Ἰσκαριώθ

Ἰσκαριώθ indecl. (Mk 3:19; 14:10; Lk 6:16; 22:47 D), and Ἰσκαριώτης, ου, ὁ (so all other passages and always t.r.; D mostly Σκαριώθ, Σκαριώτης, q.v. On the suffix YArbeitmann, JBL 99, ’80, 122–24) Iscariot, surname of Judas the informer, as well as of his father (s. Ἰούδας 6). The mng. of the word is obscure; s. Wlh. on Mk 3:19; Dalman, Jesus 26 (Eng. tr. 51f). It is usu. taken to refer to the place of his origin, from Kerioth (in southern Judea; Buhl 182) אִישׁ קְרִיּוֹת (agreeing w. this we have the v.l. ἀπὸ Καρυώτου J 6:71; 12:4 D; 13:2 D, 26 D; 14:22 D). Another interpr. connects it w. σικάριος (q.v.), ‘assassin, bandit’ (among others FSchulthess, D. Problem der Sprache Jesu 1917, 41; 55, ZNW 21, 1922, 250ff). S. also CTorrey, HTR 36, ’43, 51–62 (‘false one’). Mt 10:4; 26:14; Mk 14:43 v.l.; Lk 22:3; J 6:71; 12:4; 13:2, 26; 14:22; GEb 34, 61.—HIngholt, Iscariot: JPedersen Festschr. ’53; BGärtner, D. rätselhafte Termini Nazaräer u. Iskarioth ’57, 37–68; OCullmann, RHPR 42, ’62, 133–40; KLüthi, J. Isk. in d. Geschichte der Auslegung (Reformation to present) ’55.—M-M.

[ἀπὸ] Καρυώτου s. Ἰσκαριώθ.

σικάριος, ου, ὁ (Lat. loanw. ‘sicarius’ pl.‘-ii’, fr. sica= ‘dagger’; s. B-D-F §5, 1; Mlt-H. 347; Rob. 109, and the entry Ἰσκαριώθ.—The word is found several times in Joseph. [s. index].—σικάριον=‘dagger’ POxy 1294, 8 [II/III A.D.].—Also as a loanw. in the Talmud; s. SKrauss, Griech. u. latein. Lehnwörter im Talmud usw. II 1899, 392) one who is intent on killing someone as part of an organized subversive political program, dagger man, assassin, terrorist, name of the most extreme group among Judean nationalists, quite hostile to Rome; they did not hesitate to assassinate their political opponents (Jos., Bell. 2, 254–57, Ant. 20, 186) Ac 21:38.—Schürer I 463; MHengel, Die Zeloten, ’61, 47–54; BHHW II 1209.—M-M. TW.

Σκαριώτης the rdg. of D in Mt 10:4; 26:14; Mk 14:10. S. Ἰσκαριώθ. S. prec. entry.

[ἀπὸ] Καρυώτου s. Ἰσκαριώθ.

Ἰούδας, α, ὁ (יְהוּדָה Judah, etym. unknown; LXX; TestSol 1:12 D; Test12Patr; JosAs 27:6; AscIs, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just., Mel., P. 93, 703.—The indecl. form Ἰουδά, which occasionally occurs in the LXX [e.g. Gen 29:35; 2 Macc 14:13 Swete; Thackeray 163] is not to be postulated for our lit., not even Mt 2:6; Lk 1:39) Judas, Judah (Hebr., the Engl. sp. conventionally used for 1 and 2), Judas (Gk., conventional sp. for nos. 3–7), Jude (s. 8 below); cp. B-D-F §53, 1; 55, 1a; Mlt-H, 143f.

① Judah, son of the patriarch Jacob

ⓐ in pers.: in the genealogy of Jesus Mt 1:2f; Lk 3:33. κατὰ τὸν Ἰούδαν through Judah 1 Cl 32:2.

ⓑ the tribe of Judah (Judg 1:2) ἐξ Ἰούδα ἀνατέταλκεν ὁ κύριος Hb 7:14. Also φυλὴ Ἰούδα Rv 5:5; 7:5 (Just., D. 43, 1).

ⓒ the country belonging to the tribe of Judah (Josh 11:21; 2 Ch 28:18) Βηθλέεμ γῆ Ἰούδα Mt 2:6a; cp. Lk 2:4 D; ἡγεμόνες Ἰ. Mt 2:6b; πόλις Ἰ. (2 Ch 23:2) Lk 1:39 (cp. CTorrey, HTR 17, 1924, 83–91). ὁ οἶκος Ἰ. (w. ὁ οἶκος Ἰσραήλ) the inhabitants of the land Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31).

② Judah, a pers. in the genealogy of Jesus

ⓐ Ἰ. son of Ἰωσήφ 2: Lk 3:30.

ⓑ Ἰ. son of Ἰωανάν: Lk 3:26 v.l.

③ Judas, called ὁ Γαλιλαῖος, a revolutionary in the time of Quirinius ‘in the days of the census’ (cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 4–10, 23–25; 20, 102, Bell. 2, 118; 433; 7, 253.—Schürer I 381f; 414; 417f; 425; II 599–606) Ac 5:37.—WLodder, J. de Galileër: NTS 9, 1926, 3–15.

④ Judas of Damascus, Paul’s host Ac 9:11.

⑤ Judas, an apostle, called Ἰ. Ἰακώβου son of Jacob or James (linguistically speaking, ἀδελφός might also be supplied: Alciphron 4, 17, 10 Τιμοκράτης ὁ Μητροδώρου, i.e. his brother), to differentiate him fr. the informer. He is mentioned in lists of apostles only in the writings of Luke, where two men named Judas are specifically referred to Lk 6:16 and presupposed Ac 1:13; cp. J 14:22.

⑥ Judas, several times called Ἰσκαριώθ or (ὁ) Ἰσκαριώτης (q.v.), the one who turned in Jesus Mt 10:4; 26:14, 25, 47; 27:3; Mk 3:19; 14:10, 43; Lk 6:16 (προδότης ‘traitor’); 22:3, 47f; J 12:4; 13:29; 18:2f, 5; Ac 1:16, 25; GEb 34, 61; Agr 23b; MPol 6:2 (also Mel., P. 93, 703). His father was Simon J 13:2, and this Simon is also called Ἰσκαριώτης 6:71; 13:26 (v.l. described him as Ἰσκαρ.). On Judas himself and the tradition concerning him, incl. the manner of his death, s. Papias (1:5 Lat. [cp. Hippolytus in Da 60 p. 338, 3 Bonwetsch]; 3:1, 2).—Cp. EPreuschen, Antileg.² 1905, 98. Lit. in Hennecke-Schneemelcher (Wils.) II 62–64 (s. also I 313f) as well as GMarquardt, D. Verrat des J. Isch.—eine Sage 1900; WWrede, Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 127–46; FFeigel, D. Einfluss d. Weissagungsbeweises 1910, 48ff; 95; 114; WSmith, Ecce Deus 1911, 295–309; KWeidel, StKr 85, 1912, 167–286; GSchläger, Die Ungeschichtlichkeit des Verräters J.: ZNW 15, 1914, 50–59; MPlath, ibid. 17, 1916, 178–88; WCadman, The Last Journey of Jesus to Jerus. 1923, 129–36; JRobertson, Jesus and J. 1927; DHaugg, J. Isk. in den ntl. Berichten 1930 (lit.); JFinegan, D. Überl. d. Leidens-u. Auferstehungsgesch. Jesu ’34; FDanker, The Literary Unity of Mk 14:1–25: JBL 85, ’66, 467–72. Esp. on the death of J.: RHarris, AJT 4, 1900, 490–513; JBernard, Exp. 6th ser., 9, 1904, 422–30; KLake, Beginn. V ’33, note 4, 22–30; PBenoit, La mort de Judas, AWikenhauser Festschr. ’53, 1–19; KLüthi, Judas Iskarioth in d. Geschichte d. Auslegung von d. Reformation bis zur Gegenwart ’55; idem, D. Problem d. Judas Iskarioth neu untersucht: EvTh 16, ’56, 98–114; MEnslin, How the Story Grew: Judas in Fact and Fiction: FGingrich Festschr., ed. Barth and Cocroft, ’72, 123–41; and s. παραδίδωμι and πρηνής.—JBrownson, Neutralizing the Intimate Enemy—The Portrayal of Judas in the Fourth Gospel: SPSBL ’92, 49–60; WKlassen, Judas—Betrayer or Friend of Jesus? ’96; s. also WVogler, Judas Iskarioth ’83.

⑦ Judas, called Βαρσαββᾶς (s. the entry), a Christian prophet in a leading position in the Jerusalem congregation Ac 15:22, 27, 32. His name also appears in the interpolated vs. 34.

⑧ Judas, a brother of Jesus Mt 13:55; Mk 6:3. Prob. the same man is meant by the Jude of Jd 1.—M-M. EDNT.