρωπος. M-M. TW.

ἁμαρτία, ίας, ἡ (w. mngs. ranging fr. involuntary mistake/ error to serious offenses against a deity: Aeschyl., Antiphon, Democr.+; ins fr. Cyzicus JHS 27, 1907, p. 63 [III B.C.] ἁμαρτίαν μετανόει; PLips 119 recto, 3; POxy 1119, 11; LXX; En, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr; JosAs 12:14; ParJer, ApcEsdr, ApcSed, ApcMos; EpArist 192; Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 69 al.; Ar. [Milne 76, 42]; Just., A I, 61, 6; 10; 66, 1, D. 13, 1 al.; Tat. 14, 1f; 20, 1; Mel., P. 50, 359; 55, 400; s. ClR 24, 1910, 88; 234; 25, 1911, 195–97).

① a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness

ⓐ sin (w. context ordinarily suggesting the level of heinousness), the action itself (ἁμάρτησις s. prec.), as well as its result (ἁμάρτημα), πᾶσα ἀδικία ἁ. ἐστίν 1J 5:17 (cp. Eur., Or. 649; Gen 50:17). ἁ. w. ἀνομήματα Hv 1, 3, 1; descr. as ἀνομία (cp. Ps 58:3; TestJob 43:17) 1J 3:4; but one who loves is far from sin Pol 3:3, cp. Js 5:20; 1 Pt 4:8, 1 Cl 49:5; Agr 13. ἀναπληρῶσαι τὰς ἁ. fill up the measure of sins (Gen 15:16) 1 Th 2:16. κοινωνεῖν ἁ. ἀλλοτρίαις 1 Ti 5:22. ποιεῖν ἁ. commit a sin (Tob 12:10; 14:7S; Dt 9:21) 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Pt 2:22; Js 5:15; 1J 3:4, 8. For this ἁμαρτάνειν ἁ. (Ex 32:30; La 1:8) 1J 5:16; ἐργάζεσθαι ἁ. Js 2:9; Hm 4, 1, 2 (LXX oft. ἐργάζ. ἀδικίαν or ἀνομίαν). μεγάλην ἁ. ἐργάζεσθαι commit a great sin m 4, 1, 1; 8:2. Pl. (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a τὰ μεγάλα ἁμαρτήματα κ. ἀδικήματα) Hs 7:2. ἐπιφέρειν ἁ. τινί Hv 1, 2, 4. ἑαυτῷ ἁ. ἐπιφέρειν bring sin upon oneself m 11:4; for this ἁ. ἐπισπᾶσθαί τινι m 4, 1, 8 (cp. Is 5:18). προστιθέναι ταῖς ἁ. add to one’s sins (cp. προσέθηκεν ἁμαρτίας ἐφʼ ἁμαρτίας PsSol 3:10) Hv 5:7; m 4, 3, 7; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 11, 3; φέρειν ἁ. 1 Cl 16:4 (Is 53:4). ἀναφέρειν vs. 14 (Is 53:12). γέμειν ἁμαρτιῶν B 11:11. εἶναι ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 Cor 15:17 (cp. Alex. Aphr., Eth. Probl. 9 II 2 p. 129, 13 ἐν ἁμαρτήμασιν εἶναι).—Sin viewed from the perspective of God’s or Christ’s response: ἀφιέναι τὰς ἁ. let go = forgive sins (Lev 4:20 al.) Mt 9:2, 5f; Mk 2:5, 7, 9f; Lk 5:20ff; Hv 2, 2, 4; 1 Cl 50:5; 53:5 (Ex 32:32) al. (ἀφίημι 2); hence ἄφεσις (τῶν) ἁμαρτιῶν (Iren. 1, 21, 2 [Harv. I 182, 4]) forgiveness of sins Mt 26:28; Mk 1:4; Lk 1:77; 3:3; 24:47; Ac 2:38; 5:31; 10:43; 13:38; Hm 4, 3, 2; B 5:1; 6:11; 8:3; 11:1; 16:8. διδόναι ἄφεσιν ἁ. AcPl Ha 2, 30; λαβεῖν ἄφεσιν ἁ. receive forgiveness of sins Ac 26:18 (Just., D. 54 al); καθαρίζειν τὰς ἁ. cleanse the sins (thought of as a stain) Hs 5, 6, 3; καθαρίζειν ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4; cp. Sir 23:10; PsSol 10:1); also καθαρισμὸν ποιεῖσθαι τῶν ἁ. Hb 1:3; ἀπολούεσθαι τὰς ἁ. Ac 22:16 ([w. βαπτίζειν] Just., D. 13, 1 al.). λύτρον ἁ. ransom for sins B 19:10.—αἴρειν J 1:29; περιελεῖν ἁ. Hb 10:11; ἀφαιρεῖν (Ex 34:9; Is 27; 9) vs. 4; Hs 9, 28, 3; ῥυσθῆναι ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 60:3; ἀπὸ τῶν ἁ. ἀποσπασθῆναι AcPlCor 2:9. Sin as a burden αἱ ἁ. κατεβάρησαν Hs 9, 28, 6; as a disease ἰᾶσθαι Hs 9, 28, 5 (cp. Dt 30:3); s. also the verbs in question.—Looked upon as an entry in a ledger; hence ἐξαλείφεται ἡ ἁ. wiped away, cancelled (Ps 108:14; Jer 18:23; Is 43:25) Ac 3:19.—Opp. στῆσαι τὴν ἁ. 7:60; λογίζεσθαι ἁ. take account of sin (as a debt; cp. the commercial metaphor Ro 4:6 and s. FDanker, Gingrich Festschr. 104, n. 2) Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); 1 Cl 60:2 (Just., D. 141, 3). Pass. ἁ. οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται is not entered in the account Ro 5:13 (GFriedrich, TLZ 77, ’52, 523–28). Of sinners ὀφειλέτης ἁ. Pol 6:1 (cp. SIG 1042, 14–16 [II A.D.] ὸ̔ς ἂν δὲ πολυπραγμονήσῃ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ περιεργάσηται, ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννωι, ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι).—γινώσκειν ἁ. (cp. Num 32:23) Ro 7:7; Hm 4, 1, 5. ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας Ro 3:20; ὁμολογεῖν τὰς ἁ. 1J 1:9; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἐπὶ ταῖς ἁ. B 19:12; ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰς ἁ. Mt 3:6; Mk 1:5; Hv 3, 1, 5f; Hs 9, 23, 4; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁ. confess your sins to each other Js 5:16.—ἐλέγχειν τινὰ περὶ ἁ. convict someone of sin J 8:46; cp. ἵνα σου τὰς ἁ. ἐλέγξω πρὸς τὸν κύριον that I might reveal your sins before the Lord Hv 1, 1, 5.—σεσωρευμένος ἁμαρτίαις loaded down w. sins 2 Ti 3:6; cp. ἐπισωρεύειν ταῖς ἁ. B 4:6; ἔνοχος τῆς ἁ. involved in the sin Hm 2:2; 4, 1, 5. μέτοχος τῆς ἁ. m 4, 1, 9.—In Hb sin is atoned for (ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς ἁ. 2:17) by sacrifices θυσίαι ὑπὲρ ἁ. 5:1 (cp. 1 Cl 41:2). προσφορὰ περὶ ἁ. sin-offering 10:18; also simply περὶ ἁ. (Lev 5:11; 7:37) vss. 6, 8 (both Ps 39:7; cp. 1 Pt 3:18); προσφέρειν περὶ ἁ. bring a sin-offering Hb 5:3; cp. 10:12; 13:11. Christ has made the perfect sacrifice for sin 9:23ff; συνείδησις ἁ. consciousness of sin 10:2; ἀνάμνησις ἁ. a reminder of sins of the feast of atonement vs. 3.

ⓑ special sins (ἁ. τῆς ἀποστασίας Iren. 5, 26, 2 [Harv. II 397, 4]): πρὸς θάνατον that leads to death 1J 5:16b (ἁμαρτάνω e); opp. οὐ πρὸς θάνατον vs. 17. μεγάλη ἁ. a great sin Hv 1, 1, 8 al. (Gen 20:9; Ex 32:30 al.; cp. Schol. on Pla., Tht. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα). μείζων ἁ. m 11:4; ἥττων 1 Cl 47:4. μεγάλη κ. ἀνίατος Hm 5, 2, 4; τέλειαι ἁ. Hv 1, 2, 1; B 8:1, cp. τὸ τέλειον τῶν ἁ. 5:11 (Philo, Mos. 1, 96 κατὰ τῶν τέλεια ἡμαρτηκότων); ἡ προτέρα ἁ. (Arrian, Anab. 7, 23, 8 εἴ τι πρότερον ἡμάρτηκας) sin committed before baptism Hm 4, 1, 11; 4, 3, 3; Hs 8, 11, 3; cp. v 2, 1, 2.

② a state of being sinful, sinfulness, a prominent feature in Johannine thought, and opposed to ἀλήθεια; hence ἁ. ἔχειν J 9:41; 15:24; 1J 1:8. μείζονα ἁ. ἔχειν J 19:11; ἁ. μένει 9:41. γεννᾶσθαι ἐν ἁμαρτίαις be born in sin 9:34 (ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ v.l).; opp. ἐν ἁ. ἀποθανεῖν die in sin 8:21, 24; AcPl Ha 1, 16. ἁ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν 1J 3:5.

③ a destructive evil power, sin

ⓐ Paul thinks of sin almost in pers. terms (cp. Sir 27:10; Mel., P. 50, 359; PGM 4, 1448 w. other divinities of the nether world, also Ἁμαρτίαι χθόνιαι; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 119ff) as a ruling power that invades the world. Sin came into the world Ro 5:12 (JFreundorfer, Erbsünde u. Erbtod b. Ap. Pls 1927; ELohmeyer, ZNW 29, 1930, 1–59; JSchnitzer, D. Erbsünde im Lichte d. Religionsgesch. ’31; ROtto, Sünde u. Urschuld ’32; FDanker, Ro 5:12: Sin under Law: NTS 14, ’67/68, 424–39), reigns there vs. 21; 6:14; everything was subject to it Gal 3:22; people serve it Ro 6:6; are its slaves vss. 17, 20; are sold into its service 7:14 or set free from it 6:22; it has its law 7:23; 8:2; it revives (ἀνέζησεν) Ro 7:9 or is dead vs. 8; it pays its wages, viz., death 6:23, cp. 5:12 (see lit. s.v. ἐπί 6c). As a pers. principle it dwells in humans Ro 7:17, 20, viz., in the flesh (s. σάρξ 2cα) 8:3; cp. vs. 2; 7:25. The earthly body is hence a σῶμα τῆς ἁ. 6:6 (Col 2:11 v.l.).—As abstr. for concr. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁ. ὑπέρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν (God) made him, who never sinned, to be sin (i.e. the guilty one) for our sakes 2 Cor 5:21.

ⓑ In Hb (as in OT) sin appears as the power that deceives humanity and leads it to destruction, whose influence and activity can be ended only by sacrifices (s. 1a end): ἀπάτη τῆς ἁ. Hb 3:13.—On the whole word s. ἁμαρτάνω, end. GMoore, Judaism I 445–52; ABüchler, Studies in Sin and Atonement in the Rabb. Lit. of the I Cent. 1928; WKnuth, D. Begriff der Sünde b. Philon v. Alex., diss. Jena ’34; EThomas, The Problem of Sin in the NT 1927; Dodd 76–81; DDaube, Sin, Ignorance and Forgiveness in the Bible, ’61; AGelin and ADescamps, Sin in the Bible, ’65.—On the special question ‘The Christian and Sin’ see PWernle 1897; HWindisch 1908; EHedström 1911; RBultmann, ZNW 23, 1924, 123–40; Windisch, ibid. 265–81; RSchulz, D. Frage nach der Selbsttätigkt. d. Menschen im sittl. Leben b. Pls., diss. Hdlb. ’40.—JAddison, ATR 33, ’51, 137–48; KKuhn, πειρασμός ἁμαρτία σάρξ im NT: ZTK 49, ’52, 200–222; JBremer, Hamartia ’69 (Gk. views).—B. 1182. EDNT. DELG s.v. ἁμαρτάνω. M-M. TW.

ἁπλοῦς, ῆ, οῦν (Att. contr.; Aeschyl., Thu.+) pert. to being motivated by singleness of purpose so as to be open and aboveboard, single, without guile, sincere, straightforward i.e. without a hidden agenda (Plut., Mor. 63f: the gods take delight in beneficence for its own sake, but a flatterer’s performance is with mixed motives) εἶναι ἁ. τῇ καρδίᾳ be guileless B 19:2 (cp. SIG 1042, 12 ἁ. τῇ ψυχῇ; Pr 11:25; Ps.-Phocyl. 50). ἁ. διάνοια a sincere mind 1 Cl 23:1. W. ἄκακος (Diod S 13, 76; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 61, 2 Jac.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 136 §566) Hs 9, 24, 2. Of the eye (Damasc., Vi. Isid. 16 [p. 16, 9–11 Z.], with ref. to frank expression) single = unjaundiced, sincere (s. ἁπλότης 1; opp. πονηρός, whose mng. is apparent fr. Mt 20:15; Mk 7:22. Cp. Sir 14:10; 31:13; TestIss 3:2 πορευόμενος ἐν ἁπλότητι ὀφθαλμῶν; also IArsameia, Antiochus I, lines 210–20 [tr. Danker, Benefactor 251]: of attempt to conceal jealousy over another’s good fortune and ‘melting one’s eye’ in the process) Mt 6:22 (the Kommagene ins helps explain the intercalation of vss. 22f between two logia on approach to riches); Lk 11:34 (s. Jülicher, Gleichn. 98ff esp. 100f; WBrandt, ZNW 14, 1913, 189ff; CEdlund, D. Auge der Einfalt: ASNU 19, ’52, 51–122; HCadbury, The Single Eye: HTR 47, ’54, 69–74 holds out for generous; opposed by TThienemann, Gordon Review 1, ’55, 10–22. Plut., Mor. 63f distinguishes ἁ. ‘unreserved’ fr. ἐλευθέριος ‘liberal.’ See also λύχνος b, ὀφθαλμός 1, πονηρός 1b and 3a. Zahn, Mt p. 291 and Betz, SM 451 adopt a physiological sense for ἁ.: ‘healthy.’).—As of animals gener. (Aristot., HA 9, 1), so the superl. ἁπλούστατος (the form in X., Mem. 4, 2, 16; Polyb. 9, 10, 5; Strabo 7, 3, 7; Philo, Vi. Cont. 82) quite simple, guileless, of doves Mt 10:16 D.—The comp. ἁπλούστερον very simply B 6:5 (s. ἁπλῶς).—CSpicq, La vertu de Simplicité dans l’A. et le N. Test.: RSPT 22, ’33, 1–26; ESjöberg, StTh 5, ’51, 89–105; HBacht, Geist u. Leben 29, ’56, 416–26; JAmstutz, ΑΠΛΟΤΗΣ ’68; Betz, SM 437–53, esp. 449–53.—DELG s.v. ἁπλόος. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἐξιλάσκομαι (s. ἱλάσκομαι) fut. ἐξιλάσομαι; 1 aor. ἐξιλασάμην; fut. pass. 3 sg. ἐξιλασθήσεται LXX. When one endeavors to attain the goodwill of another, the word can be rendered appease (a pers. PTebt 750, 16 [II B.C.]); in this sense ἐ. is akin to θεραπεύειν as in Thu 1, 137, 3 τινὰ χρημάτων δόσει. Throughout Greek lit., deity is the most freq. obj. (as early as the oracle in Hdt. 7, 141 Δία; X., Cyr. 7, 2, 19 Ἀπόλλωνα; Menand., Fgm.754, 6 Kö. [=544, 6 p. 164 Kock] τὸν θεόν; Polyb. 3, 112, 19; Diod S 1, 59, 2 θυσίαις τὸ θεῖον; 14, 77, 4 τ. θεούς; 20, 14, 3; Strabo 4, 1, 13; Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 77; Ael. Aristid. 46, 3 K.=3 p. 30 D.; Zech 7:2; 8:22; Ezk 16:63; PsSol 3:8; TestLevi 3:5 πρὸς κύριον; JosAs 28:5; EpArist 316; Philo, Poster. Cai. 72 [after Lev 16:10]; Jos., Bell. 5, 19; SibOr 7, 30.—S. ἱλάσκομαι and ἵλεως). In 1 Cl 7:7; Hv 1, 2, 1 sin necessitates appeasement of God (cp. IG II², 1366, 15f=SIG 1042 [II/III A.D.] ἁμαρτίαν ὀφειλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννῳ, ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι [= let such a one be liable to Sovereign Men for an offense for which there is no expiation]; s. also Just., A I, 50, 2 τοῖς ἀνόμοις ἐξιλάσεται [for Is 53:12]).—TW.

ἱλάσκομαι (s. two next entries) mid. dep.; fut. ἱλάσομαι LXX; 1 aor. pass. impv. ἱλάσθητι (in mid. mng. ἱλάσθην LXX) (Hom. et al.; ins; LXX [Thackeray 270f]; s. also Dodd and Hill, below).

① to cause to be favorably inclined or disposed, propitiate, conciliate (Il. 1, 100 Apollo; Hdt. 5, 47, 2 an offended Olympic victor; 8, 112, 3 Themistocles; Strabo 4, 4, 6 τὸν θεόν; Cornutus 34 p. 73, 5; Heraclit. Sto. 16 p. 24, 9 τὸν Ἥλιον; Appian, Samn. 12 §6, Hann. 27 §115 θυσίαις κ. εὐχαῖς ἱ. τ. θεούς; Herm. Wr. 1, 22; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 116; Jos., Ant. 6, 124 τὸν θεὸν ἱ.; 8, 112, C. Ap. 1, 308 ἱ. τοὺς θεούς; SibOr 3:625628;). Pass.: of one addressed in prayer, to act as one who has been conciliated, but with focus on the initiative of the one who functions thus: be propitiated, be merciful or gracious (4 Km 24:4; La 3:42; Da 9:19 Theod.) w. dat. (of advantage, Esth 4:17h ἱλάσθητι τ. κλήρῳ σου; cp. also Ps 78:9) ἱλάσθητί μοι τῷ ἁμαρτωλῷ (dat. of advantage) have mercy on me, sinner that I am Lk 18:13 (Sb 8511, 7 [ins, imperial times] ἵλαθί μοι, Μανδοῦλι [a divinity]); GJs 5:1 (twice; in the first instance perh. with inf. foll., s. deStrycker 289 n. 2).—B-D-F §314.

② to eliminate impediments that alienate the deity, expiate, wipe out, of Christ as high priest εἰς τὸ ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς ἁμαρτίας τοῦ λαοῦ to expiate the sins of the people Hb 2:17 (so Mft. [NRSV ‘make a sacrifice of atonement’] cp. SIG 1042, 15f [=IG II², 1366; II/III A.D.] ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννῳ ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι ‘let him be liable to Men Tyrranos for a sin he can have no hope of expiating’ [cp. 1Km 3:14; on this ins s. New Docs 3, no. 6]; Ps 64:4 τὰς ἀσεβείας ἱ.; Dssm., NB 52 [BS 225]; Breytenbach 98).—CDodd, JTS 32, ’31, 352–60; also Dodd 82–95 on ἱ. and related words (against Dodd: LMorris, ET 62, ’51, 227–33; RNicole, WTJ 17, ’55, 117–57; in support: NYoung, EvQ 55, ’83, 169–76); SLyonnet, Verbum Domini 37, ’59, 336–52, Sin, Redemption and Sacrifice, ’70, 120–66, 256–61; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebrew Mngs. ’67, 23–48; KGraystone, Ἱλάσκεσθαι and Related Words in the LXX: NTS 27, ’81, 640–56; GHorsley, New Docs, 3, 25 (on Graystone and Hill); JFitzmyer, ‘Reconciliation’ in Pauline Theology, in: No Famine in the Land (McKenzie Festschr.) ’75, 155–77; JLunceford, An Historical and Exegetical Inquiry into the NT Meaning of the ἹΛΑΣΚΟΜΑΙ Cognates, diss. Baylor ’79; CBreytenbach, Versöhnung ’89.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

ὀφείλω impf. ὤφειλον; fut. ὀφειλήσω LXX; our lit. has only the pres. and impf. (Hom.+).

① to be indebted to someone in a financial sense, owe someth. to someone, be indebted to τινί τι Mt 18:28a; Lk 16:5. W. acc. of debt (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 8 §26; Jos., Ant. 13, 56) Mt 18:28b; Lk 7:41; 16:7; Phlm 18 (CMartin, in: Persuasive Artistry, ed. DWatson, ’91, 321–37). τὸ ὀφειλόμενον the sum that is owed (X.; Pla.; CPR I, 228, 5. In pap. the pl. is more freq. found in this mng.) Mt 18:30. πᾶν τὸ ὀφ. αὐτῷ the whole amount that he owed him vs. 34.

② to be under obligation to meet certain social or moral expectations, owe

ⓐ gener.

α. owe, be indebted τινί τι (to) someone (for) someth. (Alciphron 4, 13, 1 Νύμφαις θυσίαν ὀφ.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 295) πόσα αὐτῷ ὀφείλομεν ὅσια; for how many holy deeds are we indebted to (Jesus Christ)? 2 Cl 1:3. μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν owe nothing to anyone except to love each other Ro 13:8 (AFridrichsen, StKr 102, 1930, 294–97. For initiative in kindness cp. Thu. 2, 40 ‘we acquire friends not by receiving benefits but by conferring them’). τὴν ὀφειλομένην εὔνοιαν the goodwill that one owes, a euphemism for pleasing one’s spouse conjugally 1 Cor 7:3 v.l. εἰς τὸν ὀφειλόμενον τόπον τῆς δόξης to the glorious place that he deserved 1 Cl 5:4. εἰς τὸν ὀφειλόμενον αὐτοῖς τόπον εἰσὶ παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ Pol 9:2,—Subst. τὰ ὀφειλόμενα (s. 1 above) duties, obligations ποιεῖν fulfill GPt 12:53.

β. be obligated. w. inf. foll. one must, one ought (Hom. [Il. 19, 200] et al.; ins, pap; 4 Macc 11:15; 16:19; Philo, Agr. 164, Spec. Leg. 1, 101; TestJos 14:6; Just., A I, 4, 4 al.; Mel., P. 76, 550; Iren., Did.) ὸ̔ ὠφείλομεν ποιῆσαι πεποιήκαμεν Lk 17:10. κατὰ τ. νόμον ὀφείλει ἀποθανεῖν J 19:7. Cp. 13:14; Ro 15:1, 27; 1 Cor 7:36; 9:10; 11:10; Eph 5:28; 2 Th 1:3; 2:13; Hb 2:17; 5:3, 12; 1J 2:6; 3:16; 4:11; 3J 8; 1 Cl 38:4; 40:1; 48:6; 51:1; 2 Cl 4:3; B 1:7; 2:1, 9f; 4:6; 5:3; 6:18; 7:1, 11; 13:3; Pol 5:1; 6:2; Hs 8, 9, 4 v.l.; 9, 13, 3; 9, 18, 2; 9, 28, 5. Negat. one ought not, one must not (Jos., Vi. 149; Ar. 13, 5) Ac 17:29; 1 Cor 11:7; 1 Cl 56:2; Hm 4, 1, 3; 8; Hs 5, 4, 2; 9, 18, 1. Cp. 2 Cl 4:3. οὐκ ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τ. γονεῦσι θησαύριζειν children are under no obligation to lay up money for their parents 2 Cor 12:14.

ⓑ Rabbinic usage has given rise to certain peculiarities

α. ὀφ. used absolutely [חַיָּב]: ὀφείλει he is obligated, bound (by his oath) Mt 23:16, 18.

β. commit a sin (s. ὀφείλημα 2; but cp. also SIG 1042, 15 ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννῳ) w. dat. against someone ἀφίομεν παντὶ ὀφείλοντι ἡμῖν Lk 11:4.

③ to be constrained by circumstance, (best rendered by an auxiliary verb) have to, ought ἐπεὶ ὠφείλετε ἄρα ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου ἐξελθεῖν then you would have to come out of the world altogether 1 Cor 5:10.—ἐγὼ ὤφειλον ὑφʼ ὑμῶν συνίστασθαι I ought to have been recommended by you 2 Cor 12:11 (B-D-F §358, 1; Rob. 920). For the semantic perspective of Paul as creditor instead of debtor cp. the use of ὀφείλημα Ro 4:4. Paul’s sophisticated use here of diction that was in common use in reciprocity discourse is of a piece with the context in which irony plays a decisive role.—B. 641. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ὁράω (Hom.+) impf. 3 pl. ἑώρων (J 6:2 v.l. for ἐθεώρουν); pf. ἑώρακα and ἑόρακα (s. B-D-F §68), 3 pl. ἑώρακαν beside ἑόρακαν and ἑωράκασιν (Mlt-H. 221); plpf. ἑωράκειν Hv 2, 1, 3; fut. ὄψομαι, 2 sg. ὄψῃ (W-S. §13, 18). Pass.: 1 fut. ὀφθήσομαι; 1 aor. ὤφθην, by-form ὡράθην Ezk 12:12; 21:29; Da 1:15 Theod.; pf. 3 sing. ὦπται Ex 4:1, 5; Hv 3, 1, 2, inf. ὦφθαι or ἑωρᾶσθαι (Just.); plpf. 3 sg. ὦπτο. (Just.). In Byz. times there was an aor. mid. ὠψάμην (Lob. on Phryn. p. 734). There is a subjunctive form corresponding to this in one place in the NT, though not without a v.l.; it is ὄψησθε (v.l. ὄψεσθε) Lk 13:28. The functions of the aor. active are taken over by εἶδον and the forms belonging to it (s. εἶδον). βλέπω is, for the most part, used for the pres. and impf. On the use of ὁράω and βλέπω s. Reinhold p. 95ff.

A. trans.

① to perceive by the eye, catch sight of, notice

ⓐ w. acc. of pers. Mt 28:7, 10; Mk 16:7; Lk 16:23; J 8:57; 9:37; 14:9; 16:16f, 19, 22; 20:18 (PPerkins, Int 46, ’92, 31–41), 25, 29; 1J 4:20a; Rv 1:7; AcPl Ha 6, 17; Κλαύδ̣ιε ὅ̣[ρα Παῦλον] 8, 1. θεὸν οὐδεὶς ἑώρακεν πώποτε (s. PGM 5, 101f of Osiris ὸ̔ν οὐδεὶς εἶδε πώποτε) J 1:18; cp. 6:46ab; 1J 4:20b (on seeing God and its impossibility for mortals s. WGrafBaudissin, ‘Gott schauen’ in d. atl. Rel.: ARW 18, 1915, 173–239; RBultmann, ZNW 29, 1930, 169–92; EFascher: Marb. Theol. Studien ’31, 1, 41–77).—Also of the perception of personal beings that become visible in a transcendent manner (UPZ 78, 8 [159 B.C.] of a dream in the Sarapeum ὁρῶ τ. διδύμας; 69, 6; Just., D. 115, 3), of the vision of Christ that Paul had 1 Cor 9:1. The acc. is to be supplied fr. the context Hb 11:27; 1 Pt 1:8. W. acc. of the ptc. (B-D-F §416, 1; Rob. 1123.—UPZ 69, 6 [152 B.C.] ὁρῶ ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ τὸν Μενέδημον ἀντικείμενον ἡμῖν; Ex 2:11, 13; TestJob 26, 6; ParJer 9:20; GrBar 1:3; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 38; Just., A I, 10, 1 al.) ὄψονται τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενον Mt 24:30; Mk 13:26; Lk 21:27. ὄψεσθε τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καθήμενον Mk 14:62 (NPerrin, The End-product of the Christian Pesher Trad., NTS 12, ’66, 150–55).

ⓑ w. acc. of thing ὀπτασίαν ὁρ. see a vision (s. ὀπτασία 1.—SIG 1169, 6; UPZ 68, 6 [152 B.C.] ἐνύπνια ὁρῶ πονηρά) Lk 1:22; 24:23. ὁράσεις Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1). ταῦτα Lk 23:49. πάντα J 4:45. σημεῖα 6:2 v.l. (for ἐθεώρουν). S. also Hv 3, 2, 4. W. acc. of the ptc. (SIG 685, 75; 1169, 15; Ex 33:10; TestJob 37:8; Just., A I, 53, 9 al.) τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεῳγότα J 1:51.—Hv 3, 8, 9. W. attraction of the relative ὧν=τούτων ἅ Lk 9:36; Ac 22:15. The attraction may be due to colloq. breviloquence in μάρτυρα ὧν τε εἶδές με ὧν τε ὀφθήσομαί σοι a witness to the things in which you saw me and to those in which I shall appear to you Ac 26:16b (difft. MDibelius, Aufsätze zur Apostelgeschichte, ed. HGreeven ’51, 83). Of God τ. πάντα ὁρᾷ PtK 2 p. 13, 24 (Ar. 4, 1; cp. 13, 8).—ὁρ. is a favorite word w. J, when he speaks of that which the preëxistent Son saw when he was with the Father (JSchneider, D. Christusschau des Joh.-ev. ’35; difft. LBrun, D. Gottesschau des joh. Christus: SymbOsl 5, 1927, 1–22) ὸ̔ ἑώρακεν J 3:32; cp. vs. 11. ἃ ἑώρακα παρὰ τῷ πατρί 8:38 (since this deals w. witness and speaking, the ‘perceiving’ could be thought of as ‘hearing’; what is heard is interpreted as an event. Cp. Diod S 13, 28, 5 ὁρᾷς;=do you hear [the outcry]?; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 165 ὁρῶ οἷα λέγεις; Polyaenus 7, 14, 2; Ex 20:18 λαὸς ἑώρα τὴν φωνήν, 22; Dt 4:9; also Philo, Migr. Abr. 47; SibOr 8, 125 βρυγμὸν ὁρ.). Of that which the apostolic witnesses saw of Christ 1J 1:1–3. Abs. ὁ ἑωρακώς the eye-witness J 19:35.

ⓒ ὁρ. τὸ πρόσωπόν τινος as a periphrasis for see someone (cp. Gen 43:3, 5; 46:30) Ac 20:25; Col 2:1. ὁρ. το πρόσωπον τοῦ θεοῦ (=רָאָה אֶת־פְּנֵי י״י) Rv 22:4 (πρόσωπον 1bα). ὁρ. τὴν δόξαν τοῦ θεοῦ (=רָאָה אֶת־כְּבוֹד י״י) see the majesty of God (Is 66:18f; GkBar 6:12 al.) J 11:40. Simply ὁρ. τὸν θεόν see God Mt 5:8. ὀψόμεθα αὐτὸν καθώς ἐστιν 1J 3:2 (Maximus Tyr. 11, 11a τὸ μὲν ὅλον ὄψει τ. θεὸν τότε, ἐπειδὰν πρὸς αὐτὸν καλῇ). ὁρ. τὸν κύριον Hb 12:14.—On ἃ ἑόρακεν ἐμβατεύων Col 2:18 s. ἐμβατεύω.

ⓓ pass. in act. sense become visible, appear (Ael. Aristid. 51, 22 K.=27 p. 539 D.: ὤφθη τοιάδε; LXX) abs. Rv 11:19; 12:1, 3. τινί to someone Ac 2:3. ὅραμα διὰ νυκτὸς τ. Παύλῳ ὤφθη a vision appeared to Paul at night 16:9 (Jos., Ant. 2, 70 τὰ διὰ νυκτὸς ὀφθέντα).—Of pers. who appear in a natural way (Appian, Syr. 21 §96 ὤφθησαν=they made an appearance, Bell. Civ. 2, 130 §542; UPZ 145, 5 [164 B.C.]; 3 Km 3:16 ὤφθησαν δύο γυναῖκες τῷ βασιλεῖ) (Μωϋσῆς) ὤφθη αὐτοῖς Ac 7:26. Mostly of beings that make their appearance in a transcendent manner, almost always w. dat. of the pers. to whom they appear: God (Gen 12:7; 17:1 [cp. 1QapGen 22:27 God appears to Abraham]; PGM 4, 3090 ἕως ὁ θεός σοι ὀφθῇ; ParJer 7:20; Just., D. 56, 4 al.) Ac 7:2. Angels (Ex 3:2; Judg 6:12) Lk 1:11; 22:43 (LBrun, ZNW 32, ’33, 265–76); Ac 7:30, 35. Moses and Elijah Mt 17:3; Mk 9:4; Lk 9:31 (without the dat. in this pass.: ὀφθέντες ἐν δόξῃ). The risen Christ Lk 24:34; Ac 9:17; 13:31; 26:16a; 1 Cor 15:5–8 (cp. Ox 1 verso, 13; Unknown Sayings, 69–71); 1 Ti 3:16 (ὤφθη ἀγγέλοις: the triumphant Christ appears to the angelic powers); Hb 9:28 (Christ at his Second Coming).—οὐκ ἔτι σοι ὀφθήσεται it will be seen by you no longer (of evil desire) Hm 12, 2, 4 (Antig. Car. 11 ὁρᾶται=there is; Aristot. in Apollon. Paradox. 39 ὄφις ὤφθη=there was a snake).

② to see someone in the course of making a friendly call, visit (1 Km 20:29; JosAs 22:3) ὄψομαι ὑμᾶς Hb 13:23.

③ to experience a condition or event, experience, witness (cp. POxy 120, 4f τινὰ ὁρῶντα αἱαυτὸν [= ἑαυτὸν] ἐν δυστυχίᾳ; JosAs 6:5 τί … ἐγὼ ὄψομαι ἡ ταλαίπωρο; s. also Just., D. 61, 2) Lk 17:22 (s. εἶδον 4). ζωήν J 3:36 (cp. Lycophron 1019 βίον; Ps 88:49 θάνατον). μείζω τούτων 1:50. ὄψεται πᾶσα σὰρξ τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 3:6 (Is 40:5).

④ to be mentally or spiritually perceptive, perceive (Polystrat. p. 5 ὁρ. τῷ λογισμῷ; Simplicius, In Epict. p. 110, 47 Düb. τὸ ἀληθές), fig. ext. of 1:

ⓐ sensory aspect felt: w. acc. of the ptc. (Diod S 2, 16, 5; 4, 40, 2; Appian, Syr. 14 §55, Bell. Civ. 2, 14 §50; PHib 44, 4 [253 B.C.] ὁρῶντες δέ σε καταραθυμοῦντα; 4 Macc 4:24; 9:30; Jos., Vi. 373 ὄντα με ὁρ.; Just., A I, 43, 5; Ath. 2, 3) notice, perceive, understand εἰς χολὴν πικρίας … ὁρῶ σε ὄντα I perceive that you have fallen into the gall of bitterness (i.e. bitter jealousy) Ac 8:23. οὔπω ὁρῶμεν αὐτῷ τὰ πάντα ὑποτεταγμένα we do not yet see everything subjected to him Hb 2:8. W. acc. and inf. foll. Dg 1. W. ὅτι foll. (M. Ant. 9, 27, 2; Philo, Migr. Abr. 46; Just., D. 23, 3 al.) Js 2:24; 1 Cl 12:8; 23:4; 44:6. W. indir. quest foll. 1 Cl 16:17; 41:4; 50:1; 15:8; Dg 7:8. W. direct discourse foll. ὁρᾶτε 1 Cl 4:7.

ⓑ w. focus on cognitive aspect: look at or upon ὄψονται οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ they who have never been told of (Christ) shall look upon him Ro 15:21 (Is 52:15).— Consider ὅρα τοῦ ἀγγέλου τῆς πονηρίας τὰ ἔργα Hm 6, 2, 4.— Become conscious of ὁ κακοποιῶν οὐχ ἐώρακεν τ. θεόν 3J 11. Cp. 1J 3:6.

B. intr.

① to fix one’s gaze, look εἴς τινα on or at someone (Il. 24, 633; Od. 20, 373; Just., D. 112, 1) J 19:37 (s. ἐκκεντέω). ἄνω ὁρᾶν Dg 10:2 (cp. Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2, 140; Ovid, Matamorphoses 1, 85; other reff. EBlakeney, The Epistle to Diognetus ’43, 77f).

② to be alert or on guard, pay attention, see to it that foll. by μή and the aor. subj. (Diod S 27, 17, 3 ὁρᾶτε μήποτε ποιήσωμεν; Epict., Ench. 19, 2; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 8, 2; BGU 37, 5 [50 A.D.]; POxy 532, 15 ὅρα μὴ ἄλλως πράξῃς; 531, 9 ὅρα μηδενὶ ἀνθρώπων προσκρούσῃς.—B-D-F §364, 3) Mt 8:4; 18:10; Mk 1:44; 1 Th 5:15; 1 Cl 21:1; D 6:1.—W. μή and impv. (B-D-F §461, 1; Rob. 996) Mt 9:30; 24:6.—Elliptically (B-D-F §480, 5; Rob. 949) ὅρα μή (sc. ποιήσῃς) watch out! don’t do that! Rv 19:10; 22:9.—Used w. ἀπό τινος look out for someth. (B-D-F §149; Rob. 472) ὁρᾶτε καὶ προσέχετε ἀπὸ τῆς ζύμης τῶν Φαρισαίων look out (for) and be on your guard against the yeast of the Pharisees Mt 16:6. ὁράτε, βλέπετε ἀπὸ τῆς ζύμης τῶν Φαρ. Mk 8:15. ὁράτε καὶ φυλάσσεσθε ἀπὸ πάσης πλεονεξίας Lk 12:15.

③ to accept responsibility for causing someth. to happen, look, see to, take care σὺ ὄψῃ see to that yourself! that’s your affair! Mt 27:4 (Men., Epitr. 493 S. [317 Kö.]; cp. the response of Titus and declaration of innocence at the time of Jerusalem’s destruction Jos., Bell. 6, 215); cp. vs. 24; Ac 18:15 (on this Latinism = videris s. DHesseling in B-D-F §362; Rob. 109f). Impv. followed by imperatival fut. ὅρα ποιήσεις πάντα see to it that you do everything Hb 8:5 (Ex 25:40; cp. 4:21). Foll. by indir. quest. (Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 121 D.: ὅρα τί ποιεῖς) ὅρα τί μέλλεις ποιεῖν take care what you are doing Ac 22:26 v.l.—B. 1042. Schmidt, Syn. I 244–70. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.