ἐπί+τινα

⁺ V 0-5-0-16-6=27 Jgs^B 20,34.42; 2 Sm 20,13; 1 Kgs 12,18; 2 Chr 28,9

to forestall, to come before, to precede [τινα] Wis 6,13; id. [τι] Wis 16,28; to be the first to do [+inf.] 1 Kgs 12,18

to overtake [ἐπί τινα] Jgs^B 20,34; id. [πρός τινα] Eccl 8,14

to reach [εἴς τι] Dn^Th 6,25; id. [τινι] Tob 5,19; id. [ἕως τινός] Dn^Th 4,11; id. [ἕως τινός] (of time) Dn^Th 7,13; to arrive Ct 2,12

ἐὰν φθάσῃ τελευτῆσαι when he dies before his time Wis 4,7

Cf. CARAGOUNIS 1989 12-15.20-23; HELBING 1928, 104-105; LARCHER 1984 325.419-420; →TWNT

(→καταφθάνω, προφθάνω,,)

γρᾰφ-ή, ἡ,

A representation by means of lines: hence,

I drawing, delineation, Hdt.4.36; κατὰ γραφήν in outline, cj. in Pl.Smp. 193a; also of painting,

γραφῇ κοσμέειν Hdt.3.24

;

εἰκὼν γραφῇ εἰκασμένη Id.2.182

; the art of drawing or painting, Pl.Plt. 277c, Ti. 19b.

2 that which is drawn or painted, drawing, picture, ὅσον γραφῇ only in a picture, Hdt.2.73;

πρέπουσά θ' ὡς ἐν γραφαῖς A.Ag. 242

(lyr.); σπόγγος ὤλεσεν γραφήν ib. 1329;

μήτε ἄγαλμα μήτε γ. Arist.Pol. 1336b15

; also of embroidery, A.Ch. 232;

γραφαὶ ἀπὸ κερκίδος Philostr.Im.2.5

.

3 γ. παρειῶν painting, rouging the cheeks, Id.Ep.22.

II writing or the art of writing, Pl.Phdr. 274b, etc.: pl., αἱ γ. τῶν δικῶν the registration of.., Arist.Pol. 1321b36; γραφαὶ περὶ συμμαχίας, of treaties, ib. 1280a40.

2 that which is written, writing, S.Tr. 683, Agatho 4: hence, of various written documents, letter, Th.1.129: also in pl., E.IT 735; ψευδεῖς γ. spurious documents, ap.D.18.55 (but in E.Hipp. 1311 false statements); of published writings, τῶν

φιλοσόφων Phld.Ir.p.73

W., cf. D.H.Orat.Vett.4; ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ γ. in the first book, Epicur.Nat.Herc.1431.16; written law, Pl.Lg. 934c; contract, PAmh.2.43.13 (ii B. C.): pl., copies of judgements delivered in court, IG12(2).526d8 ([place name] Eresos).

b catalogue, list, return,

ἱερῶν PTeb.88.2

(ii B. C.);

τοῦ κατ' ἄνδρα OGI179.21

(Egypt, i B. C.);

τὰς κατ' ἄνδρα γραφάς PTeb.27.7

(ii B. C.), etc.; price-list, D.S.1.91.

c inscription, Th.1.134, IG12(5).679 ([place name] Syros), Epigr.Gr. 347 ([place name] Cios), D.C.37.21.

d MS. reading, Str.1.2.25, Gal.15.430, Alex.Aphr.in Sens.9.29, Herm.in Phdr.p.154A., etc.

3 the Holy Scripture, Aristeas 155, 2 Ep.Pet.1.20: pl., Ph.1.18, J.Ap.2.4, Ev.Matt.21.42, al.: also in sg., of a particular passage, Act.Ap.8.32, al.

4 γ. φαρμάκου medical prescription, Gal.12.293, 13.638, 15.918.

5 record-office, archive, IG11(2).203B101 (Delos, iii B. C.).

III ([etym.] γράφομαι) as law-term,

1 bill of indictment in a public prosecution,

λέγε, τὴν γ. αὐτὴν λαβών D.18.53

.

2 criminal prosecution in the interest of the state (cf. Poll.8.41),

γραφὴν ὕβρεως καὶ δίκην κακηγορίας ἰδίαν φεύξεται Id.21.32

, cf. Lys.1.44, Is.11.28, etc.;

γραφὴν γράφεσθαι Pl.Lg. 929e

, etc.;

γρ. γ. τινά Id.Euthphr.2b

, etc.;

γ. ἀπενεγκεῖν Aeschin.3.217

;

γραφήν τινος διώκειν τινά D.19.293

;

πολλὰς γ. διώξας οὐδεμίαν εἷλεν Antipho 2.1.5

;

γραφὴν ἁλῶναι Id.2.2.9

; γ. κατασκευάζειν κατά τινος, ἐπί τινα, D.21.103, 22.2; γ. εἰσέρχεσθαι, εἰσιέναι, appear before the court in a public prosecution, either as prosecutor or prosecuted, Id.18.105.

3 generally, an ordinary public action, opp. to special forms (such as εἰσαγγελία, εὔθυναι, etc.),

γραφάς, εὐθύνας, εἰσαγγελίας, πάντα ταῦτ' ἐπαγόντων μοι D.18.249

, cf. X.Ath.3.2, Lys.16.12.

σύστᾰσις, εως, ἡ, ([etym.] συνίστημι)

A bringing together, introduction, recommendation, πατρικὴν ἔχων ς. Plb.1.78.1; ἡ πρός τινα ς. Id.4.82.3, cf. SIG591.62 (Lampsacus. ii B.C.), D.H.Rh.5.2, Plu.Them.27;

σ. τῆς πρός τινα εὐνοίας J.AJ15

.b.7; care, guardianship, ἔτινηπίας οὔσας ([etym.] ἀπέδωκεν[])

εἰς σύστασιν Πτολεμαίῳ Γλαυκίου UPZ20.23

(ii B.C.); power of attorney, PTeb.317.14 (ii A.D.), etc.

2 communication between a man and a god,

ταῦτα σοῦ εἰπόντος τρίς, σημεῖον ἔσται τῆς συστάσεως τόδε PMag.Par.1.209

, cf. 220,260, al., PMag.Lond.47.1,121.505.

3 protection, ἵνα διὰ τῆς σῆς δεξιᾶς ᾖ μοι ς. PSI6.717.12 (ii A.D.).

II proof, Alex.Aphr.in Metaph.12.3, 409.16; confirmation, εἰς σύστασιν [ τῶν ἀξιωμάτων] καὶ πίστιν ib.271.14;

σ. καὶ πίστεις τινός Hermog. Id.1.10

;

πρὸς σύστασιν καὶ ἀσφάλειαν ἐπωμοσάμην PLond.1.77.62

(vi A.D.), cf. BGU1187.31 (i B.C.).

B ([etym.] συνίσταμαι) standing together, close combat, conflict,

ἐν τῇ σ. μάχεσθαι Hdt.6.117

, cf. 7.167; ἡ ἐν ταῖς συμπλοκαῖς μάχη καὶ ς. Pl.Lg. 833a;

ἡ ἐκ σ. μάχη Hdn.4.15.3

;

ὅταν.. σύστασιν ὁ ἀγὼν ἔχῃ Plu.Demetr.16

, cf. Aem.20: metaph., disturbance in the human body,

καθάρσεων καὶ συστάσεων τοῦ σώματος ἀρίστη ἡ διὰ τῶν γυμνασίων Pl. Ti. 89a

;

καταστεῖλαι τὴν σ. τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ γυμνασίου Antyll.

ap. Orib.6.26.5; σ. ὅλου τοῦ σώματος (as a plague-symptom) Ruf. ap. eund.44.17.2; ξ. τῆς γνώμης conflict of mind, intense anxiety, Th.7.71;

μένος μὲν ξ. τε σῶν φρενῶν δεινή E.Hipp. 983

; so

ἤν τις πόνος ἢ σ. γίνηται τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ Hp.Morb.Sacr.17

vulg. (f.l. for τάσις).

2 meeting, accumulation, e.g. of humours,

σ. οὑγροῦ περὶ τὴν ὑπερῴην Id.Coac. 233

; of water. Thphr.CP5.14.5 (pl.), cf. D.S.3.36; of winds, ib. 51, POxy.1768.9 (iii A.D., dub.): metaph.,

λόγων Pl.R. 457e

; combination,

τραγῳδίαν.. εἶναι τὴν τούτων σ. πρέπουσαν ἀλλήλοις Id.Phdr. 268d

.

3 knot of men assembled, E.Andr. 1088 (pl.), Heracl. 415 (pl.); [full] κατὰ ξυστάσεις γιγνόμενοι forming into knots, Th.2.21, cf. X. Eq.7.19.

b political union, more general than ἑταιρεία or σύνοδος, Isoc.3.54, cf. D.45.67; ἐθνικαὶ ς. national unions, Plb.23.1.3;

κατὰ συστάσεις κωμάζειν D.C.Fr.39.7

.

c contingent of four light-armed λόχοι (32 men), Ascl.Tact.6.3, Arr.Tact.14.3, Ael.Tact.16.1.

4 friendship or alliance, Plb.1.78.2;

πρός τινας Id.3.78.2

; conspiracy,

ἐπί τινα Plu.Pyrrh.23

.

II composition, structure, constitution of a person or a thing,

τῶ κόσμω Ti.Locr.99d

, cf. Pl.Ti. 32c; τῶν ὡρῶν, τῆς ψυχῆς, Id.Smp. 188a, Ti. 36d; of the parts of an animal, Arist.PA 646a20, GA 744b28, al.;

σώματος Sor.1.111

;

τῶν ἀτόμων Epicur.Nat.35

G.; ἡ περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ς. Pl.Ti. 75b; φυσικὴ ς. Arist. Cat. 9b18;

ἡ σ. τῆς πόλεως Id.Pol. 1295b28

, cf. 1332a30;

τῶν πραγμάτων Id.Po. 1450a15

; τοῦ μύθου ib. 1452a18; abs., plot of a drama, ib. 1453a31;

τὴν σ. ἔχειν ἐκ τοῦ ψεύδους Phld.Rh.1.361

S.; περὶ τρόπων συστάσεως, title of work by Chrysipp.; προσώπου ς. expression of face, Plu.Per.5.

b abs., political constitution, Pl.R. 546a, Lg. 702d, etc.

c χωρίον ἀμπελικὸν ἐν συστάσει ἀρουρῶν ὅσων ἐστίν consisting of.., PGiss.56.7 (vi A.D.).

2 coming into existence, formation,

νόσων Pl.Ti. 89b

, cf. c;

πόλεων σ. καὶ φθοράς Id.Lg. 782a

; ἡ ἐξ ἀρχῆς τῶν ὅλων ς. D.S.1.7, cf. Plu.2.427b;

τὴν σ. λαμβάνειν Arist.HA 547b14

, Plb.6.4.13, etc.; of a river,

τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς σ. λαμβάνειν Id.9.43.1

;

σ. ἐπιβουλῆς Id.6.7.8

.

3 of bodies, density or consistency, πυκνότης καὶ ς., opp. ὑγρότης καὶ διάχυσις, Thphr.Vent. 58;

σ. καὶ πῆξις Plu.2.130b

; degree of solidity, consistency,

σπέρμα.. τρυφερὰν ἔτι καὶ νεοπαγῆ τὴν σ. ἔχον Sor.1.46

, cf. 58; solid knot or lump, [ μαστοὶ] θρομβώδεις συστάσεις ἔχοντες ib.88;

μέχρι συστάσεως ἐμπλαστρώδους ἑψηθέν Gal.11.134

, cf. 6.249, Dsc.3.7;

τὰ ὑδατωδῶς ὑγρὰ πάχος καὶ σ. μηδεμίαν ἔχοντα Gal.16.761

; λεαίνεται μέχρι ς. Orib.Fr.55.

4 a substance, πλάττειν ἐκ πηλοῦ ζῷον ἤ τινος ἄλλης ὑγρᾶς ς. Arist.PA 654b30, cf. Plu.2.696a; ξηραὶ ς. Arist.HA 519b19.

ἀφορ-άω, [dialect] Ion. [suff] ἀφορ-έω, [tense] fut. ἀπόψομαι: [tense] aor. ἀπεῖδον:—

A look away from all others at one, have in view, Hdt.8.37; look at, τι Lycurg.17; of a distant object, D.Ep.2.20;

πρός τι Th.7.71

;

τι πρός τι

compare,

Pl. R. 585a

; ἀ. ὅθεν .. look to the point whence.., ib. 584d; εἴς τι or τινα, Plu.Lyc.7, Luc.Philops.30;

εἰς τὸν θεόν Arr.Epict.2.19.29

;

εἰς τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ep.Hebr.12.2

: hence, obey, Nic.Dam.p.22 D.;

ἐπί τινα Plu.Cat.Mi.52

;

πρός τινα Id.Cat.Ma.19

, Arr.Epict.3.24.16:—in [voice] Med., Ar.Nu. 281.

b of Places, look towards,

εἰς βόρειον ὠκεανόν App.Praef.3

,cf. Philostr.Im.Prooem.

2 to view from a place,

ἀπὸ δενδρέου Hdt.4.22

;

πόρρωθεν ἀπιδών Timocl.21.6

.

II rarely, look away, have the back turned, prob. in Thphr.HP4.16.6;

ἀφορῶντας παίειν X.Cyr.7.1.36

.

εἰσέρχομαι fut. εἰσελεύσομαι (En 25:6; TestJob 40:4; Just., A I, 35, 10; M. Ant. 10, 8); 2 aor. εἰσῆλθον (also εἰσῆλθα, B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208; Mt 7:13; Lk 11:52; impv. εἰσελθάτω Mk 13:15); pf. εἰσελήλυθα LXX; ptc. εἰσεληλυθώς Hs 9, 12, 4; 9, 13, 4; plpf. εἰσεληλύθει 2 Macc 9:2 (Hom.+)

① to move into a space, enter

ⓐ of geographical and other types of localities and areas as goal

α. cities and villages w. specific names (Jos., Ant. 9, 122): into Jerusalem Mt 21:10 (Just., D. 88, 6). εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα εἰς τὸ ἱερόν into Jerusalem and into the temple Mk 11:11. Caesarea Ac 10:24; 23:33. Capernaum Mt 8:5; Mk 2:1; Lk 7:1.

β. the world gener. εἰς τὸν κόσμον come into the world (Philo, Op. M. 78) in var. mngs.: of first appearance, of sin and death Ro 5:12; 1 Cl 3:4 (cp. Wsd 2:24); of birth (M. Ant. 6, 56) 1 Cl 38:3; of the incarnation of Christ Hb 10:5.

γ. structural areas and establishments: into the sanctuary Hb 9:12, 24f; temple (Jos., Ant. 3, 319) Lk 1:9; Rv 15:8; house Mt 10:12; 12:29; 17:25 v.l.; Mk 7:17; Lk 1:40; 8:41; Ac 11:12; 16:15; 21:8; synagogue (unless the sense ‘gathering’ applies in certain pass., s. συναγωγή 4) Mk 1:21; 3:1; Lk 4:16; 6:6; Ac 13:14; 14:1; 18:19; cp. Js 2:2; city Mt 10:11; 27:53; Mk 1:45; Lk 10:8, 10; 22:10; Ac 9:6; 14:20 al.; village Mk 8:26; Lk 9:52; 17:12; barracks Ac 23:16; praetorium J 18:28; 19:9; cp. Ac 25:23; Mt 6:6; J 18:1; Mk 16:5; J 20:6; 10:1; Mt 24:38; Lk 17:27; 1 Cl 9:4. εἰς τ. νεφέλην Lk 9:34 (cp. Ex 24:18).—W. indication of place from which, εἰ. ἔκ τινος: ἐξ ἀγροῦ come in from the field Lk 17:7 (cp. PEleph 13, 6 [223/22 B.C.] οὔπω εἰσελήλυθεν ἐξ ἀγροῦ; Gen 30:16).—W. indication of place through which, διά τινος (2 Ch 23:20; Jo 2:9; Jer 17:25; Jos., Ant. 13, 229 εἰ. διʼ ἄλλης πύλης) Mt 7:13; 19:24 v.l.; Lk 13:24; 18:25a; J 10:1, 2 (ἐρχόμενος P⁷⁵), 9.—W. ὑπὸ: τὴν στέγην under the roof, i.e., enter the house (Gen 19:8 v.l.) Mt 8:8; Lk 7:6.—W. adv. εἰ. ἔσω go inside (2 Ch 29:18; Bel 19 Theod.) Mt 26:58; AcPl Ha 4, 3. ὧδε come in here (Zech 7:3; Ezk 40:4) 22:12. ὅπου ἐὰν εἰσέλθῃ wherever he goes in Mk 14:14; Hb 6:20.—Without emphasis on the preposition Mt 9:18 v.l. (s. on εἷς 3b; προσέρχομαι 1a).

δ. Freq. the ‘place to which’ is not mentioned, but can be inferred fr. the context (Tob 5:9; 8:13; Jdth 14:14; 1 Macc 7:36; 2 Macc 1:15 al.; PTebt 418, 6ff): εἰσελθὼν διήρχετο τὴν Ἰεριχώ he entered Jericho and was passing through it Lk 19:1. καὶ ὅτε εἰσῆλθον (sc. εἰς τ. οἶκον) and when they had entered Ac 1:13. μὴ εἰσελθάτω (sc. εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν) Mk 13:15, also εἰσελθοῦσα 7:25 v.l.; εἰσελθών Mt 9:25; cp. Ac 5:7, 10; 10:25; 1 Cor 14:23f; AcPl Ha 3, 13. But the idea of destination can be so unimportant that εἰ. comes to mean simply come, go Lk 18:25a; cp. Mt 19:24 (s. 1aγ above).—Of things go (in, into), come (in, into), enter of food: into the mouth (Ezk 4:14; Da 10:3) Mt 15:11 (cp. Sextus 110; TestJob 38:3 διὰ στόματος τροφὴ εἰσέρχεται); Ac 11:8.

ⓑ of being(s) as goal

α. to come or go to πρός τινα come or go to someone (X., Mem. 3, 10, 1; Cebes, Tab. 29; Jos., Ant. 8, 235; Gen 16:4; Ps 50:2; Jdth 12:13; 15:9) Mk 15:43; J 14:23 v.l.; Ac 10:3; 11:3; 16:40; Rv 3:20; 1 Cl 12:4.

β. to come or go in among εἴς τινα come or go in among εἰς τὸν δῆμον the crowd Ac 19:30. εἰς ὑμᾶς 20:29. ἐπί τινα come to someone (cp. Ezk 44:25) ἐν παντὶ χρόνῳ ᾧ εἰσῆλθεν καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς went in and out among us = associated with us Ac 1:21 (on εἰ. καὶ ἐξέρχ. cp. Eur., Phoen. 534 ἐς οἴκους … εἰσῆλθε κἀξῆλθʼ [καὶ ἐξῆλθε]; Num 27:17; 2 Ch 1:10; J 10:9).

γ. to enter into persons or animals enter into someone (Wsd 1:4 of wisdom; Jos., Ant. 4, 121 of the divine spirit entering into prophets) esp. of hostile spirits which take possession of someone’s body as their dwelling Mk 9:25; Lk 8:30 (Lucian, Philops. 16: the exorcist asks the spirits ὅθεν [οἱ δαίμονες] εἰσεληλύθασιν εἰς τὸ σῶμα; ApcSed 5:5 [διάβολος] ὡς καπνὸς εἰσέρχεται εἰς τὰς καρδίας τῶν ἀνθρώπων). Of hostile spirits: into the swine Mk 5:12f; Lk 8:32f. Of Satan: into Judas 22:3; J 13:27; into a person Hm 12, 5, 4. For this εἰ. ἔν τινι (s. ἐν 3) εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς Rv 11:11; cp. Lk 9:46; 1 Cl 48:2 (Ps 117:19).

② to enter into an event or state, of pers.: come into someth. = share in someth., come to enjoy someth. (Jos., C. Ap. 2, 123 εἰς τοὺς ἡμετέρους νόμους) εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τ. θεοῦ (τ. οὐρανῶν) Mt 5:20; 7:21; 19:24; Mk 9:47; 10:15, 23ff; Lk 18:17, 25; J 3:5; 2 Cl 6:9 al. (cp. Da 11:9). For this εἰς τὴν ζωήν enter into eternal life=attain it Mt 18:8f; 19:17; Mk 9:43, 45. HWindisch, D. Sprüche v. Eingehen in d. Reich Gs.: ZNW 27, 1928, 163–92.—εἰς τὴν κατάπαυσιν enter into rest Hb 3:11, 18; 4:1, 3, 5f, 10f (all Ps 94:11). μέχρι δουλείας εἰσελθεῖν even to the extent of slavery 1 Cl 4:9. Of Christ εἰ. εἰς τ. δόξαν αὐτοῦ into his glory Lk 24:26. Of temptations εἰ. εἰς πειρασμόν come into temptation Mt 26:41; Lk 22:40, 46; εἰς χαράν Mt 25:21, 23; Pol 1:3. εἰς τὸν κόπον τινός enter into someone’s labor, i.e. enjoy the fruit of another’s labor J 4:38 (cp. Pr 23:10).—W. this usage, too (s. 1aδ above), the goal need not be mentioned, but can be implied Mt 7:13; 23:13; Lk 11:52 (cp. 3 Macc 1:12); Ro 11:25.

③ to happen, with focus on initial aspect, happen, develop, of thoughts: εἰσῆλθεν δὲ διαλογισμὸς ἐν αὐτοῖς an argument arose among them Lk 9:46. εἰς τὰ ὦτά τινος come to someone’s ears (Ps 17:7) Js 5:4; reach into Hb 6:19.—M-M. TW.

εὐδοκέω impf. ηὐδόκουν (on 1 Th 2:8 and the form εὐδοκοῦμεν [v.l. ηὐδοκοῦμεν] s. W-S. §12, 5b; B-D-F §67, 1; Rob. 1215); fut. εὐδοκήσω LXX; 1 aor. εὐδόκησα and ηὐδόκησα (s. δοκέω and two next entries; gener. ‘to be content, be well pleased’: Polyb., Diod S, Dionys. Hal.; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 2:4; Test12Patr, Just.; Anz 358)

① to consider someth. as good and therefore worthy of choice, consent, determine, resolve w. inf. foll. (Polyb. 1, 78, 8; PGrenf I, 1, 17 [II B.C.] εὐδοκῶ ζήλῳ δουλεύειν; PTebt 591; Esth 4:17d; 1 Macc 6:23; 14:46f. Of God Ps 67:17) Lk 12:32; 1 Cor 1:21; Gal 1:15; 1 Th 2:8; 3:1. ἐν αὐτῷ εὐδόκησεν πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα κατοικῆσαι all the fullness willed to dwell in him Col 1:19. εὐ. μᾶλλον w. inf. wish rather, prefer (cp. Polyb. 18, 35, 4; Sir 25:16) 2 Cor 5:8. W. acc. and inf. (Polyb. 1, 8, 4; 2 Macc 14:35) Ro 15:26. Abs. (SIG 683, 59; SIG² 853, 2; PRyl 120, 24; 155, 17; 1 Macc 11:29) vs. 27.

② to take pleasure or find satisfaction in someth., be well pleased, take delight

ⓐ w. pers. obj. ἔν τινι with or in someone (of God’s delight in someone 2 Km 22:20; Is 62:4 v.l.; Mal 2:17; Ps 43:4) Mt 3:17; 17:5; Mk 1:11 (on the aor. s. BBacon, JBL 20, 1901, 28–30); Lk 3:22; 1 Cor 10:5; Hb 10:38 (Hab 2:4); GEb 18, 37; 39. Also ἐπί τινα (Is 54:17 v.l.) ibid. εἴς τινα (cp. Just., D. 29, 1 εἰς τὰ ἔθνη) 2 Pt 1:17. τινά (SIG 672, 27 [162/160 B.C.]; Gen 33:10) Mt 12:18 v.l. (for εἰς ὅν). Abs. Ro 9:16 v.l.

ⓑ w. impers. obj., also delight in, like, approve τὶ (Eccl 9:7; Sir 15:17) Hb 10:6, 8; 1 Cl 18:16 (on all three pass. cp. Ps 50:18). τινί (Polyb. 2, 38, 7; Diod S 14, 110, 4; PLond III, 1168, 15 p. 136 [18 A.D.]; POxy 261, 17 [55 A.D.]; 1 Esdr 4:39; 1 Macc 1:43) 2 Th 2:12. ἔν τινι (Polyb. 2, 12, 3; Sb 4512, 57 [II B.C.] συγχώρησιν, ἐν ᾗ οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ὁ πατήρ; Hg 1:8; Sir 34:19; Just., D. 12, 3) 2 Cor 12:10; 2 Th 2:12 v.l.—DELG s.v. δοκάω II. M-M. TW. Spicq.

λόγος, ου, ὁ (verbal noun of λέγω in the sense ‘pick’; Hom.+).

① a communication whereby the mind finds expression, word

ⓐ of utterance, chiefly oral.

α. as expression, word (oratorical ability plus exceptional performance were distinguishing marks in Hellenic society, hence the frequent association of λ. and ἔργον ‘deed’; a sim. formulation as early as Il. 9, 443 μύθων τε ῥητῆρʼ ἔμεναι πρηκτῆρά τε ἔργων; Polystrat. p. 33 μὴ λόγῳ μόνον ἀλλʼ ἔργω; Just., A II, 4, 2 ἢ λόγῳ ἢ ἔργῳ and D. 35, 7 λόγον ἢ πρᾶξιν) δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ κ. λόγῳ, i.e. an exceptional personage Lk 24:19; pl. of Moses Ac 7:22 (the contrast expressed w. a verb Choix 20, 6–8 ποιεῖ ἀγαθὸν ὄτι δύναται καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ of Apollordorus, a benefactor in Cyzicus, a flourishing city in Phrygia; sim. New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 8f πολιτευόμενος … λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ; cp. IKourion 32, 8; without contrast Diod S 13, 101, 3 ἄνδρας λόγῳ δυνατούς; for sim. constructions using λέγω and πράσσω s. Danker, Benefactor 339–43). Cp. Ro 15:18; 2 Cor 10:11; Col 3:17; 2 Th 2:17; Hb 13:21 v.l.; 1J 3:18 (cp. Theognis 1, 87f Diehl³ μή μʼ ἔπεσιν μὲν στέργε κτλ.—For the contrast λόγῳ … ἀληθείᾳ cp. Diod S 13, 4, 1). In contrast to a sinful deed we also have the λόγος ἁμαρτίας sinful word Judaicon 172, 9. W. γνῶσις: ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ κ. πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5. ἰδιώτης τῷ λόγῳ, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῇ γνώσει 2 Cor 11:6. (Opp. δύναμις ‘revelation of power’) 1 Cor 4:19, 20. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὐκ ἐγενήθη ἐν λόγῳ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν δυνάμει 1 Th 1:5 (cp. Ar. 13, 7 of mythical accounts οὐδέν εἰσιν εἰ μὴ μόνον λόγοι ‘they’re nothing but words’). W. ἐπιστολή: 2 Th 2:2, 15. W. ἀναστροφή: 1 Ti 4:12; 1 Pt 3:1b. Opp. ‘be silent’: IRo 2:1.—μόνον εἰπὲ λόγῳ just say the word Mt 8:8; cp. Lk 7:7 (Ath. 17, 1 ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν; 29, 2; Phalaris, Ep. 121, 1 λόγῳ λέγειν; cp. schol. on Pla. 341a ἐν λόγῳ μόνον εἰπεῖν). οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον no one was able to answer him a (single) word Mt 22:46; cp. 15:23 (cp. TestAbr A 16 p. 98, 11 [Stone p. 44] οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ λόγον).— The (mighty) word (of one who performs miracles) ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ Mt 8:16 (a rare use of λ. as ‘single utterance’, s. L-S-J-M s.v. VII).—διὰ λόγου by word of mouth (opp. ‘by letter’) Ac 15:27.—In the textually uncertain pass. Ac 20:24 the text as it stands in N., οὐδενὸς λόγου (v.l. λόγον) ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν, may well mean: I do not consider my life worth a single word (cp. λόγου ἄξιον [ἄξιος 1a] and our ‘worth mention’; s. Conzelmann ad loc.).

β. The expression may take on a variety of formulations or topical nuances: what you say Mt 5:37; statement (PGM 4, 334) Lk 20:20; question (Sext. Emp., Math. 8, 295; 9, 133; Diog. L. 2, 116) ἐρωτήσω ὑμᾶς λόγον I will ask you a question (cp. TestJob 36:5; GrBar 5:1; ApcSed 13:6; Jos., Ant. 12, 99) Mt 21:24; cp. Mk 11:29; Lk 20:3; prayer (PGM 1, 25; 4, 90; 179; 230 al.; 5, 180; 196 al.) Mt 26:44; Mk 14:39. ἡγούμενος τοῦ λ. principal speaker Ac 14:12. W. epexeget. gen. λ. παρακλήσεως 13:15. W. κήρυγμα our manner of presentation and our proclamation 1 Cor 2:4a (but s. comm.). (W. διδασκαλία) preaching 1 Ti 5:17; prophecy (Biogr. p. 364 [Pythia]) J 2:22; 18:32. Command (Aeschyl., Pers. 363) Lk 4:36; 2 Pt 3:5, 7; via a letter 2 Th 3:14. Report, story (X., An. 1, 4, 7; Diod S 3, 40, 9; 19, 110, 1 λ. διαδιδόναι=spread a report; Appian, Iber. 80 §346, Maced. 4 §1 [both=rumor]; Diod S 32, 15, 3 ἦλθεν ὁ λ. ἐπί τινα=the report came to someone; Arrian, Anab. 7, 22, 1 λόγος λέγεται τοιόσδε=a story is told like this, Ind. 9, 2; Diod S 3, 18, 3 λ.=story, account; Jos., Ant. 19, 132; Tat. 27, 2 τοῦ καθʼ Ἡρακλέα λόγου) Mt 28:15; Mk 1:45; Lk 5:15 (λ. περί τινος as X., An. 6, 6, 13; Jos., Ant. 19, 127) 7:17; J 21:23. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τ. ἐκκλησίας the report came to the ears of the assembly in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. λόγον ἔχειν σοφίας have the appearance of wisdom, pass for wisdom Col 2:23 (cp. Pla., Epinomis 987b ἔχει λόγον; Demosth., C. Lept. 462 [20, 18] λόγον τινʼ ἔχον; but mng. 2f is possible). Proverb (Pla., Phdr. 17, 240c, Symp. 18, 195b, Gorg. 54, 499c, Leg. 6, 5, 757a; Socrat., Ep. 22, 1) J 4:37 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 13, 7 ἀληθῶς ἐν τούτῳ ὁ λ. foll. by a proverb). Proclamation, instruction, teaching, message Lk 4:32; 10:39; J 4:41; 17:20; Ac 2:41; 4:4; 10:44; 20:7; 1 Cor 1:17; 2:1. In Ac18:15 ζητήματα περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου the sense appears to be someth. like this: controversial issues involving disputes about words and your way of life with λ. prob. referring to the presentation of controversial subjects, which in turn arouses heated ζητήματα debates. λόγος σοφίας proclamation of wisdom, speaking wisely 1 Cor 12:8a (Ps.-Phoc. 129 τῆς θεοπνεύστου σοφίης λ.); corresp. λ. γνώσεως vs. 8b. Cp. 14:9; 15:2; 2 Cor 1:18; 6:7; 10:10. λ. μαρτυρίας word of witness Rv 12:11. ὁ κατὰ τ. διδαχὴν πιστὸς λ. the message of faith, corresponding to the teaching Tit 1:9; the opp. 2 Ti 2:17. A speech (Aristot. p. 14b, 2; Diod S 40, 5a) διὰ λόγου πολλοῦ in a long speech Ac 15:32; cp. 20:2. λ. κολακείας flattering speech 1 Th 2:5. Speaking gener. 2 Cor 8:7; Eph 6:19; Col 4:6; D 2:5. ἐν λόγῳ πταίειν make a mistake in what one says Js 3:2.—Of God’s word, command, commission (LXX; ParJer 5:19 κατηχῆσαι αὐτοὺς τὸν λόγον; SyrBar 13:2; ApcSed 14:10; Just., D. 84, 2; Ael. Aristid. hears a ἱερὸς λ. at night fr. a god: 28, 116 K.=49, p. 529 D.; Sextus 24) ἠκυρώσατε τ. λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 15:6 (v.l. νόμον, ἐντολήν); cp. Mk 7:13.—J 5:38; 8:55; 10:35; Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6). Of God’s promise Ro 9:6, 9 (but these two vss., and Gal 5:14 below, prob. fit better under 2a), 28 (Is 10:22f). Cp. Hb 2:2; 4:2 (s. ἀκοή 4b); 7:28; 12:19. For B 15:1 see 1aδ. The whole law (as the expr. εἴ τι ἑτέρα ἐντολή indicates not limited to a narrow list of commandments), acc. to Ro 13:9. In what is prob. a play on words (s. 2a and b), Gal 5:14 (s. 2a below) is summed up in the λόγος as expressed in Lev 19:18.—That which God has created ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου θεοῦ 1 Ti 4:5; in line w. the context, this hardly refers to God’s creative word (so SibOr 3, 20; PtK 2; πάντα γὰρ λόγῳ ποιήσας ὁ θεός Theoph. Ant. 2, 18 [144, 8]), but to table prayers which use biblical expressions. The divine word as judge of thoughts Hb 4:12. τελεσθήσονται οἱ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 17:17; cp. 19:9.—Of the divine revelation through Christ and his messengers (Just., A I, 61, 9 λόγον … παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐμάθομεν τοῦτον) θεὸς ἐφανέρωσεν τὸν λ. αὐτοῦ ἐν κηρύγματι Tit 1:3. δέδωκα αὐτοῖς τὸν λ. σου J 17:14; cp. vss. 6, 17; 1J 1:10; 2:14. ἵνα μὴ ὁ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται Tit 2:5. The apostles and other preachers, w. ref. to the λόγος of God, are said to: λαλεῖν Ac 4:29, 31; 13:46; Phil 1:14; Hb 13:7; καταγγέλλειν Ac 13:5; 17:13; διδάσκειν 18:11; μαρτυρεῖν Rv 1:2. Of their hearers it is said: τὸν λ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούειν Ac 13:7; δέχεσθαι 8:14; 11:1. Of the λ. τοῦ θεοῦ itself we read: ηὔξανεν Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20; οὐ δέδεται 2 Ti 2:9. In these places and many others ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ is simply the Christian message, the gospel: Lk 5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 1, 20 μὴ μόνον ἀκουόντων ἀλλὰ πασχόντων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων=let the message have its effect on oneself); Ac 6:2 (s. καταλείπω 7c; for prob. commercial metaph. s. 2a below); 13:44 v.l. (for κυρίου); 16:32 v.l.; 1 Cor 14:36; 2 Cor 2:17; 4:2; Col 1:25; 1 Pt 1:23; Rv 1:9; 6:9; 20:4; IPhld 11:1. Cp. 1 Th 2:13ab; 1J 2:5.—Since this ‘divine word’ is brought to humanity through Christ, his word can be used in the same sense: ὁ λόγος μου J 5:24; cp. 8:31, 37, 43, 51f; 12:48; 14:23f; 15:3, 20b; Rv 3:8. ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Col 3:16; cp. Hb 6:1. ὁ λ. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 8:25; 12:24 v.l.; 13:44, 48f; 14:25 v.l.; 15:35, 36; 16:32 (cp. λ. θεοῦ); 19:10; 1 Th 1:8; 2 Th 3:1. Pl. Mk 8:38 (Lk 9:26); 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Lk 24:44; s. also 1aδ.—Or it is called simply ὁ λόγος=the ‘Word’, for no misunderstanding would be possible among Christians: Mt 13:20–23; Mk 2:2; 4:14–20, 33; 8:32 (s. 1aε below); 16:20; Lk 1:2; 8:12f, 15; Ac 6:4; 8:4; 10:36 (on the syntax s. FNeirynck, ETL 60, ’84, 118–23); 11:19; 14:25 (cp. λ. κυρίου above); 16:6; 17:11; 18:5; Gal 6:6; Phil 1:14; Col 4:3; 1 Th 1:6; 2 Ti 4:2; Js 1:21ff; 1 Pt 2:8; 3:1; 1J 2:7; AcPl Ha 7, 6 (so also Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 2, 3).—Somet. the ‘Word’ is more closely defined by a gen.: ὁ λ. τῆς βασιλείας the word of the reign/rule (of God) Mt 13:19. τῆς σωτηρίας Ac 13:26. τῆς καταλλαγῆς 2 Cor 5:19. τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Cor 1:18. δικαιοσύνης (q.v. 3a) Hb 5:13. ζωῆς Phil 2:16. (τῆς) ἀληθείας (Theoph. Ant. 3, 4 [p. 212, 2]; cp. περὶ ἀληθείας Hippol., Ref. 10, 6, 1) Eph 1:13; Col 1:5; 2 Ti 2:15; Js 1:18; AcPl Ha 8, 8 (Just., D. 121, 2). τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) Ac 14:3; 20:32. (Differently the pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. χάριτος gracious words Lk 4:22; cp. Marcellinus, Vi. Thu. 57 Hude λόγοι εἰρωνείας.) ὁ λ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ac 15:7; ὁ τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ λ. MPol 10:1. In Rv 3:10 the gospel is described by the ‘One who has the key of David’ as ὁ λ. τῆς ὑπομονῆς μου my word of endurance (W-S. §30, 12c). λ. τῶν ὑ[πο]μονῶν AcPl Ha 6, 11. παρελάβετε τὸν λ. ὅτι AcPl Ha 8, 25.—The pastoral letters favor the expr. πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (sc. ἐστίν, and s. πιστός 1b) 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Ti 2:11; Tit 3:8; cp. Rv 21:5; 22:6. λ. ὑγιής sound preaching Tit 2:8; cp. the pl. ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι 2 Ti 1:13 (on medicinal use of words for the mind or soul s. VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 115–22, on Eur.).—The pl. is also used gener. of Christian teachings, the words of the gospel Lk 1:4 (s. κατηχέω 2a); 1 Th 4:18. οἱ λ. τῆς πίστεως 1 Ti 4:6. On λόγοι κυριακοί for λόγια κυριακά in the title of the Papias document s. ἐξήγησις 2.—JSchniewind, Die Begriffe Wort und Evangelium bei Pls, diss. Bonn 1910; RAsting (εὐαγγέλιον, end).

γ. of an individual declaration or remark: assertion, declaration, speech ἀκούσαντες τὸν λ. when they heard the statement Mt 15:12; cp. 19:11, 22; 22:15; Mk 5:36. διὰ τοῦτον τὸν λ. because of this statement of yours 7:29 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 29 [Stone p. 38] τὸν λ. τοῦτον; ApcMos 25 εἰς τὸν λόγον σου κρινῶ σε). Cp. 10:22; 12:13; Lk 1:29; 22:61 v.l. (for ῥήματος); J 4:39, 50; 6:60; 7:36, 40 v.l.; 15:20a; 18:9; 19:8; Ac 6:5; 7:29; 20:38; 22:22; 1 Th 4:15. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν εἴπῃ λόγον κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου whoever utters a (defamatory) word against the Son of Humanity Mt 12:32 (λ. εἰπεῖν κατά τινος as Jos., Ant. 15, 81); cp. Lk 12:10. λόγος σαπρός unwholesome talk Eph 4:29. λόγον ποιεῖσθαι make a speech Ac 11:2 D (cp. Hyperid. 3, 20; Jos., Ant. 11, 86).

δ. the pl. (οἱ) λόγοι is used, on the one hand, of words uttered on various occasions, of speeches or instruction given here and there by humans or transcendent beings (TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 19 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 4, 264; Just., D. 100, 3) ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ (καταδικασθήσῃ) Mt 12:37ab; 24:35; Mk 13:31; Lk 21:33; Ac 2:40; 7:22 (ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις αὐτοῦ. On the word-deed pair cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 6 the λόγοι and ἔργα of Diogenes; s. α above). οἱ δέκα λόγοι the ten commandments (Ex 34:28; Dt 10:4; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 168, Decal. 32; Jos., Ant. 3, 138; cp. 91f; Did., Gen. 36, 10) B 15:1. Ac 15:24; 20:35; 1 Cor 2:4b, 13; 14:19ab; κενοὶ λ. Eph 5:6; AcPl Ox 6, 13 (cp. Aa 1, 241, 14); Dg 8:2; πλαστοὶ λ. 2 Pt 2:3. λ. πονηροί 3J 10.—Also of words and exprs. that form a unity, whether it be connected discourse (Jos., Ant. 15, 126; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 11, 5; 81, 3 al.), a conversation, or parts of one and the same teaching, or expositions on the same subject (Diod S 16, 2, 3 μετέσχε τῶν Πυθαγορίων λόγων; Dio Chrys. 37 [54], 1; Ael. Aristid. 50, 55 K.=26 p. 519 D.: οἱ Πλάτωνος λόγοι; PsSol 17:43 [words of the Messiah]; AscIs 3:12 οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Βελχειρά) πᾶς ὅστις ἀκούει μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:24; cp. vss. 26, 28; 10:14; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 10:24; Lk 1:20; 6:47; 9:28, 44. ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν ἐν λόγοις ἱκανοῖς he questioned him at some length 23:9. τίνες οἱ λ. οὗτοι οὓς ἀντιβάλλετε; what is this conversation that you are holding? 24:17; J 7:40 (s. γ); 10:19; J 14:24a; 19:13; Ac 2:22; 5:5, 24; 16:36; 2 Ti 4:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 46:7. λόγοις φθοριμαίοις AcPlCor 1:2.

ε. the subject under discussion, matter, thing gener. (Theognis 1055 Diehl; Hdt. 8, 65 μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον εἴπῃς. Cp. Hebr. דָּבָר) τὸν λ. ἐκράτησαν they took up the subject Mk 9:10; cp. Mt. 21:24 (s. 1aβ beg.). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μερὶς ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have no share in this matter Ac 8:21. ἰδεῖν περὶ τ. λόγου τούτου look into this matter 15:6. ἔχειν πρός τινα λόγον have a complaint against someone (cp. Demosth. 35, 55 ἐμοὶ πρὸς τούτους ὁ λόγος; PIand 16, 3 δίκαιον λόγον ἔχει πρὸς σέ) 19:38. παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (2d is also prob.).—Perh. also Mk 8:32 he discussed the subject quite freely (but s. 1aβ above).

ⓑ of literary or oratorical productions: of the separate books of a work (Hdt. 5, 36 ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τ. λόγων; Pla., Parmen. 2, 127d ὁ πρῶτος λόγος; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 1 ὁ μὲν πρότερος λόγος ἦν ἡμῖν, ὦ Θεόδοτε, περὶ τοῦ …) treatise Ac 1:1 (s. on the prologue to Ac: AHilgenfeld, ZWT 41, 1898, 619ff; AGercke, Her 29, 1894, 373ff; RLaqueur, Her 46, 1911, 161ff; Norden, Agn. Th. 311ff; JCreed, JTS 35, ’34, 176–82; Goodsp., Probs. 119–21). Παπίας … πέντε λόγους κυριακῶν λογίων ἔγραψεν Papias (11:1; cp. 3:1 e; 11:2; 12:2).—περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος about this we have much to say Hb 5:11. Hb is described as ὁ λ. τῆς παρακλήσεως a word of exhortation (in literary form) 13:22. Of writings that are part of Holy Scripture ὁ λ. Ἠσαί̈ου J 12:38. ὁ λ. ὁ ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γεγραμμένος 15:25; ὁ προφητικὸς λ. 2 Pt 1:19; 2 Cl 11:2 (quot. of unknown orig.); AcPl Ha 8, 27/BMM recto 35 (Just., D. 77, 2 al.). ὁ ἅγιος λ. the holy word 1 Cl 56:3. ὁ λ. ὁ γεγραμμένος 1 Cor 15:54 (Is 25:8 and Hos 13:14 follow). Pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. προφητῶν Ac 15:15. ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαί̈ου Lk 3:4 (Pla., 7th Epistle 335a πείθεσθαι ἀεὶ χρὴ τοῖς παλαιοῖς καὶ ἱεροῖς λόγοις; TestJob 1:1 βίβλος λόγων Ἰώβ; ParJer 9:32 v.l. τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ἱερεμίου; ApcEsdr 1:1 καὶ ἀποκάλυψις τοῦ … Ἐσδράμ; ApcSed prol.; Just., D. 72, 3f).—Of the content of Rv: ὁ ἀναγινώσκων τ. λόγους τῆς προφητείας 1:3. οἱ λόγοι (τ. προφητείας) τ. βιβλίου τούτου 22:7, 9f, 18f.

② computation, reckoning

ⓐ a formal accounting, esp. of one’s actions, and freq. with fig. extension of commercial terminology account, accounts, reckoning λόγον δοῦναι (Hdt. 8, 100; X., Cyr. 1, 4, 3; Diod S 3, 46, 4; SIG 1099, 16; BGU 164, 21; Jos., Ant. 16, 120; Just., D. 115, 6) give account, make an accounting ἕκαστος περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λόγον δώσει τ. θεῷ Ro 14:12. Also λ. ἀποδοῦναι abs. (Just., D. 116, 1 al.; Diod S 16, 56, 4; 19, 9, 4) Hb 13:17. τινί to someone (Diod S 16, 27, 4; Plut., Alcib. 7, 3; Chariton 7, 6, 2; SIG 631, 13 τᾷ πόλει; 2 Ch 34:28; Da 6:3 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 209) τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι 1 Pt 4:5. τινὸς of someth. (SIG 1044, 46; 1105, 10 τοῦ ἀναλώματος; Jos., Ant. 19, 307) Lk 16:2 (here λ. w. the art.; on the subject of undergoing an audit cp. Aeschin. 3, 22). Likew. περί τινος (Diod S 18, 60, 2 δοὺς αὑτῷ περὶ τούτων λόγον=taking account [considering] with himself; BGU 98, 25 περὶ τούτου) Mt 12:36; Ac 19:40. ὑπέρ τινος concerning someone Hv 3, 9, 10.—αἰτεῖν τινα λόγον περί τινος call someone to account for someth. 1 Pt 3:15 (cp. Pla., Pol. 285e; Dio Chrys. 20 [37], 30; Apc4Esdr Fgm. b ἕκαστος ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔργου τὸν λόγον ἀπαιτηθήσεται; Just., A I, 17, 4. For another perspective s. d below.).—Of banking responsibility ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (PStras 72, 10 [III A.D.] ὁ τῶν θεῶν λ.; PHerm 108 [III A.D.] λ. τοῦ Σαραπείου) in wordplay Ac 6:2 (w. τράπεζα q.v. 1c); s. also 1aβ.—Of a ledger heading (POxy 1333 [II/III A.D.] δὸς αὐτῳ λόγῳ θεωρικῶν=credit him under ‘festivals’; for others s. Preisig., Wörterbuch s.v. λ. 14; s. also Fachwörter 119) Ro 9:6 (the point is that God’s ‘list’ of Israelites is accurate; on ἐκπίπτω in the sense ‘is not deficient’ s. s.v. 4); vs. 9 (the ‘count’ is subsumed by metonymy in divine promise); Gal 5:14 (all moral obligations come under one ‘entry’: ‘you shall love your neighbor as yourself’; for commercial association of ἀναλίσκω vs. 15, which rounds out the wordplay, s. s.v.). The contexts of these three passages suggest strong probability for commercial associations; for another view s. 1aβ.

ⓑ settlement (of an account) (εἰς λόγον commercial t.t. ‘in settlement of an account’ POxy 275, 19; 21) εἰς λόγον δόσεως κ. λήμψεως in settlement of a mutual account (lit., ‘of giving and receiving’, ‘of debit and credit’) Phil 4:15 (cp. Plut., Mor. 11b λόγον δοῦναι καὶ λαβεῖν; a parallel formulation POxy 1134,10 [421 A.D.] λ. λήμματος καὶ ἐξοδιασμοῦ=ledger of income and expenditures); for the linked accounting terms δόσις and λήμψις s. PCairMasp 151, 208 [VI A.D.]. The same ideas are in the background of εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν credited to your account vs 17.—συναίρειν λόγον settle accounts (BGU 775, 18f. The mid. in the same mng. PFay109, 6 [I A.D.]; POxy 113, 27f.—Dssm., LO 94 [LAE 118f]) μετά τινος Mt 18:23; 25:19.

ⓒ reflection, respect, regard εἰς λόγον τινός with regard to, for the sake of (Thu. 3, 46, 4; Demosth. 19, 142 εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον; Polyb. 11, 28, 8; Ath. 31, 1; Ael. Aristid. 39 p. 743 D.: εἰς δεινότητος λ.) εἰς λ. τιμῆς IPhld 11:2. εἰς λ. θεοῦ ISm 10:1.

ⓓ reason for or cause of someth., reason, ground, motive (Just., D. 94, 3 δότε μοι λόγον, ὅτου χάριν … ; Ath. 30, 3 τὶς γὰρ … λόγος; Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 18 ἐκ τούτου τ. λόγου; Appian, Hann. 29 §126 τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 155) τίνι λόγω; for what reason? Ac 10:29 (cp. Pla., Gorg. 512c τίνι δικαίῳ λ.; Appian, Mithrid. 57 §232 τίνι λόγῳ;). λόγον περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος 1 Pt 3:15 (but s. a above); κατὰ λόγον Ac 18:14 (s. κατά B 5bβ). παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (though 1aε is also poss.).

ⓔ πρὸς ὸ̔ν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (ἐστίν) with whom we have to do (i.e. to reckon) (Dio Chrys. 31, 123; other exx. in FBleek, Hb II/1, 1836, 590ff), in his capacity as judge (Libanius, Legat. Ulixis [=Declamatio IV] 2 F. τοῖς δὲ ἀδίκως ἀποκτενοῦσι καὶ πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὁ λόγος γίγνεται) Hb 4:13. οὐ πρὸς σάρκα ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ πρὸς θεόν he has to do not with flesh, but with God IMg 3:2.

ⓕ In Col 2:23 (s. 1aβ) λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας may= make a case for wisdom (cp. λόγος ἡμῖν οὐδείς Plut., Mor. 870b).

③ the independent personified expression of God, the Logos. Our lit. shows traces of a way of thinking that was widespread in contemporary syncretism, as well as in Jewish wisdom lit. and Philo, the most prominent feature of which is the concept of the Logos, the independent, personified ‘Word’ (of God): GJs 11:2 (word of the angel to Mary) συνλήμψῃ ἐκ Λόγου αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ πάντων Δεσπότου). J 1:1abc, 14 (cp. Just., A I, 23, 2; Mel., P. 9, 61 and oft. by all apolog., exc.. Ar.). It is the distinctive teaching of the Fourth Gospel that this divine ‘Word’ took on human form in a historical person, that is, in Jesus (s. RSeeberg, Festgabe für AvHarnack ’21, 263–81.—Λόγος w. ζωή in gnostic speculation: Iren.1, 1, 1 [Harv. 1, 10, 4]; Aelian, VH 4, 20 ἐκάλουν τὸν Πρωταγόραν Λόγον. Similarly Favorinus [II A.D.]: Vorsokr. 80 A 1 ln. 22 [in Diog. L. 9, 50] of Democritus: ἐκαλεῖτο Σοφία. Equating a divinity with an abstraction that she personifies: Artem. 5, 18 φρόνησις εἶναι νομίζεται ἡ θεός [Athena]). Cp. 1J 1:1; Rv 19:13. εἷς θεός ἐστιν, ὁ φανερώσας ἑαυτὸν διὰ Ἰ. Χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ λόγος, ἀπὸ σιγῆς προελθών there is one God, who has revealed himself through Jesus Christ his Son, who is his ‘Word’ proceeding from silence (i.e., without an oral pronouncement: in a transcendent manner) IMg 8:2 (s. σιγή). The Lord as νόμος κ. λόγος PtK 1. Cp. Dg 11:2, 3, 7, 8; 12:9.—HClavier, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 81–93: the Alexandrian eternal λόγος is also implied in Hb 4:12; 13:7.—S. also the ‘Comma Johanneum’ (to the bibliography in RGG³ I, ’54 [HGreeven] add AJülicher, GGA 1905, 930–35; AvHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 572f [=Studien I ’31, 151f]; MMeinertz, Einl. in d. NT⁴ ’33, 309–11; AGreiff, TQ 114, ’33, 465–80; CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46; WThiele, ZNW 50, ’59, 61–73) ὁ πατήρ, ὁ λόγος καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα 1J 5:7 v.l. (s. N. app.; Borger, TRu 52, ’87, 57f). (Such interpolations were not unheard of. According to Diog. L. 1, 48 some people maintain that Solon inserted the verse mentioning the Athenians after Il. 2, 557.—τῆς τριάδος, τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 19].)—On the Logos: EZeller, D. Philosophie der Griechen III 2⁴ 1903, 417–34; MHeinze, D. Lehre v. Logos in d. griech. Philosophie 1872; PWendland, Philo u. d. kynisch-stoische Diatribe (Beiträge z. Gesch. der griech. Philosophie u. Religion by Wendl. and OKern 1895, 1–75); AAall, Gesch. d. Logosidee 1896, 1899; MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48f, I 482; 490 (index); LDürr, D. Wertung des göttl. Wortes im AT u. im ant. Orient ’38 (§9 of the Joh. Logos); EBréhier, Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie 1907, 83–111; (² ’25); JLebreton, Les théories du Logos au début de l’ère chrétienne 1907; ESchwartz, NGG 1908, 537–56; GVos, The Range of the Logos-Title in the Prologue of the Fourth Gospel: PTR 11, 1913, 365–419; 557–602; RHarris, The Origin of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel 1917, Athena, Sophia and the Logos: BJRL 7, 1, 1922 p. 56–72; M-JLagrange, Vers le Logos de S. Jean: RB 32, 1923, 161–84, Le Logos de Philon: ibid. 321–71; HLeisegang, Logos: Pauly-W. XIII 1926, 1035–81; TGlasson, Heraclitus’ Alleged Logos Doctr., JTS 3, ’52, 231–38.—NWeinstein, Z. Genesis d. Agada 1901, 29–90; Billerb. II 302–33.—Rtzst., Zwei religionsgeschichtl. Fragen 1901, 47–132, Mysterienrel.³ 1927, 428 index; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 304ff; 316f; JKroll, D. Lehren d. Hermes Trismegistos1914, 418 index.—RBultmann, D. religionsgesch. Hintergrund des Prol. z. Joh.: HGunkel Festschr., 1923, II 1–26, Comm. ’41, 5ff; AAlexander, The Johannine Doctrine of the Logos: ET 36, 1925, 394–99; 467–72; (Rtzst. and) HSchaeder, Studien z. antiken Synkretismus 1926, 306–37; 350; GAvdBerghvanEysinga, In den beginne was de Logos: NThT 23, ’34, 105–23; JDillersberger, Das Wort von Logos ’35; RBury, The 4th Gosp. and the Logos-Doctrine ’40; EMay, CBQ 8, ’46, 438–47; GKnight, From Moses to Paul ’49, 120–29. TW IV 76–89; 126–40 (on this s. SLyonnet, Biblica 26, ’45, 126–31); CStange, ZST 21, ’50, 120–41; MBoismard, Le Prologue de St. Jean ’53; HLangkammer, BZ 9, ’65, 91–94; HRinggren, Word and Wisdom [hypostatization in Near East] ’47; WEltester, Haenchen Festschr., ’64, 109–34; HWeiss, Untersuchungen zur Kosmologie etc., TU 97, ’66, 216–82; MRissi, Die Logoslieder im Prolog des vierten Evangeliums, TZ 31, ’75, 321–36; HLausberg, NAWG, Ph. ’87, 1 pp. 1–7.—B. 1262. DELG s.v. λέγω B 1. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἀνίστημι (α-priv., ἵστημι; Hom. +) fut. ἀναστήσω; 1 aor. ἀνέστησα; pf. 3 sg. ἀνέστακεν 1 Km 15:12; 2 aor. ἀνέστην, impv. ἀνάστηθι and ἀνάστα: Eph 5:14, Ac 9:11 v.l.; 11:7 v.l.; 12:7 (cp. TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 2 [Stone p. 60] al.; ParJer 1:1 opp. vs. 10). Ptc. ἀναστάς, W-S. §14, 15, B-D-F §95, 3; fut. mid. ἀναστήσομαι; aor. pass. subj. 3 sg. ἀνασταθῇ 1 Esdr 2:18, n. ptc. ἀνασταθέντα 2 Macc 5:16. Trans. (1–5 below): fut. and 1 aor. act.; intr. (6–11 below): 2 aor. and all mid. forms.

① to cause to stand or be erect, raise, erect, raise up trans.,

ⓐ of images of deities (oft. of statues SIG 867, 68; 1073, 45; BGU 362 VI, 4 et al.). PtK 2 p. 14, 16 (Ath. 26, 2 [pass.])

ⓑ of one lying down, esp. one sick (Artem. 2, 37 p. 139, 23 τοὺς νοσοῦντας ἀνίστησιν; Jos., Ant. 7, 193) δοὺς αὐτῇ χεῖρα ἀνέστησεν αὐτήν he gave her his hand and raised her up Ac 9:41.

② to raise up by bringing back to life, raise, raise up, trans.—esp. of the dead raise up, bring to life (Ps.-X., Cyn. 1, 6; Paus. 2, 26, 5 [Asclepius] ἀνίστησι τεθνεῶτας; Ael. Aristid. 45, 29 K. = 8 p. 95 D.: [Sarapis] κειμένους ἀνέστησεν; Palaeph. p. 35, 8; Himerius, Or. [Ecl.] 5, 32; 2 Macc 7:9; Just., D. 46, 7 al.; Orig., C. Cels. 2, 48, 20) J 6:39f, 44, 54; in full ἀ. ἐκ νεκρῶν Ac 13:34 (Herodas 1, 43 ἐκ νερτέρων ἀνίστημί τινα). Esp. of Jesus’ resurrection Ac 2:24, 30 v.l., 32; 3:26 (in wordplay w. ἀ. vs. 22); 13:33f; 17:31. Ign. says of Jesus ἀνέστησεν ἑαυτόν ISm 2 (cp. Theodore Prodr. 5, 88 H. ἂν … ἑαυτὸν αὐτὸς ἐξαναστήσῃ πάλιν).

③ to cause to be born, raise up, trans., in the idiom ἀνιστάναι σπέρμα raise up seed=to beget, to procreate σπέρμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ children for his brother Mt 22:24 (Gen 38:8) w. ref. to levirate marriage. Of procreation in gener. σπέρμα ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἀνέστησαν the upright have left descendants in Is. GJs 1:3 (s. ἐξανίστημι 2).

④ to cause to appear for a role or function, raise up, trans. (Plut., Marcell. 314 [27, 2]; Synes., Ep. 67 p. 210c; EpJer 52; PsSol 17:21; cp. Did., Gen. 139, 7) προφήτην ὑμῖν Ac 3:22 (after Dt 18:15 and in wordplay w. ἀ. Ac. 3:26, s. 2 above). Through election τίνα ἀναστήσουσιν εἰς τὸν τόπον τοῦ Ζαχαρίου GJs 24:4.

⑤ to erect a structure, trans. (Jos., Ant. 19, 329 ναούς) Mk 14:58 D.

⑥ to stand up from a recumbent or sitting position, stand up, rise to speak, intr. (X., An. 3, 2, 34 ἀναστὰς εἶπε) ἀναστὰς ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἶπεν Mt 26:62; cp. Mk 14:57, 60; Lk 17:12 v.l.; out of bed (2 Km 11:2; cp. of God Just., D. 127, 2 οὔτε καθεύδει οὔτε ἀνίσταται) 11:7, 8. Rise and come together for consultation (Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 83, 15f: ἀναστὰς εἰς συμβούλιον καὶ σκεψάμενος μετὰ τῶν …) Ac 26:30. Of one recovered from illness Mk 9:27 or come back to life (Proverbia Aesopi 101 P.) ἀνέστη τὸ κοράσιον Mk 5:42; cp. Lk 8:55. W. inf. foll. to show purpose ἀ. ἀναγνῶναι stand up to read (scripture) Lk 4:16; ἀ. παίζειν 1 Cor 10:7 (Ex 32:6); ἀ. ἄρχειν Ro 15:12; Is 11:10). Short for stand up and go (Sus 34) ἀναστὰς ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἰς μέσον he stood up and went before them Mk 14:60; ἀ. ἀπὸ τῆς συναγωγῆς Lk 4:38; ἀ. ἀπὸ τῆς προσευχῆς 22:45. ἀπὸ τοῦ σάκκου GJs 13:2; ἀπο τοῦ ὕπνου 14:2. Of a tree that is bent over and rises again B 12:1.

⑦ to come back to life from the dead, rise up, come back from the dead, intr. (Il. 21, 56; Hdt. 3, 62, 4) J 11:23f; 1 Cor 15:51 D (PBrandhuber, D. sekund. LAA b. 1 Cor 15:51: Biblica 18, ’37, 303–33; 418–38); 1 Th 4:16; IRo 4:3; ISm 7:1; B 11:7 (Ps 1:5); 2 Cl 9:1; AcPl BMM verso 38; in full ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀ. (Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 3, 3 Jac. ἀνέστη ὁ Βούπλαγος ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν) Mk 9:10; 12:25; Qua (apolog.). Lk 16:30 v.l. w. ἀπό. Partic. of Jesus’ resurrection (cp. Hos 6:2 ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ ἀναστησόμεθα; -->cp. 1 Cor 15:4) Mt 17:9 v.l.; 20:19 v.l.; Mk 8:31; 9:9f, 31; 10:34; 16:9; Lk 18:33; 24:7, 46; J 20:9; Ac 17:3; Ro 14:9 v.l.; 1 Th 4:14; IRo 6:1; B 15:9. Intr. used for the pass. ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ ἀναστάντα raised by God (from the dead) Pol 9:2; περὶ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ χριστοῦ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστάντων Papias (11:2). Fig., of a spiritual reawakening ἀνάστα ἐκ τ. νεκρῶν arise from the dead Eph 5:14 (cp. Cleopatra ln. 127f and Rtzst., Erlösungsmyst. 6; 135ff).—For lit. s. ἀνάστασις, end.

⑧ to show oneself eager to help, arise, intr., to help the poor, of God 1 Cl 15:6 (Ps 11:6).

⑨ to come/appear to carry out a function or role, rise up, arise, intr. (1 Macc 2:1; 14:41; Jdth 8:18; 1 Esdr 5:40) of a king Ac 7:18 (Ex 1:8). Of a priest Hb 7:11, 15. Of accusers in court Mt 12:41; Lk 11:32 (s. ἐγείρω 12); Mk 14:57 (cp. the use of קום ‘stand up’ in 11Q Temple 61, 7). Of a questioner who appears in a group of disciples Lk 10:25, cp. Ac 6:9 (s. 2 Ch 20:5). Of an enemy ἀ. ἐπί τινα (Gen 4:8; 2 Ch 20:23; Sus 61 Theod.; ApcEsdr 3:12 p. 27, 23 Tdf. [for ἐπαναστήσονται Mt 10:21; Mk 13:12]) rise up or rebel against someone Mk 3:26.

⑩ to initiate an action, intr., gener., w. weakened basic mng., to indicate the beginning of an action (usu. motion) expr. by another verb: rise, set out, get ready (X., Cyr. 5, 2, 14; Gen 13:17; 19:14; 1 Macc 16:5; Tob 8:10; 10:10; Sus 19 Theod.; Jos., Ant. 14, 452; Just., D. 9, 2) ἀναστὰς ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ he got ready and followed him Mt 9:9; Lk 5:28; Mk 2:14. ἀ. ἐξῆλθεν 1:35; ἀ. ἀπῆλθεν 7:24; ἀ. ἔρχεται 10:1; ἀ. ἔδραμεν Lk 24:12; ἀναστᾶσα ἐπορεύθη (cp. Gen 43:8) Lk 1:39, cp. 15:18. ἀναστάντες ἐξέβαλον 4:29; ἀναστᾶσα διηκόνει vs. 39; ἀ. ἔστη 6:8; ἀ. ἦλθεν 15:20; ἀνάστηθι καὶ πορεύου get up and go! Ac 8:26, cp. 27. For this ἀναστὰς πορεύθητι (but v.l. ἀνάστα πορ.) 9:11. ἀνάστηθι καὶ εἴσελθε vs. 6. ἀνάστηθι καὶ στρῶσον vs. 34. ἀναστὰς κατάβηθι 10:20 al.

⑪ to become a standing structure, rise, go up, intr. (Mel., P. 36 ἔργον) Mk 13:2 v.l.—Dalman, Worte 18f. B. 668. DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. TW. Sv.