-
1 znižati
lower, reduce -
2 spodnji
downstairs, lower -
3 spustiti
drop, let, lower -
4 ȃje
ȃje Grammatical information: n. jo Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `egg'Page in Trubačev: I 61-62Polish:Slovincian:jãjä `egg' [n jo]Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Polabian:Serbo-Croatian:jáje `egg' [n jo], jája [Nom p];Čak. jå̑je (Vrgada) `egg' [n jo], jãja [Nom p];Čak. jȃje (Novi) `egg' [n jo], jája [Nom p];Čak. jȃje (Orbanići) `egg' [n jo], jãja [Nom p]Indo-European reconstruction: h₂ōui-omIE meaning: eggCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 783Comments: A derivative of *h2eui- `bird'.Other cognates:W wy `egg' -
5 ajьce
ajьce Grammatical information: n. jo Proto-Slavic meaning: `egg'Page in Trubačev: I 61-63Old Church Slavic:Russian:jajcó `egg' [n jo];jájko (dial.) `egg' [n o]Czech:Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:jájce `egg' [n jo]Slovene:jájce `egg' [n jo];jàjce `egg' [n jo];jajcè `egg' [n jo]Bulgarian:jajcé `egg' [n jo]Page in Pokorny: 783Comments: Originally a diminutive of *jaje. Forms with a suffix *-ko are secondary.Other cognates:W wy `egg' -
6 às(ъ)trę̄bъ
às(ъ)trę̄bъ; às(ъ)trě̄bъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `hawk'Page in Trubačev: I 83-85Russian:jástreb `hawk' [m o]Old Russian:Ukrainian:jástrib `hawk' [m o];astrjáb (dial.) `hawk' [m o];jástrjab `hawk' [m o]Czech:jestřáb `hawk' [m o]Old Czech:jestřáb `hawk' [m o];jěstřáb `hawk' [m o]Slovak:Polish:jastrząb `hawk' [m jo], jastrzębia [Gens] \{1\}Slovincian:jȧ̃střïb `hawk' [m o]Upper Sorbian:jatřob `hawk' [m jo]Lower Sorbian:jastśeb `hawk' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:jȁstrijeb `hawk' [m o];Čak. jȁstrēb (Vrgada) `hawk' [m o];Čak. jãstrop (Orlec) `hawk' [m o]Slovene:jȃstreb `hawk' [m o]Bulgarian:jástreb `hawk' [m o]Comments: As far as I can see, there are no serious objections to the daring etymology *h₁oh₁ḱu-ptr- `fast-flier' (Vey 1953). According to Vey, the Slovene falling tone points to the former presence of a weak jer in the medial syllable, but it seems to me that the neo-circumflex may also reflect original posttonic length. The compound has nice parallels in Homeric ἴρηξ ὠκύπτερος Ν 62 `a swift-winged hawk (or falcon)' and Lat. accipiter `hawk, falcon'.Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The original Gsg. jastrzęba was replaced by jastrzębia on the analogy of goɫąb, Gsg. goɫębia `pigeon' (Bańkowski 2000: 577). -
7 às(ъ)trě̄bъ
às(ъ)trę̄bъ; às(ъ)trě̄bъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `hawk'Page in Trubačev: I 83-85Russian:jástreb `hawk' [m o]Old Russian:Ukrainian:jástrib `hawk' [m o];astrjáb (dial.) `hawk' [m o];jástrjab `hawk' [m o]Czech:jestřáb `hawk' [m o]Old Czech:jestřáb `hawk' [m o];jěstřáb `hawk' [m o]Slovak:Polish:jastrząb `hawk' [m jo], jastrzębia [Gens] \{1\}Slovincian:jȧ̃střïb `hawk' [m o]Upper Sorbian:jatřob `hawk' [m jo]Lower Sorbian:jastśeb `hawk' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:jȁstrijeb `hawk' [m o];Čak. jȁstrēb (Vrgada) `hawk' [m o];Čak. jãstrop (Orlec) `hawk' [m o]Slovene:jȃstreb `hawk' [m o]Bulgarian:jástreb `hawk' [m o]Comments: As far as I can see, there are no serious objections to the daring etymology *h₁oh₁ḱu-ptr- `fast-flier' (Vey 1953). According to Vey, the Slovene falling tone points to the former presence of a weak jer in the medial syllable, but it seems to me that the neo-circumflex may also reflect original posttonic length. The compound has nice parallels in Homeric ἴρηξ ὠκύπτερος Ν 62 `a swift-winged hawk (or falcon)' and Lat. accipiter `hawk, falcon'.Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} The original Gsg. jastrzęba was replaced by jastrzębia on the analogy of goɫąb, Gsg. goɫębia `pigeon' (Bańkowski 2000: 577). -
8 bagno
bagno Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: b? Proto-Slavic meaning: `marsh'Page in Trubačev: I 125-127Russian:bagnó (dial.) `marshy place, wild rosemary' [n o]Ukrainian:bahnó `marsh, mud, wild rosemary' [n o]Czech:báhno (Jungmann) `marsh' [n o] \{1\}Old Czech:Slovak:Polish:Slovincian:bȧ̃gno `wild rosemary' [n o]Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Indo-European reconstruction: bʰog-no-Comments: It is attractive to seek a connection with MoDu. bagger `mud' < *bʰogʰ- and assume that we are dealing with a substratum word. The Slavic etymon is limited to West and East Slavic.Notes: -
9 bādàti
bādàti Grammatical information: v.Page in Trubačev: I 121-122Old Russian:Ukrainian:badáty `investigate, test' [verb]Czech:bádati `investigate' [verb]Slovak:bádat' `investigate' [verb]Polish:badać `investigate, check' [verb]Slovincian:bȧ̃dăc `push' [verb]Lower Sorbian:badaś `investigate' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:bádati `prick, go slowly' [verb], bȃdam [1sg]Lithuanian:badýti `stab' [verb], bãdo [3ps]Indo-European reconstruction: An iterative with long root vocalism (-> bostì).Page in Pokorny: 113Other cognates: -
10 bȇrgъ
bȇrgъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: с Proto-Slavic meaning: `bank'Page in Trubačev: I 191-193Old Church Slavic:brěgъ `bank, shore, steep slope' [m o]Russian:béreg `bank, shore' [m o]Czech:břeh `bank, shore, boundary, edge' [m o];břech (dial.) `hill' [m o], břeha [Gens]Old Czech:břěh `hill, hillside, bank, shore, pier' [m o]Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:brȉjeg `bank, shore, boundary, edge, hill' [m o];Čak. brȋg (Vrgada) `bank, shore, boundary, edge, hill' [m o], brȋga [Gens];Čak. briȇg (Orbanići) `hill' [m o], briȇge [Locs]Slovene:brẹ̑g `bank, shore, hillside, hill' [m o]Bulgarian:Indo-European reconstruction: bʰerǵʰ-o-IE meaning: hillPage in Pokorny: 140Comments: In view of the Indo-Iranian and Armenian forms, the *g of the Slavic etymon is problematic. Attempts to establish *bergъ as a borrowing from Germanic or Venetic-Illyrian (Pokorny) seem unconvincing.Other cognates:Skt. br̯hánt- (RV+) `great, large, high'; -
11 bèrmę
bèrmę Grammatical information: n. n Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `load, burden'Page in Trubačev: I 197-197Old Church Slavic:brěmę `load, burden' [n n], brěmene [Gens]Russian:berémja (dial.) `armful, bundle, burden' [n n], berémeni [Gens]Ukrainian:Czech:břímě `heavy load, burden' [n n], brěmene [Gens]Slovak:Polish:Upper Sorbian:brěmjo `heavy load, burden' [n n], brěmjenja [Gens]Lower Sorbian:brěḿe `load, burden, yoke, bundle' [n n], breḿeńa [Gens]Serbo-Croatian:brȅme `weight, load, pregnant woman' [n n], brȅmena [Gens];Čak. brȉme (Vrgada) `weight, load' [n n], brȉmena [Gens], brimenå̃ [Nom p];Čak. brȅme(n) (Orbanići) `load, burden' [n n]Slovene:bréme `weight, load, bunch, foetus, burden' [n n], bremę́na [Gens]Bulgarian:bréme `weight, load, pregnant woman' [n n], brȅmena [Gens]Indo-European reconstruction: bʰerH-men-IE meaning: burdenPage in Pokorny: 128Comments: The accentuation of the etymon points to the presence of a laryngeal in the root.Other cognates: -
12 bèrza
bèrza Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: a Proto-Slavic meaning: `birch'Page in Trubačev: I 201-203Church Slavic:brěza `birch' [f ā]Russian:berëza `birch' [f ā]Belorussian:bjaróza `birch' [f ā]Ukrainian:beréza `birch' [f ā]Czech:bříza `birch' [f ā]Slovak:Polish:Slovincian:břùo̯za `birch' [f ā]Upper Sorbian:brěza `birch' [f ā]Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:brȅza `birch' [f ā];brȅz `birch' [m o]Slovene:brẹ́za `birch' [f ā];brẹ̀z `birch' [m o]Bulgarian:brezá `birch' [f ā]Macedonian:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bérʔźos; bérʔźaʔLithuanian:béržas `birch' [m o] 3Latvian:bę̃rzs `birch' [m o]Old Prussian:berse `birch'Indo-European reconstruction: bʰerHǵ-o-IE meaning: birchPage in Pokorny: 139Comments: The root may be identical with *bʰrh₁ǵ- `shine', cf. Skt. bhrā́jate- `id.'.Other cognates:Skt. bhūrjá- `kind of birch' [m o] -
13 bě̄dà
bě̄dà Grammatical information: f. ā Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `need, poverty, misery'Page in Trubačev: II 54-56Old Church Slavic:běda `distress, need, necessity' [f ā]Russian:bedá `misfortune, trouble' [f ā]Czech:bída `poverty, misery' [f ā];běda `woe!' [interj]Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Upper Sorbian:běda `grief, woe, misery' [f ā]Lower Sorbian:běda `grief, pain' [f ā]Serbo-Croatian:bijèda `grief, misfortune' [f ā]Slovene:bẹ́da `misery' [f ā]Bulgarian:bedá `misfortune, misery' [f ā]IE meaning: forceCertainty: +Page in Pokorny: 117Comments: According to Būga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bėdà 4 `misfortune, trouble, guilt' is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has ė instead of the expected ie (cf. biẽdnas `poor'). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bėdà and Latv. bę̀da `sorrow, grief, distress' should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas `hunger' and Skt. bā́dhate `oppress' (Būga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic běditi `force, persuade' cannot be separated from Go. baidjan `force'. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *běd- < *bhoidh- and *běd- < *bʰēdʰ- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS běda `distress' and `necessity' would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti `to scare' < *bʰiH- `to fear' is cognate with *bē̌dà and *běditi (cf. Trubačëv II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds.Other cognates:Alb. be `oath' [f] \{2\}Notes:\{1\} The vocalism of Modern Polish bieda `id.' is of Mazowian origin, cf. biada `woe!'. \{2\} According to Būga (RR I: 345-346), Lith. bėdà 4 `misfortune, trouble, guilt' is probably not a borrowing from Slavic because it has ė instead of the expected ie (cf. biẽdnas `poor'). Indeed, there seems to be no obvious reason why bėdà and Latv. bę̀da `sorrow, grief, distress' should not be old. These words could be connected with bãdas `hunger' and Skt. bā́dhate `oppress' (Būga l.c., Derksen 1996: 258). However, a dilemma arises if we consider that Slavic běditi `force, persuade' cannot be separated from Go. baidjan `force'. We must either declare the Baltic forms borrowings or assume that in Slavic *běd- < *bhoidh- and *běd- < *bʰēdʰ- were contaminated (cf. Anikin 1998: 39). In the latter case OCS běda `distress' and `necessity' would continue different roots. This is a possibility which cannot be excluded. The hypothesis that Lith. baidýti `to scare' < *bʰiH- `to fear' is cognate with *bē̌dà and *běditi (cf. Trubačëv II: 55-56) must be rejected, if only on formal grounds. \{3\} Demiraj prefers *bʰeidʰ-i-s to an ā-stem (1997: 94). -
14 bìdlo
bìdlo Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: aPage in Trubačev: II 94-95Russian:bílo (dial.) `pestle, seat in a sleigh' [n o]Old Russian:Ukrainian:býlo `board used instead of a bell in monasteries' [n o]Czech:Old Czech:Slovak:Old Polish:Slovincian:bjĩdlo `round bar in a sleigh' [n o]Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:bȉlo `mountain ridge with spurs, artery, riveting hammer' [n o]Slovene:bílọ `artery, striking mechanism (of a clock)' [n o]Bulgarian:bílo `crest of a mountain, mountain ridge' [n o]Comments: Derivative in *- dʰlom from the root * bʰiH- `strike' (-> *bìti). AP (a) is in accordance with Hirt's law.Other cognates: -
15 bìti
bìti Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: a?/b? Proto-Slavic meaning: `beat'Page in Trubačev: II 99-101Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:bít `beat' [verb]Slovak:Polish:bić `beat' [verb]Slovincian:bjĩc `thresh, beat' [verb]Upper Sorbian:bić `beat' [verb]Lower Sorbian:biś `beat' [verb]Polabian:Serbo-Croatian:bȉti `beat, kill' [verb]Slovene:bíti `beat' [verb], bȋjem [1sg]Bulgarian:bíja `beat' [verb]Indo-European reconstruction: bʰiH-Other cognates: -
16 blě̑dъ
blě̑dъ Grammatical information: adj. o Accent paradigm: c Proto-Slavic meaning: `pale'Page in Trubačev: II 111-112Old Church Slavic:blědъ `pale' [adj o]Russian:bledój (dial.) `pale' [adj o];blëdyj (dial.) `pale' [adj o]Ukrainian:blidýj `pale' [adj o]Czech:bledý `pale' [adj o]Slovak:bledý `pale' [adj o]Polish:Slovincian:bladḯ `pale' [adj o]Upper Sorbian:blědy `pale, bright' [adj o]Lower Sorbian:blědy `pale' [adj o]Serbo-Croatian:blȉjed `pale' [adj o], blijèda [Nomsf];Čak. blȋd (Vrgada) `pale' [adj o], blīdȁ [Nomsf], blȋdo [Nomsn];Čak. bliȇt (Orbanići) `pale' [adj o], bliedȁ [Nomsf]Slovene:blẹ̑d `pale' [adj o]Bulgarian:Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bloiʔd-(u̯)ó-Lithuanian:blaĩvas `whitish, blue, sober' [adj o] 4Indo-European reconstruction: bʰloid-(u̯)o-Page in Pokorny: 160Comments: In view of Winter's law, we would expect to find traces of a glottalic element in Balto-Slavic. The accentuation of Lith. blaivas - the Proto-Slavic form is mobile and therefore inconclusive - offers no evidence for an original acute, however. Pokorny's reconstruction *bhlǝido-s is impossible for Slavic and *bhleh₂ido-s is incompatible with the mobile accentuation of the adjective in Balto-Slavic.Other cognates: -
17 bliskati
bliskati; blistati; bliscati Grammatical information: v.Page in Trubačev: II 116-117Old Church Slavic:bliskati sę `sparkle, shine' [verb];bliscati sę `sparkle, shine' [verb]Russian:blistát' `shine' [verb];blískat' (dial.) `sparkle' [verb]Ukrainian:blýskati `twinkle, kick' [verb]Czech:blýskati (se) `shine, flash (lightning)' [verb]Slovak:blýskat' `shine, flash (lightning)' [verb]Polish:bɫyskać `shine, flash' [verb]Old Polish:bliskać `shine, flash' [verb]Slovincian:blȧ̃skăc `sparkle, glance' [verb]Upper Sorbian:bɫyskać `sparkle, shine' [verb]Lower Sorbian:bɫyskaś (se) `sparkle, shine' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:blȉskati (se) `shine' [verb];blìstati (se) `shine' [verb]Slovene:blískati (se) `sparkle' [verb];blískati se `shine' [verb]Bulgarian:bljáskam `shine, sparkle' [verb]Lithuanian:blyškė́ti `shine' [verb], blýški [3sg];blizgė́ti `shine, sparkle' [verb];bliskė́ti `shine, sparkle' [verb]Page in Pokorny: 156Comments: In view of the forms with *ь (-> *blьskъ), we must assume e-grade here.Other cognates: -
18 blistati
bliskati; blistati; bliscati Grammatical information: v.Page in Trubačev: II 116-117Old Church Slavic:bliskati sę `sparkle, shine' [verb];bliscati sę `sparkle, shine' [verb]Russian:blistát' `shine' [verb];blískat' (dial.) `sparkle' [verb]Ukrainian:blýskati `twinkle, kick' [verb]Czech:blýskati (se) `shine, flash (lightning)' [verb]Slovak:blýskat' `shine, flash (lightning)' [verb]Polish:bɫyskać `shine, flash' [verb]Old Polish:bliskać `shine, flash' [verb]Slovincian:blȧ̃skăc `sparkle, glance' [verb]Upper Sorbian:bɫyskać `sparkle, shine' [verb]Lower Sorbian:bɫyskaś (se) `sparkle, shine' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:blȉskati (se) `shine' [verb];blìstati (se) `shine' [verb]Slovene:blískati (se) `sparkle' [verb];blískati se `shine' [verb]Bulgarian:bljáskam `shine, sparkle' [verb]Lithuanian:blyškė́ti `shine' [verb], blýški [3sg];blizgė́ti `shine, sparkle' [verb];bliskė́ti `shine, sparkle' [verb]Page in Pokorny: 156Comments: In view of the forms with *ь (-> *blьskъ), we must assume e-grade here.Other cognates: -
19 bliscati
bliskati; blistati; bliscati Grammatical information: v.Page in Trubačev: II 116-117Old Church Slavic:bliskati sę `sparkle, shine' [verb];bliscati sę `sparkle, shine' [verb]Russian:blistát' `shine' [verb];blískat' (dial.) `sparkle' [verb]Ukrainian:blýskati `twinkle, kick' [verb]Czech:blýskati (se) `shine, flash (lightning)' [verb]Slovak:blýskat' `shine, flash (lightning)' [verb]Polish:bɫyskać `shine, flash' [verb]Old Polish:bliskać `shine, flash' [verb]Slovincian:blȧ̃skăc `sparkle, glance' [verb]Upper Sorbian:bɫyskać `sparkle, shine' [verb]Lower Sorbian:bɫyskaś (se) `sparkle, shine' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:blȉskati (se) `shine' [verb];blìstati (se) `shine' [verb]Slovene:blískati (se) `sparkle' [verb];blískati se `shine' [verb]Bulgarian:bljáskam `shine, sparkle' [verb]Lithuanian:blyškė́ti `shine' [verb], blýški [3sg];blizgė́ti `shine, sparkle' [verb];bliskė́ti `shine, sparkle' [verb]Page in Pokorny: 156Comments: In view of the forms with *ь (-> *blьskъ), we must assume e-grade here.Other cognates: -
20 blizna
blizna; blizno Grammatical information: f. ā; n. oPage in Trubačev: II 118-120Russian:blízna (dial.) `missing thread in fabric, flaw in home-spun material' [f ā];blizná `knot in linen resulting from an incorrect arrangement of the warp' [f ā];bliznó `flaw in fabric, absence of one or two threads' [n o];bljuzná `flaw in fabric' [f ā]Old Russian:Belorussian:bljuzná `flaw in fabric' [f ā]Ukrainian:blýzna `wound, scar' [f ā];blyzná `defect in linen' [f ā]Czech:Polish:Old Polish:Kashubian:blïzna `cicatrice' [f ā]Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:blȉzna `two threads put into a reed (instead of one);ruptured thread in weft or warp' [f ā], blȋznī [Nom p];blȋzna `scar' [f ā];blȉzno `gap' [n o]Bulgarian:blizná `place in fabric where a thread is torn or missing' [f ā]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bliʔź-n-Lithuanian:blyžė̃ `rip in fabric' [f ē] 4Latvian:blîznis2 `pile of broken trees in a forest' [f ē]Indo-European reconstruction: A formation with an n-suffix derived from *bʰliǵ- `beat', cf. Lat. flīgere `hit'.IE meaning: scarPage in Pokorny: 160Comments: The forms that seemingly reflect *bl'uzna must be secondary.
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