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1 foreldri
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2 faðerni
n.1) fatherhood, paternity; ganga við f. at e-m or e-s, kennast f. e-s, to acknowledge or admit paternity; at f. eða móðerni, on father’s or mother’s side; var hann ljóss ok fagr eptir f. sínu, like his father;2) patrimony.* * *n. fatherhood, paternity, Fms. vii. 164; at f. eðr móðerni, on father’s or mother’s side, Eg. 267, Fms. ix. 251; verða sekr um f., to be convicted of fatherhood, Grág. i. 86; ganga við f., to acknowledge one’s fatherhood, Fms. i. 257, ii. 19, iii. 130; faðerni opp. to móðerni, vi. 223.β. patrimony, Skv. 3. 67.γ. a parent, the father; ekki var breytt um f. Kolla, Bjarn. 45 MS. (Ed. wrongly föðurinn); hann var ljóss ok fagr eptir f. sínu, as his father, Edda 7.δ. eccl. = Lat. paternitas, Bs. ii. 14, 80, 151, Th. 12, Mar., etc. -
3 giptingar-maðr
m. one who gives away (parent, warder), Gþl. 212, 215, 229. -
4 móðerni
n.1) mother’s side, of lineage; at m., on the mother’s side;2) maternal origin (ei mun logit til móðernis þíns);3) motherhood.* * *n. the mother’s side, of lineage, Fms. i. 4, vi. 223, Eg. 267, 338:—a mother, parent, Edda 18, Fms. xi. 56; opp. to faðerni, q. v. -
5 ÓÐAL
(pl. óðul), n. ancestral property, patrimony, inheritance (in land); family homestead; native place; flýja óðul sín, to abandon one’s home, go into exile.* * *n., pl. óðul; in Norse MSS. it is usually contracted before a vowel (whence arose the forms öðli eðli), and owing to a peculiarity in the Norse sound of ð an r is inserted in contracted forms, örðla, orðlom, N. G. L. passim: [akin to aðal, öðli, eðli, = nature; öðlask = adipisci; oðlingr, q. v.; A. S. êðel = patrimony; it is also the parent word of Germ. edel, adel, = noble, nobility, for the nobility of the earliest Teut. communities consisted of the land-owners. From this word also originated mid. Lat. allodium, prob. by inverting the syllables for the sake of euphony (all-od = od-al); oðal or ethel is the vernacular Teut. form, allodium the Latinised form, which is never found in vernacular writers; it may be that the transposition of syllables was due to the th sound in oðal; and hence, again, the word feudal is a compd word, fee-odal, or an odal held as a fee or feif from the king, and answering to heið-launað óðal of the Norse law (heið = fee = king’s pay), N. G. L. i. 91.]B. Nature, inborn quality, property, = aðal, eðli, öðli, q. v.; this seems to be the original sense, þat er eigi at réttu mannsins óðal, Sks. 326 B; þat er helzt byrjar til farmanns óðals, a seaman’s life, 52; þat er kaupmanna óðal (= mercatorum est), 28; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21.II. a law term, an allodium, property held in allodial tenure, patrimony. The condition which in the Norse law constitutes an oðal was either an unbroken succession from father to son (er afi hefir afa leift) through three or more generations, N. G. L. i. 91, 237, Gþl. 284; or unbroken possession for thirty or more years, N. G. L. i. 249; or sixty years, Gþl. 284; or it might be acquired through brand-erfð (q. v.), through weregild, barn-fóstr (q. v.); and lastly heið-launað óðal, an allodial fief, was granted for services rendered to the king, see N. G. L. i. 91: the oðal descended to the son, and was opp. to útjarðir ( out-lands), and lausa-fé ( movables), which descended to the daughter, Gþl. 233; yet even a woman, e. g. a baugrygr (q. v.), could hold an oðal, in which case she was called óðals-kona, 92, jörð komin undir snúð ok snældu = an estate come under the rule of the spindle, N. G. L. i. 237; the allit. phrase, arfr ok óðal, 31, Gþl. 250: brigða óðal, N. G. L. i. 86; selja óðal, to sell one’s óðal, 237. The oðal was in a certain sense inalienable within a family, so that even when parted with, the possessor still retained a title (land-brigð, máldagi á landi). In the ancient Scandin. communities the inhabited land was possessed by free oðalsmen (allodial holders), and the king was the lord of the people, but not of the soil. At a later time, when the small communities were merged into great kingdoms, through conquest or otherwise, the king laid hold of the land, and all the ancient oðals were to be held as a grant from the king; such an attempt of king Harold Fairhair in Norway and the earls of Orkney in those islands is recorded in Hkr. Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6, Eg. ch. 4, cp. Ld. ch. 2, Orkn. ch. 8, 30, 80 (in Mr. Dasent’s Ed.); cp. also Hák. S. Goða ch. 1. Those attempts are recorded in the Icel. Sagas as acts of tyranny and confiscation, and as one of the chief causes for the great emigration from the Scandinavian kingdoms during the 9th century (the question of free land here playing the same part as that of free religion in Great Britain in the 17th century). The attempt failed in Norway, where the old oðal institution remains in the main to the present day. Even the attempts of king Harold were, according to historians (Konrad Maurer), not quite analogous to what took place in England after the Conquest, but appear to have taken something like the form of a land-tax or rent; but as the Sagas represent it, it was an attempt towards turning the free odal institution into a feudal one, such as had already taken place among the Teutons in Southern Europe.III. gener. and metaph. usages, one’s native land, homestead, inheritance; the land is called the ‘oðal’ of the reigning king, á Danr ok Danpr dýrar hallir, æðra óðal, en ér hafit, Rm. 45; eignask namtú óðal þegna, allan Noreg, Gauta spjalli, Fms. vi. 26 (in a verse); banna Sveini sín óðul, St. Olave will defend his óðal against Sweyn, 426 (in a verse); flýja óðul sín, to fly one’s óðal, go into exile, Fms. iv. 217; flýja óðul eðr eignir, vii. 25; koma aptr í Noreg til óðala sinna, 196; þeim er þar eru útlendir ok eigi eigu þar óðul, who are strangers and not natives there, Edda 3; öðlask Paradísar óðal, the inheritance of Paradise, 655 viii. 2; himneskt óðal, heavenly inheritance, Greg. 68; njóta þeirra gjafa ok óðala er Adam var útlægr frá rekinn, Sks. 512: allit., jarl ok óðal, earl (or franklin) and odal, Gh. 21.2. spec. phrase, at alda óðali, for everlasting inheritance, i. e. for ever and ever, D. N. i. 229: contr., at alda öðli, id., Grág. i. 264, D.I. i. 266; til alda óðals, for ever, iii. 88: mod., frá, alda öðli, from time immemorial.C. COMPDS: óðalsborinn, óðalsbréf, óðalsbrigð, óðalsjörð, óðalskona, óðalsmaðr, óðalsnautr, óðalsneyti, óðalsréttr, óðalsskipti, óðalstuptir, óðalsvitni. -
6 RANGR
a.1) wry, crooked, opp. to rétr’;2) wrong (telja þat rangt, er rétt et, en þat rétt er rangt er); neut. ‘rangt’, as adv. wrongly, in a wrong way (stefna rangt); at röngu, með röngu, wrongfully.* * *röng, rangt, adj., compar. rangari, superl. rangastr; older form vrangr, which remains in Bragi: [mod. Swed. vrång; Dan. vrang; and in southern Norway also sounded vrang, Ivar Aasen; as also Goth. wraiqs: Engl. wrong. The Engl. wrong seems to be a Dan. word, as it does not appear in the A. S., although it has the parent word wringan, Engl. wring]:—awry, not straight, opp. to réttr; skór er skapaðr ílla eðr skapt er rangt, Hm. 127; ofra vröngnm ægi, he wuuld not paddle in the wrong water, i. e. pull backwards, Bragi; er hann fóttreðr flein sinn rangan. Fas. ii. 122 (in a verse); fótr var rangr, the foot was wrung, sprained, D. N. iv. 90: as also in the compds rang-eygr, rang-hverfa (q. v.), and rang-hvolfa:—this sense, however, although common in mod. Dan. and Swed., was never used in Icel., even by the oldest writers, and the word is only usedII. metaph. wrong, unjust, unrighteous; telja þat rangt er rétt er, en þat rétt er rangt er, Anal.; rangr dómr, Barl. 44, N. G. L. ii. 63; rangr eiðr, 174; röng fýst, Fb. ii. 391; ef menn hafa stikur rangar eðr kvarða ranga, Grág. i. 498; alnar rangar, id., rangar vættir, 499; röng kaup, Hom. 21; búar rangir í kvöð, Grág. ii. 40:—neut., með röngu, wrongly, Eg. 282; aðrir rétt en aðrir rangt, Grág. i. 80; stefna rangt, Nj. 35; hafa rangara mæla, Grág. i. 393. -
7 þagsi
adj.; the parent-word of the mod. Dan. tavs ( silent) has hitherto not been found in the old Icel. literature; it should be þagsi, but most if not all words of that form were obsolete as early as the 12th and 13th centuries, and have disappeared in mod. Icel., as hugsi, staðsi, heitsi …; we believe it is preserved in the corrupted ‘þegn varð’ in the transcript of the Íb., where we propose to read, svá at allir menn myndi ‘þagsi verða’ (= Dan. blive tavse) meðan hann mælti at lögbergi, so that all men would become silent whilst he spoke on the Law-bill, Íb. 7. In an ancient vellum a , with the upper end of the s faint or blotted out, and an n or would be distinguished with difficulty; and as to an Icel. transcriber þagsi was quite an unknown word, while ‘þegu,’ ‘þagu’ were familiar syllables, he would choose the latter; the vellum itself was lost soon after the copy had been taken in A. D. 1651. In Rb. (Ísl. i. 385) the word has been paraphrased into ‘þegja;’ see the Academy, vol. i, p. 278. -
8 ÖR-
(i. e. ør-), a prefixed particle, altered from us-; the s remains in usall = vesall, see p. 699, col. 2; also spelt er-, er-vita, Hkv.; or eyr-, eyr-grynni, Ó. H. 106; evr-lygi, Eg. (in a verse): [Ulf. us-; O. H. G. ur-; when uncompounded, see ór, mod. úr, p. 472; as a prefix to nouns, ör- or ör-, for which see p. 469, col. 2. Indeed, there is a strong probability that the negative prefix ó- is a contraction, not of un-, but of or-, so that ó-bættr is from or-bættr, ó-verðr from or-verðr, by agglutination of r, whereby the vowel becomes long (as the O. H. G. prefix ar- in A. S. appears â-): this would account for the fact, that in the very oldest and best vellums there is hardly a single instance of ú- for ó-, and this is the sole modern form not only all over Iceland, but also in most popular idioms of Norway and Sweden; a farther proof is that in many words or-, the ancient form, is preserved in a few vellums, especially of the Norse laws, in such rare forms as ör-sekr, ör-bætiligr, ör-vænt, and ó-vænt, where the current form is ó-sekr, etc.; so also, ör-keypis and ó-keypis, ör-grynni and ó-grynni, ör-hóf and ó-hóf. Therefore or-, not un-, is, we believe, the phonetical parent of the later Scandinavian negative prefix ó-. The extensive use of ör- and the utter absence of ú- or un- may be explained by the supposition that, for the sake of uniformity, all words beginning with ör- and un- gradually took the same form; for though in ancient days ör- was more extensively used than it is at present, it can hardly have been the sole form in all words now beginning with ó-]:—ör- is used as denoting a negative, as ör-grynni, a being bottomless; or lack or loss of, as ör-sekr, out of being sekr; ör-verðr.2. special usages are, what is of yore, as in ör-lög (cp. Germ. ur-, as in ur-theil, Engl. or-deal), ör-nefni, ör-gelmir, ör-vasi.3. in mod. usage ör- is prefixed to adjectives, = utterly, but only in instances denoting ‘smallness,’ or something negative, e. g. ör-grannr, ör-stuttr, ör-skammr, ör-grunnr, ör-mjör, ör-fátækr, ör-snauðr, ör-eyða, ör-taka, ör-reyta, qq. v. -
9 fósturforeldri
foster-parent (foster-father, foster-mother)
См. также в других словарях:
parent — parent, ente [ parɑ̃, ɑ̃t ] n. et adj. • Xe; lat. parens, entis A ♦ Plur. LES PARENTS. 1 ♦ Le père et la mère. ⇒ procréateur; plaisant géniteur (cf. pop. Les vieux). La relation parents enfants. Parents indignes, dénaturés … Encyclopédie Universelle
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Parent — Nom de famille très répandu. Les dictionnaires expliquent qu en ancien français et en ancien catalan le mot signifiait père , d où le surnom, permettant sans doute au départ de distinguer le père du fils sur les registres. A noter que Parent est… … Noms de famille
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