ϑεοὺς+καὶ+δαίμονας

ἡγέομαι, [dialect] Dor. [pref] ἁγ- (irreg. [tense] pres. part.

A

ἁγώμενος Hymn.Curet.4

), [tense] impf. ἡγούμην ll.12.28, etc., [dialect] Ion.

- εύμην Hdt.2.115

,

ἡγέοντο Id.9.15

: [tense] fut.

ἡγήσομαι Il.14.374

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1

ἡγησάμην Od.14.48

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1 ἡγήθην in pass. sense, PGiss.48.20 (iii A.D.) (cf. περιηγ-): [tense] pf.

ἥγημαι Hdt.1.126

, 2.115,

ἅγημαι Pi.P.4.248

:—go before, lead the way,

ὣς εἰπὼν ἡγεῖθ', ἡ δ' ἕσπετο Παλλὰς 'Αθήνη Od.1.125

;

ἂν πάϊς ἡγήσαιτο νήπιος 6.300

, etc.;

πρόσθεν δὲ.. Ἶρις ἡγεῖτ' Il.24.96

;

ἡγοῦ πάροιθε E. Ph. 834

;

ἡ. ἐπὶ νῆα Od.13.65

;

ἐς τεῖχος Il.20.144

;

κλισίηνδε Od.14

. 48, cf. Hdt.2.93, etc.;

ἡγησόμενος οὐδεὶς ἔσται X.An.2.4.5

: Astron., precede in the daily movement, Autol.2.3, al.

b c. dat. pers.,

Τρωσὶ ποτὶ πτόλιν ἡγήσασθαι Il.22.101

;

ἐκ Δουλιχίου.. ἡγεῖτο μνηστῆρσι Od.16.397

;

οἱ γὰρ βλέποντες τοῖς τυφλοῖς ἡγούμεθα Ar.Pl.15

;

ἡ. τοῖς πολίταις πρὸς ἀρετήν X.Ages.10.2

.

c with ὁδόν added, ὁδὸν ἡγήσασθαι to go before on the way, Od.10.263;

ἡ. τινὶ τὴν ὁδόν Hdt.9.15

.

d c. acc. loci, ἥ οἱ.. πόλιν ἡγήσαιτο who might guide him to the city, Od.6.114, cf. 7.22, 15.82;

ἡ. βωμοὺς ἀστικούς A.Supp. 501

.

e ἅρματα ἡ. drive chariots, Philostr.Im.2.23.

f of logical priority, to be antecedent, opp. ἕπεσθαι, Stoic.2.71, 88, S.E. M.8.110, al., Dam.Pr. 241, Phlp. in GC195.13, in Ph.496.14.

g ἡγούμενον, τό, the leading principle, the main thing, Ph.Bel.63.14, cf. Sosip.1.47.

2 c. dat. pers. et gen. rei, to be one's leader in a thing,

θεῖος ἀοιδὸς.. ἡμῖν ἡγείσθω.. ὀρχηθμοῖο Od.23.134

; ἡ. τινὶ σοφίας, ᾠδῆς, Pi.P.l.c., Pl.Alc.1.125d;

ἀλήθεια δὴ πάντων μὲν ἀγαθῶν θεοῖς ἡγεῖται πάντων δὲ ἀνθρώποις Id.Lg. 730c

;

ἡ. τοῦ χοροῦ Πέρσαις X.Cyr.8.7.1

, cf. Call.Del. 313: c. gen. rei, ἁ. νόμων to lead the song, Pi.N.5.25;

φρόνησις ἡ. τοῦ ὀρθῶς πράττειν Pl.Men. 97c

;

ἡ. παντὸς καὶ λόγου καὶ ἔργου X.Mem.2.3.15

: also,

τὸ ὀρθῶς τοῖς τοιούτοις χρῆσθαι ἐπιστήμη ἦν ἡγουμένη Pl.Euthd. 281a

.

3 c. dat. rei, to be leader in.., κερδοσύνῃ, νηπιέῃσι ἡ. τινί, Il.22.247, Od.24.469.

4 c. acc. rei, lead, conduct,

ἡ. τὰς πομπάς D.21.174

; τὴν ἀποδημίαν (v.l. for ᾐτήσατο) Dinon 7;

τὰς τύχας E.Supp. 226

: with adverbial acc.,

ἡ γλῶσσα πάνθ' ἡγουμένη S.Ph.99

.

5 part. ἡγούμενος, η, ον, as Adj., σκέλη ἡγούμενα, opp. ἑπόμενα, the front legs, Arist.IA 713b6; ὁ ἡ. πούς the advanced foot, Id.Fr.74.

II lead, command in war, c. dat.,

νῆες θοαί, ᾗσιν 'Αχιλλεὺς ἐς Τροίην ἡγεῖτο Il.16.169

, cf. Od.14.238; οὐ γὰρ ἔην ὅς τίς σφιν ἐπὶ στίχας ἡγήσαιτο might lead them to their ranks, Il.2.687;

ἡ. Τρώεσσιν ἐς Ἴλιον 5.211

;

ἡ. Μῄοσιν 2.864

;

λόγχαισιν E.Ba. 1360

;

ἑτέροις Lys. 31.17

, cf. X.An.5.2.6;

ἐν ταῖς στρατείαις, αἷς ἡγεῖται βασιλεύς Isoc. 12.180

: also generally,

πόλει E.Fr.282.24

; but usu. c. gen.,

Σαρπηδὼν δ' ἡγήσατ'.. ἐπικούρων Il.12.101

;

ἡγήσατο λαῶν 15.311

, cf. 2.567, al.;

ἡ. τῆς ἐξόδου Th.2.10

;

ἡγούμενος τῶν ἡδονῶν ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀγόμενος ὑπ' αὐτῶν Isoc.9.45

: abs., to be in command, Id.16.21, etc.

2 rule, have dominion, c. gen., τῆς 'Ασίης, τῆς συμμαχίης, Hdt.1.95, 7.148;

οἱ Θεσσαλίης ἡγεόμενοι Id.9.1

: abs., οἱ ἡγούμενοι the rulers, S. Ph. 386, cf. A.Ag. 1363;

ἡ. ἐν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς

leading men,

Act.Ap. 15.22

; ἡ. σχολῆς to be the head of a philosophical school, Phld.Acad. Ind.p.107 M., al.

3 as official title, ἡγούμενος, ὁ, president,

συνόδου PGrenf.2.67.3

(iii A.D.); γερδίων ib.43.9 (i A.D.);

ἱερέων PLond. 2.281.2

(i A.D.): abs., PFay.110.26 (i A.D.).

b of Roman governors, ἡ. ἔθνους,= Lat. praeses provinciae, POxy.1020.5 (ii/iii A.D.);

ἡ. τῆς Γαλατίας Luc.Alex.44

.

c of subordinate officials,

ἡ. τοῦ στρατηγοῦ POxy.294.19

(i A.D.);

κώμης PRyl.125.3

(i A.D.).

d abbot, Just.Nov.7.1, al.: fem. - μένη abbess, ibid.

4 ἡγούμενος as Adj., principal,

πυλών PFlor.382.15

(iii A.D.), POxy.55.9 (iii A.D.).

III post-Hom., believe, hold, Hdt. (usu. in [tense] pf. ἥγημαι, [ per.] 3pl. ἡγέαται), etc.;

ἡ. τι εἶναι Id.1.126

, al.;

ἡγεῖσθε δὲ [θεοὺς] βλέπειν.. πρὸς τὸν εὐσεβῆ βροτῶν S.OC 278

, cf. Th.2.89, Ar.Nu. 1020 (lyr.), etc.

2 with an attributive word added, ἡ. τινὰ βασιλέα hold or regard as king, Hdt.6.52;

μηδ' αὐθαδίαν εὐβουλίας ἀμείνον' ἡγήσῃ ποτέ A.Pr. 1035

;

ἅπαντας ἐχθροὺς τῶν θεῶν ἡγοῦ πλέον Id.Ch. 902

, cf. 905; ἡ. τἄλλα πάντα δεύτερα to hold everything else secondary, S.Ph. 1442; οὐκ αἰσχρὸν ἡγῇ.. τὰ ψευδῆ λέγειν; ib. 108, cf. Ant. 1167;

τὰς τούτων ἀπορίας ἀντιπάλους ἡ. τῷ ἡμετέρῳ πλήθει Th.4.10

;

περὶ πολλοῦ ἥγημαι μὴ ξεινοκτονέειν Hdt.2.115

;

περὶ πλείονος Isoc.19.10

;

περὶ πλείστου Th.2.89

;

περὶ οὐδενός Lys.7.26

; παρ' οὐδέν Decr. ap. D.18.164: c. part.,

πᾶν κέρδος ἡγοῦ ζημιουμένη φυγῇ E.Med. 454

.

3 esp. of belief in gods,

τὴν μεγίστην δαίμονα ἥγηνται εἶναι Hdt.2.40

, cf. 3.8; ἡ. θεούς to believe in gods, Ar.Eq.32, E.Hec. 800, Ba. 1326;

δαίμονας ἡ. Pl.Ap. 27d

.

4 ἡγοῦμαι δεῖν think fit, deem necessary, c. inf., And.1.23, D.1.20: without δεῖν, παθεῖν μᾶλλον ἡγησάμενοι ἤ .. Th.2.42 (s.v.l.);

ἡγησάμην διατάγματι αὐτοὺς σωφρονίσαι Inscr.Magn.114

(ii A.D.);

ἡγήσατο ἐπαινέσαι Pl.Prt. 346b

.

IV [tense] pf. in pass. sense, τὰ ἁγημένα,= τὰ νομιζόμενα, Orac. ap. D.43.66; ἡγεόμενον being led, Hdt.3.14 ( ἀγόμενον Dind.): hence act. form ἡγέω, Hdn.Gr.2.950. ( sāg-, cf. Lat. praesagio.)

εἰς prep. w. acc. (Hom.+; s. the lit. under ἀνά, beg., also ATheimer, Die Präp. εἰς, ἐν, ἐκ im NT: Progr. z. 24. u. 29. Jahresbericht des niederösterr. Landes-Real-u. Obergymnasiums Horn 1896; 1901; AOepke, TW II 418–32), indicating motion into a thing or into its immediate vicinity or relation to something.

① extension involving a goal or place, into, in, toward, to

ⓐ into, toward, to after verbs of going, or those that include motion toward a place (also after subst. as ἄφιξις Tat. 37, 1 or πορεία 38, 1); so after ἄγω, ἀκολουθέω, ἀναβαίνω, ἀνάγω, ἀναχωρέω, ἀνέρχομαι, ἄπειμι, ἀπέρχομαι, ἀποδημέω, ἀποπλέω, γίνομαι δεῦρο, διαβαίνω, διαπεράω, διασῴζω, διέρχομαι, διώκω, εἰσάγω, εἴσειμι, εἰσέρχομαι, εἰσπορεύομαι, ἐκπηδάω, ἐκπλέω, ἐκπορεύομαι, ἐμβαίνω, ἐμβάλλω, ἐνδύνω, ἐξέρχομαι, ἐπανάγω, ἐπιβαίνω, ἐπιστρέφω, ἔρχομαι (s. Goodsp., Probs. 56f), εὐθυδρομέω, ἥκω, καθίζω, καταβαίνω (s. Goodsp., Probs. 52–54), κατάγομαι, καταντάω, καταπλέω, καταφεύγω, κατέρχομαι, μεταβαίνω, ὁρμάω, παραβάλλω, παραγίνομαι, πέτομαι, πλέω, πορείαν ποιοῦμαι, πορεύομαι, προάγω, συμβάλλω, συνάγομαι, συναναβαίνω, συνέρχομαι, ὑπάγω, ὑποστρέφω, ὑποχωρέω, φεύγω, χωρέω; s. these entries.

α. extension toward, in the direction of, a specific place to be reached. Hence w. nouns that denote an accessible place εἰς τὸν οἶκον into the house Mt 9:7; synagogue Ac 17:10; heaven Lk 2:15; abyss 8:31. φεύγειν εἰς τὰ ὄρη Mk 13:14. W. names of places and countries to Spain Ro 15:24, 28. εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ vs. 25 al. Also on, in εἰς (τὰς) ὁδούς Lk 14:23; Mt 10:5, 10; εἰς ὁδόν Mk 6:8; 10:17. εἰς ἀγρόν 16:12. In another sense ἀναβαίνει εἰς τὸ ὄρος 3:13; Mt 15:29.—In the vicinity of, near, to (Jos., Vi. 115 εἰς τ. κώμην) εἰς (τὴν) θάλασσαν Mk 7:31; 3:7 v.l.; Mt 17:27. εἰς πόλιν (Hdt. 2, 169; 4, 200, 1; Diod S 15, 32, 2 παραγενόμενος εἰς πόλιν) J 4:5; cp. vs. 28. εἰς τό μνημεῖον 11:31, 38; 20:1, 3f (cp. vs. 6). ἐγγίζειν εἰς (Tob 11:1) Mt 21:1; Mk 11:1; Lk 18:35; 19:29. εἰς τοὺς φραγμούς to the hedges 14:23. κλίνειν τὸ πρόσωπον εἰς τ. γῆν toward the ground 24:5.

β. with focus on the area within the point reached. After verbs of sending, moving, etc., which result in movement or include a movement of the body to, into, among εἰς τὴν πόλιν into the city Mt 26:18 al.; boat Mt 8:23; J 6:17; world J 1:9; εἰς τ. ναόν 2 Th 2:4; εἰς (τὸ) μέσον (Sir 27:12; cp. 48:17): ἔστη εἰς τὸ μέσον (X., Cyr. 4, 1, 1), he (came and) stood among them J 20:19, 26; cp. Mk 14:60; Lk 6:8, also ἔγειρε εἰς τὸ μ. get up and come here Mk 3:3.—δέχεσθαι εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας take in (into) one’s arms Lk 2:28 (cp. Jos., Ant. 8, 28).

γ. of movement directed at a surface of an area on, in: of striking (PRyl 145, 13f [38 A.D.] ἔδωκεν πληγὰς πλείους εἰς πᾶν μέρος τοῦ σώματος=gave many blows all over his body; cp. PTebt 39, 32) τύπτειν εἰς τ. κεφαλήν on the head Mt 27:30 (cp. Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4 ἐμβάλλειν εἰς τ. κεφαλήν). ῥαπίζειν εἰς τὴν σιαγόνα on the cheek 5:39.—εἰς τ. ὄμματα Mk 8:23; εἰς τ. ὁδόν 11:8; ἀναπίπτειν εἰς τ. ἔσχατον τόπον sit in the lowest place Lk 14:10; cp. vs. 8. εἰς τὴν χεῖρα, τοὺς πόδας on his hand, his feet Lk 15:22.

δ. of a position within a certain area be at, be in, be on εἰς is freq. used where ἐν would be expected (s. 1bβ below; for Mark usage s. JO’Rourke, JBL 85, ’66, 349–51)—(Hdt. 7, 239, 1; Diod S 13, 101, 3; 20, 30, 2; Vett. Val. index III p. 394b; PTebt 38, 14 [113 B.C.] εἰς ὸ̔ν ἐνοικεῖ … οἶκον; POxy 294, 6 [22 A.D.]; 929, 12; BGU 385, 5; 423, 7; Kaibel 134; LXX. Cp. GHatzidakis, Einl. in die neugr. Gramm. 1892, 210f; Mlt. 62f, 234f; Rob. 592f; Rdm.² 14; 140; B-D-F §205; EOldenburger, De Or. Sib. Elocutione, diss. Rostock 1903, 26ff) εἰς τ. κοίτην εἶναι Lk 11:7. εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν Mk 10:10. οἱ εἰς τ. οἶκόν μου (ὄντες) Lk 9:61. οἱ εἰς μακρὰν (ὄντες) Ac 2:39. καθημένου εἰς τὸ ὄρος Mk 13:3 (cp. Musonius 43, 18 H. καθῆσθαι εἰς Σινώπην). ὁ εἰς τὸν ἀγρὸν (ὤν) he who is in the field 13:16. γίνεσθαι εἰς τὴν Καφαρναούμ happen in Capernaum Lk 4:23. εἰς συναγωγὰς δαρήσεσθε you will be beaten in the synagogues Mk 13:9. εὑρέθη εἰς Ἄζωτον he found himself in A. Ac 8:40 (cp. Esth 1:5 τοῖς ἔθνεσιν τοῖς εὑρεθεῖσιν εἰς τ. πόλιν; Gen 37:17). ἀποθανεῖν εἰς Ἰερ. Ac 21:13 (cp. Aelian, VH 7, 8 Ἡφαιστίων εἰς Ἐκβάτανα ἀπέθανε). κατοικεῖν εἰς Ἰερ. Ac 2:5; cp. Mt 2:23; 4:13; Ac 7:4; Hb 11:9 (cp. Thu. 2, 102, 6; X., An. 1, 2, 24; Num 35:33; 2 Ch 19:4). χάριν, εἰς ἣν στῆτε the favor in which you stand 1 Pt 5:12. ἔχειν βιβλίον εἰς τὰς χεῖρας have a book in one’s hands Hv 1, 2, 2. πηλὸς γάρ ἐσμεν εἰς την χεῖρα τοῦ τεχνίτου for we are clay in the hand of the artisan. εἰς ταύτην τὴν πόλιν in this city 2, 4, 3 al.—εἰς=at or on (BGU 845, 20f; τραπέζας … εἰς ἃς ἤσθιον οἱ πτωχοί TestJob 25:5) ὁ ὢν εἰς τ. κόλπον τ. πατρός who leans on the breast (or reclines in the lap) of the Father (=who is on intimate terms w. the Father, s. κόλπος) J 1:18. In AcPlCor 2:35 the prepositions εἰς and ἐν appear to be carefully distinguished: τὰ δεσμὰ εἰς τὰς χείρας ἔχω … καὶ τὰ στίγματα ἐν τῷ σώματί μου.

ε. of presence in an area determined by other objects, esp. after verbs of sending, moving, etc. including ἀπολύω, ἀποστέλλω, βάλλω, βαπτίζω, δέχομαι, δίδωμι, ἐγκεντρίζω, ἐκβάλλω, ἐκπέμπω, ἐκχέω, ἐμβάπτω, ἐξαποστέλλω, καθίημι, μεταπέμπομαι, παρακύπτω, πέμπω, χαλάω; s. these entries. ἐμπίπτειν εἰς τοὺς λῃστάς fall among robbers Lk 10:36. εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας among the thorns Mk 4:7; εἰς τ. λαόν Ac 4:17 et al., where the transl. depends on the verb in question. πνεύματος ἁγίου … ἀποσταλέντος εἰς αὐτήν (Μαρίαν) sent into her AcPlCor 2:5; cp. 2:10 ἔπεμψεν εἰς τοὺς προφήτας into the prophets; 2:14 κατέπεμψε … εἰς Μαρίαν.—ἔστη εἰς τὸ κριτήριον she stood before the tribunal GJs 15:2 (difft. J 20:19, 26, s. 1aβ).

ⓑ of direction toward something without ref. to bodily motion.

α. w. verbs of looking (fr. Od. 10, 37; Il. 3, 364; LXX) ἀναβλέπειν εἴς τι look up toward someth. (2 Macc 7:28; Sus 35 Theod.) Mk 6:41; Lk 9:16; Ac 22:13; cp. ἀτενίζω, βλέπω, ἐμβλέπω, ὁράω (Just., D. 112, 1).—ἐπαίρειν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς εἴς τινα raise one’s eyes toward someone Lk 6:20.

β. after verbs of saying, teaching, proclaiming, preaching, etc. (Trag.; Hdt. 8:26, 3; Thu. 1, 72, 2; 5, 45, 1 and many later wr., incl. LXX) λαλεῖν εἰς τ. κόσμον say to the world J 8:26. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον εἰς ὅλον τ. κόσμον the gospel in the whole world Mk 14:9. εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη 13:10; Lk 24:47. εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 Th 2:9. εὐαγγελίζεσθαι εἴς τινα 2 Cor 10:16; 1 Pt 1:25; γνωρίζειν Ro 16:26. ἀπαγγέλλειν τι εἴς τινα Mk 5:14; Lk 8:34. διαμαρτύρεσθαι εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ, μαρτυρεῖν εἰς Ῥώμην bear witness in Jerusalem, Rome Ac 23:11. ἵνα εἰς Νινευὴ μὴ κηρύξῃ AcPlCor 2:29. In these and similar cases εἰς approaches ἐν in mng.; s. 1aδ.

γ. The same is true of βαπτίζεσθαι εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην Mk 1:9 and νίπτεσθαι εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν J 9:7; these expr. look like exx. of the interchange of εἰς and ἐν, but were orig. formed on the analogy of X., Cyr. 1, 3, 5 ἀποκαθαίρει τὴν χεῖρα εἰς τὰ χειρόμακτρα= lit. ‘into the towels’; cp. Epict. 3, 22, 71 ἵνʼ αὐτὸ (sc. τὸ παιδίον) λούσῃ εἰς σκάφην; Alciphron, Ep. 3, 7, 1; Athen. 10, 438e.

② extension in time, to, until, on

ⓐ w. indication of specific time

α. up to which someth. continues εἰς τέλος to the end (Epict. 1, 7, 17) Mt 10:22; 24:13; Mk 13:13. εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν until that day 2 Ti 1:12 (Ath. 2, 1 εἰς … τὴν σήμερον ἡμέραν). εἰς ἡμέραν Χριστοῦ Phil 1:10. εἰς Χριστόν until the coming of the Messiah Gal 3:24.

β. for or on which someth. happens μεριμνᾶν εἰς τὴν αὔριον be anxious for tomorrow Mt 6:34; cp. Hs 6, 5, 3; εἰς τὸ μέλλον for the future 1 Ti 6:19. εἰς τὸ μεταξὺ σάββατον on the next Sabbath Ac 13:42. εἰς ἡμέραν (UPZ 66, 5 [153 B.C.]) for the day Phil 2:16; cp. Eph 4:30; Rv 9:15.

γ. at which someth. takes place (Appian, Mithrid. 74 §321 ἐς ἑσπέραν=in the evening; Epict. 4, 10, 31 αὔριον ἢ εἰς τὴν τρίτην; En 1:1 οἵτινες ἔσονται εἰς ἡμέραν ἀνάγκης) εἰς τὸν καιρὸν αὐτῶν in their time Lk 1:20; εἰς τὸ μέλλον in the future 13:9. εἰς τέλος in the end, finally (Hdt. 3, 403; Gen 46:4; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 18, 2) 18:5 (B-D-F §207, 3 prefers mng. 3 below and ὑπωπιάζω 3; s. also Mlt-Turner 266). εἰς τὸ πάλιν=πάλιν 2 Cor 13:2; s. Schmid I 167; II 129; III 282; IV 455; 625. εἰς ταχεῖαν soon AcPlCor 2:3.

ⓑ to indicate duration of time for, throughout (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 332, 16 Jac. εἰς νύκτα; Arrian, Anab. 4, 30, 1 ἐς τρεῖς ἡμέρας; Just., D. 2, 5 εἰς μακρὰν for a long time) εἰς ἔτη πολλά for many years Lk 12:19. εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας (αἰών 1b) forever Mt 21:19; Mk 3:29; 11:14; Lk 1:33; J 8:35 and oft. εἰς ἡμέραν αἰῶνος to the day of eternity 2 Pt 3:18. εἰς γενεὰς καὶ γενεάς for generation after generation Lk 1:50. εἰς τὸ διηνεκές forever Hb 7:3; 10:1, 12, 14 (cp. Thu. 2, 64, 3 ἐς ἀί̈διον).

③ marker of degree, up to: εἰς τέλος completely, fully, absolutely (s. Just, A I, 44, 12 and on τέλος 2bγ) 1 Th 2:16; B 4:7; 19:11; Hv 3, 7, 2; m 12, 2, 3; Hs 8, 6, 4; 8, 8, 5; 8, 9, 3.—J 13:1 combines in εἰς τέλος the mngs. to the end (s. 2aα above) and to the uttermost (cp. Appian, Mithrid. 58 §239 ἡμῶν ἀμυναμένων ἤδη καὶ ἀμυνουμένων ἐς τέλος=we have defended ourselves up to now and will defend ourselves ἐς τέλος). εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα 2 Cor 10:13, 15 (cp. PVat A 12=Witkowski 36, 12 [168 B.C.] εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα). εἰς περισσείαν 10:15. εἰς ὑπερβολήν (Eur., Hipp. 939; Aeschin., F. Leg. 4) 4:17. εἰς τὸ παντελές (q.v. 2) Lk 13:11; Hb 7:25 (Tat. 6, 1).

④ marker of goals involving affective/abstract/suitability aspects, into, to

ⓐ of entry into a state of being w. verbs of going, coming, leading, etc., used in a fig. sense: ἀπέρχεσθαι εἰς κόλασιν αἰώνιον Mt 25:46 (cp. Sir 41:10). εἰσφέρειν εἰς πειρασμόν 6:13. πορεύεσθαι εἰς θάνατον Lk 22:33. ὑπάγειν εἰς ἀπώλειαν Rv 17:8, 11. βάλλειν εἰς θλῖψιν 2:22. παραδιδόναι εἰς θλῖψιν Mt 24:9; cp. 2 Cor 4:11; Lk 24:20. συγκλείειν εἰς ἀπείθειαν Ro 11:32. ἐμπίπτειν εἰς κρίμα 1 Ti 3:6f; cp. 6:9 (and Ath. 24, 5 εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν πεσόντες παρθένων). ἄγειν εἰς μετάνοιαν Ro 2:4; cp. Hb 2:10 εἰς δόξαν. (Just., A I, 10, 4 εἰς πίστιν; 42, 11 εἰς ἐπίστασιν καὶ ἀνάμνησιν.) αἰχμαλωτίζειν εἰς ὑπακοήν 2 Cor 10:5. ἀνακαινίζειν εἰς μετάνοιαν Hb 6:6; cp. 2:10. Sim. ἀπάγω, ἀποβαίνω, εἰσέρχομαι, εἰσφέρω, ἐκβάλλω, ἐλευθερόω, ἐπιστρέφω, κατευθύνω, μεταβαίνω, ὁδηγέω et al.; s. these entries.

ⓑ of change from one state to another w. verbs of changing: στρέφειν (Esth 4:17h; 1 Macc 1:39), μεταστρέφειν (Sir 11:31; 1 Macc 9:41; 3 Macc 6:22) τι εἴς τι Rv 11:6; Ac 2:20 (Jo 3:4); Js 4:9. μεταλλάσσειν Ro 1:26. μετασχηματίζεσθαι (q.v. 2) 2 Cor 11:13f; μετατίθεσθαι εἰς turn away to Gal 1:6.

ⓒ of actions or feelings directed in someone’s direction in hostile or friendly sense (Thu. 1, 38; 66; 130; X., Cyr. 1, 3, 5; Paus. 7, 9, 3; 7, 10, 2; Aelian, VH 11, 10).

α. in a hostile sense (Arrian, Anab. 1, 1, 4; PEleph 1, 9 [311/310 B.C.] κακοτεχνεῖν εἰς Δημητρίαν; UPZ 170b, 47 [127 B.C.]): ἁμαρτάνειν εἴς τινα (Herodian 7, 9, 11; EpJer 12; Jdth 5:20; 11:10) sin against someone Lk 15:18, 21. βλασφημεῖν εἴς τινα (Bel 8 Theod.; Just., D. 122, 2) defame someone Mk 3:29; Lk 12:10; 22:65; θαρρεῖν εἴς τινα 2 Cor 10:1. ψεύδεσθαι εἴς τινα (Sus 55; 59 Theod.) Col 3:9. Also w. nouns and adj. (Paus. 7, 8, 4; PFay 12, 7 [c. 103 B.C.] ἀδικήματα εἴς με; En 97:7 μνημόσυνον εἰς ὑμᾶς κακόν) Ac 6:11; 23:30; Ro 8:7.

β. in a friendly sense: μακροθυμεῖν 2 Pt 3:9. τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν Ro 12:16. So also πιστεύειν εἴς τινα trust or believe in someone Mt 18:6; Mk 9:42 and oft. (s. πιστεύω 1aε). Also w. nouns (OGI 49, 10 [III B.C.] φιλοτιμία εἰς; 51, 4; UPZ 22, 18 [162 B.C.]; 39, 5 εἰς τὸ θεῖον εὐσέβεια; 2 Macc 9:26 εὔνοια; Tat. 16:2 τῆς εἰς αὐτοὺς [δαίμονας] θρησκείας) ἀγάπη Ro 5:8; 2 Cor 2:4, 8; Col 1:4; 1 Th 3:12. ἐλπίς (2 Macc 9:20; Synes., Ep. 104 p. 264a εἰς τὸν κομήτην ἐ.) Ac 24:15. κοινωνία Phil 1:5 (Tat. 18, 2); πεποίθησις 2 Cor 8:22. δύναμις Eph 1:19. πίστις (Jos., Ant. 16, 48; 18, 334) Ac 20:21; 24:24; 26:18; Col 2:5; and adj. φιλόξενος 1 Pt 4:9; χρηστός Eph 4:32. διακονία Ro 15:31 (cp. the v.l. Ac 12:25 and s. JDupont, NovT 1, ’56, 275–303); 2 Cor 8:4. The context of 1 Pt 1:11 suggests consolation of Christians for the sufferings they endure in a hostile environment, hence REB: sufferings in Christ’s cause; for εἰς Χρ. construed genitivally (UPZ 180a II, 2 [113 B.C.] χωρὶς τοῦ εἰς αὐτὴν οἴκου; PTebt 16:9f contains a restoration of εἰς) s. NRSV ‘sufferings destined for Christ’ (for a parallel expr. in a hostile sense cp. Polyb. 1, 7, 12 τῆς εἰς ἐκείνους τιμωρίας; 1, 69, 7; 38, 1 [4], 13; s. [s.v. ἀνά beg.] Kuhring 13; Rudberg 201).

ⓓ w. the vocation, use, or end indicated for, as: αἱρέομαι εἴς τι 2 Th 2:13. ἀφορίζω Ro 1:1; Ac 13:2. προγράφω Ro 15:4; Jd 4. ἀποστέλλω Hb 1:14. πέμπω Phil 4:16; 1 Th 3:2, 5. ποιῶ τι εἰς 1 Cor 10:31; 11:24. S. also under κεῖμαι, προορίζω, τάσσω, τίθημι.—εἰμὶ εἴς τι serve as someth. (s. εἰμί 6; also ins 134, 33ff fr. the Delphinion at Miletus [I A.D.] 1914; s. Dssm., LO 97, 1 [LAE 123]; Ar. 5, 1 ὕδωρ … εἰς χρῆσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων γέγονε) 1 Cor 14:22; for destruction Col 2:22; as a testimony Js 5:3. Used w. a noun σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν, ἀτιμίαν a vessel meant for honorable, dishonorable use Ro 9:21; cp. vs. 22f; 2 Ti 2:20f; φύλλα τοῦ ξύλου εἰς θεραπείαν Rv 22:2. φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν a light serving as a revelation Lk 2:32. θεράπων εἰς μαρτύριον τῶν λαληθησομένων a servant to bear witness to what would be said Hb 3:5. (Cp. Just., A I, 66, 1 τὸ … εἰς ἀναγέννησιν λουτρόν). W. acc. of pers. (Just., A II, 12, 4 συκοφαντίᾳ τῇ εἰς ἡμᾶς; Tat. 17, 3 τὴν εἰς τοὺς μεμηνότας βοήθειαν) ἡ εἰς ὑμᾶς χάρις the grace meant for you 1 Pt 1:10. διδόναι εἴς τι pay out for someth., money for a field Mt 27:10.

ⓔ w. the result of an action or condition indicated into, to, so that: αὐξάνειν εἰς ναόν grow into a temple Eph 2:21. πληροῦσθαι εἴς τι 3:19. λυπηθῆναι εἰς μετάνοιαν be grieved so that repentance takes place 2 Cor 7:9. Of prayer ἀναβαίνειν εἰς μνημόσυνον Ac 10:4. ὁμολογεῖν εἰς σωτηρίαν confess to salvation = so as to receive salvation Ro 10:10; cp. 1:16; 1 Pt 2:2; εἰς ἔπαινον κτλ. to praise etc. 1 Pt 1:7; εἰς βοήθειαν (1 Ch 12:17; Jdth 6:21; JosAs 23:4) Hb 4:16; cp. 10:39; Rv 13:3; Ro 6:16; 8:15; 13:4, 14; 1 Cor 11:34; 2 Cor 2:16 al.; εἰς κενόν (s. κενός 3) 2 Cor 6:1; Gal 2:2; Phil 2:16; 1 Th 3:5. σχίζειν εἰς δύο tear in two Mt 27:51; Mk 15:38. Cp. GPt 5:20 (cp. Polyb. 2, 16, 11; Lucian, Symp. 44, Tox. 54; 1 Km 15:29; Tob 5:3 S; 1 Macc 9:11; Ath. 18, 3 ᾠὸν … εἰς δύο ἐρράγη). W. subst. inf. foll. so that Ro 1:20; 3:26; 4:18; 6:12; 7:4; 1 Th 3:13; 2 Th 2:10f; Hb 11:3 al.

ⓕ to denote purpose in order to, to (Appian, Liby. 101 §476 ἐς ἔκπληξιν=in order to frighten; Just., A I, 21, 4 εἰς προτροπήν ‘to spur on’) εἰς ἄγραν in order to catch someth. Lk 5:4. εἰς ἀπάντησιν, συνάντησιν, ὑπάντησίν τινι (s. these 3 entries) to meet someone, toward someone Mt 8:34; 25:1; J 12:13. εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς as a witness, i.e. proof, to them Mt 8:4; 10:18; 24:14 al. εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν for forgiveness of sins, so that sins might be forgiven Mt 26:28; cp. Mk 1:4; Lk 3:3; Ac 2:38. εἰς μνημόσυνόν τινος in memory of someone Mt 26:13; Mk 14:9; cp. Lk 22:19 al. (εἰς μνημόσυνον En 99:3). εἰς ὅ for which purpose (Hdt. 2, 103, 1) Col 1:29; otherw. 2 Th 1:11 with this in view; εἰς τί; why? (Wsd 4:17; Sir 39:16, 21) Mt 14:31; Mk 14:4; 15:34; Hm 2:5; D 1:5. εἰς τοῦτο for this reason or purpose Mk 1:38; Lk 4:43 v.l.; J 18:37; Ac 9:21; 26:16; Ro 9:17; 14:9; 2 Cor 2:9; 1J 3:8; Hs 1:9 (Just., A I, 13, 3). εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο for this very reason 2 Cor 5:5; Eph 6:22; Col 4:8. W. subst. inf. foll. (X., Ages. 9, 3, Mem. 3, 6, 2; Just., A I, 9, 5) in order to (oft. LXX; neg. μή in order not to; s. B-D-F §402, 2) Mt 20:19; 26:2; 27:31; Mk 14:55 and oft.—εἰς ὁδόν for the journey 6:8.

ⓖ As in Mod. Gk., it is used for the dat., esp. the dat. of advantage, but also= for in general (X., An. 3, 3, 19 τ. ἵππους εἰς ἱππέας κατασκευάσωμεν; Lycurg. 85 διεκαρτέρουν εἰς τ. πατρίδα; UPZ 180a I, 7 [113 B.C.] τὸν εἰς Τάγην οἶκον ᾠκοδομημένον; BGU 37, 4f [51 A.D.] ξύλα εἰς τοὺς ἐλαιῶνάς μου wood for my olive orchards; PLond I, 43, 9 p. 48 [II B.C.]; PTebt 5, 77; POxy 37 I, 9; EpJer 9; Sir 37:7, cp. vs. 8; Jdth 14:2; Bel 3 Theod., vs. 22 LXX) εἰς πάντα τ. λαόν Lk 9:13; cp. 3J 5. εἰς ἡμᾶς Eph 1:19; cp. Col 1:25; 1 Th 4:10; Ro 10:12. χρείαν ἔχειν εἰς τ. ἑορτήν J 13:29; cp. Mk 8:19f; Gal 2:8; 1 Th 2:9; 5:15 et al.—εἰς is commonly used in speaking of the person for whom a payment etc. is made (Dssm., B 113–15; NB 23 [BS 117f; 194f]) 1 Cor 16:1; 2 Cor 8:4; 9:1, 13; Ro 15:26; Ac 24:17. εἰς λόγον τινός in an account for someth. (POxy 275, 19; 21 [66 A.D.]; 496, 10; 530, 15) Phil 4:15; cp. vs. 17. εἰς Χριστόν Phlm 6 prob. in honor of Christ (Tetrast. Iamb. 1, 7, 4 p. 266 εἰς θεούς; Pla., Lysis 205d ᾂδεις εἰς σαυτὸν ἐγκώμιον; Ps.-Pla., Minos 319c; Athen. 15, 667c; Synes., Ep. 75 p. 222b).

⑤ marker of a specific point of reference, for, to, with respect to, with reference to (Arrian, Anab. 6, 26, 3 τοῦτο τὸ ἔργον εἰς καρτερίαν ἐπαινῶ Ἀλεξάνδρου=I praise this deed with regard to Alexander’s endurance; Ath. 31, 1 οὐδὲν χείρους εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον ‘none the worse in respect to excellence’) εὔθετος εἴς τι fit, suitable for someth. Lk 14:35; also εὔχρηστος 2 Ti 4:11. ἡτοιμασμένος ready for 2:21. εὐκαιρέω εἴς τι Ac 17:21. ἱκανόω Col 1:12. ἰσχύω Mt 5:13. περισσεύω 2 Cor 9:8. συνεργέω Ro 8:28. τοῦτο οὐκ εἰς ταύτας τ. ἡμέρας λέγω I say this not with reference to these days Hs 9, 26, 6.—After the verbs ἀπορέομαι, διακρίνομαι, καυχάομαι, παρρησίαν ἔχω, s. these entries. After the adj. ἄκαρπος, ἀκέραιος, βραδύς, σοφός, συνεργός, ὑπήκοος, φρόνιμος, s. these entries. W. acc. of pers. ἀσθενεῖν εἴς τινα be weak toward someone 2 Cor 13:3. εὐδοκεῖν 2 Pt 1:17. λέγειν εἴς τινα say w. reference to someone (Diod S 11, 50, 4; Just., D. 77, 1 εἰς Χριστὸν … εἰρῆσθαι) Ac 2:25.—On Ro 6:17 s. παραδίδωμι 1b end. δέχομαί τινα εἰς ὄνομά τινος Mt 10:41f; s. ὄνομα 1dγא.

⑥ marker of a guarantee, by ὀμνύναι εἴς τι swear by someth. Mt 5:35 (cp. PGiss 66, 8f [early II A.D.] ἐρωτῶ εἰς τὴν τ. θεῶν εὐσέβειαν; but the sole use of εἰς in a series of datives w. ἐν may reflect bilingualism; for prob. Hb. perspective, s. M’Neile, comm. ad loc).

⑦ distributive marker: w. numbers εἰς is distributive ‘-fold’ (cp. ἐστρίς ‘until three times’ Pind., O. 2, 68; GDI IV p. 884, ⁿ62, 36 [IV B.C.]) Mk 4:8 v.l. (otherw. ἐς τετρακοσίους, ἐς ὀγδοήκοντα about 400, about 80: Arrian, Anab. 5, 15, 2; 6, 2, 4; 7, 20, 3).

⑧ The predicate nom. and the predicate acc. are somet. replaced by εἰς w. acc. under Semitic influence, which has strengthened Gk. tendencies in the same direction:

ⓐ predicate nom.

α. w. γίνεσθαι (PFay 119, 34 [100 A.D.] ἵνα μὴ εἰς ψωμίον γένηται; Wsd 14:11; 1 Macc 1:36; 10:70; Jdth 5:10, 18 al.) Mt 21:42 (Ps 117:22). ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον Lk 13:19; cp. J 16:20; Ac 5:36; Rv 8:11; 16:19.

β. w. εἶναι (Bar 2:23; Jdth 5:21, 24; Sir 31:10 et al.) Mt 19:5 (Gen 2:24); Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); 2 Cor 6:18; Hb 1:5; 8:10 (in the last 3 pass. OT expressions are also reproduced). Not fr. the OT: 1J 5:8.

γ. λογίζεσθαι εἰς (Wsd 2:16; 1 Macc 2:52) Ro 4:3 (Gen 15:6); cp. 2:26; 9:8. λ. εἰς οὐθέν (Is 40:17; Wsd 3:17; cp. 9:6) Ac 19:27.

ⓑ predicate acc. (Heliod. 6, 14, 1 τ. πήραν εἰς καθέδραν ποιησαμένη=she used the knapsack as a seat; Vett. Val. 59, 7; 1 Macc 10:54; 11:62; Jdth 5:11 al.; JosAs 13:12 παράθου με αὐτῷ εἰς παιδίσκην) ἐγείρειν τινὰ εἰς βασιλέα Ac 13:22 (cp. 1 Km 13:14). ἀνατρέφεσθαί τινα εἰς υἱόν 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10). τέθεικά σε εἰς φῶς ἐθνῶν 13:47 (cp. Is 49:6). Cp. Mt 21:46; 1 Cl 42:4.—B-D-F §145; 157, 5; Rdm.² 20f; Mlt. 71f; Mlt-H. 462. Johannessohn, Kasus 4f.

⑨ marker of instrumentality, by, with (Arrian, Anab. 5, 12, 3 ἐς ἀκρίβειαν=with care; Vi. Aesopi I G 7 P. νικᾶν εἰς εὐσέβειαν πάντα ψόγον=overcome all censure with piety) εἰς διαταγὰς ἀγγέλων Ac 7:53 (=ἐν διαταγαῖς, B-D-F §206, 1). Sim. ὕπαγε εἰς εἰρήνην (1 Km 1:17) Mk 5:34; Lk 7:50; 8:48 (=ἐν εἰρήνῃ). Mlt-Turner 254f.

⑩ Other uses of εἰς

ⓐ at, in the face of μετανοεῖν εἰς τὸ κήρυγμα repent at the proclamation Mt 12:41; Lk 11:32; cp. Ro 4:20 and perh. Mt 3:11. JMantey, JBL 70, ’51, 45–48, 309–11 argues for a causal use here because of the proclam., with reff.; against him RMarcus, ibid. 129f; 71, ’52, 43f; JDavis, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 80–88.

ⓑ for βαπτίζω εἰς s. βαπτίζω 2c.

ⓒ μένειν εἰς remain with (PFay 111, 12 [95/96 A.D.]) so perh. J 6:27.

ⓓ in pregnant constructions: σῴζειν εἰς bring safely into 2 Ti 4:18 (cp. X., An. 6, 4, 8; Diod S 2, 48; Cebes 27; SIG 521, 26 [III B.C.], OGI 56, 11; 4 Macc 15:3). διασῴζειν 1 Pt 3:20 (cp. Gen 19:19). μισθοῦσθαι ἐργάτας εἰς τ. ἀμπελῶνα to go into the vineyard Mt 20:1. ἐλευθεροῦσθαι εἰς be freed and come to Ro 8:21. ἀποδιδόναι τινὰ εἰς Αἴγυπτον Ac 7:9 (cp. Gen 37:28). ἔνοχος εἰς τ. γέενναν Mt 5:22; cp. 10:9; Mk 6:8; J 20:7.—DELG. M-M. TW.

φοβέω, [ per.] 3pl. imper.

A

φοβεόντων Hdt.7.235

: [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.

φοβέεσκον Hes.Sc. 162

: [tense] fut.

- ήσω E.Heracl. 357

(lyr.), ([etym.] ἐκ-) Th.4.126 (dub.): [tense] aor.

ἐφόβησα Il.15.15

, etc.:—[voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., [dialect] Ion. 2 sing.

φοβέαι Hdt.1.39

; [dialect] Ion. imper. φοβεῦ or φοβέο, Id.1.9, 7.52: [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl. [tense] impf.

φοβέοντο Il.6.41

: [tense] fut.

φοβήσομαι 22.250

, Pl.Lg. 649c, D.15.23, etc.;

φοβηθήσομαι X.Cyr.3.3.30

, Plu.Brut.40, Luc.Zeux.9, v.l. in Pl.R. 470a: [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.

ἐφοβήθην Hdt.8.27

, etc., [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl. ἐφόβηθεν or φόβηθεν, Il.15.326,5.498; [tense] aor. [voice] Med. ἐφοβησάμην only Anacreont.31.11: [tense] pf.

πεφόβημαι Il.10.510

, etc.: [tense] plpf. [ per.] 3pl.

ἐπεφόβηντο X.HG7.4.32

, Th.5.50, [dialect] Ep.

πεφοβήατο Il.21.206

.

A [voice] Act., in Hom. (never in Od.) always in the sense put to flight, [

ἴρηξ] ἐφόβησε κολοιούς Il.16.583

; [Ζεὺς] καὶ ἄλκιμον ἄνδρα φοβεῖ ib. 689;

Τρώων οὓς ἐφόβησας 22.11

;

φοβῆσαίτε στίχας ἀνδρῶν 17.505

;

σὸς δόλος.. ἐφόβησε δὲ λαούς 15.15

;

σέ γέ φημι.. δουρὶ φοβῆσαι 20.187

; once in Hes., φοβέεσκον ἐπὶ χθονὶ φῦλ' ἀνθρώπων l.c.

II terrify, alarm, Hdt.7.235, etc.;

μὴ φίλους φόβει A.Th. 262

;

ᾧ μή 'στι δρῶντι τάρβος οὐδ' ἔπος φοβεῖ S.OT 296

, cf. 1013, E.Hipp. 572 (lyr.);

ἡ δύναμις τῶν νέων φοβοῦσά τινας Antipho 4.3.2

;

αἱ κάμηλοι ἐφόβουν τους ἵππους X.Cyr.7.1.48

;

ρὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην ἐφόβουν, μὴ.. ἐπαγάγωνται Th.5.45

; c. dat.modi,

λόγοις A.Pers. 215

(troch.);

μεγαληγορίαισι φρένας E.Heracl. 357

(lyr.); τῷ μὲν Τισσαφέρνει τοὺς Ἀθηναίους φ., ἐκείνοις δὲ τὸν Τισσαφέρνην to frighten the Athenians with T., and T. with the Athenians, Th.8.82; c. part., λέγοντες φ. τινάς by saying, X.Eq.Mag.1.8; λέγοντες ὡς ἥξει βασιλεύς D 14.25: abs.,

πόνος ὁ μὴ φοβῶν κράτιστος S.Ph. 864

(lyr.),

φοβήσαντες κατεστήσαντο τὴν πολιτείαν

by terror,

Pl.R. 551b

.

2 c.acc. rei, threaten with,

φ. λιμόν D.H.6.51

.

B [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., in Hom. always in the sense to be put to flight (cf. Sch.A Il.5.223, al.), once in Od.,

κύνες.. διὰ σταθμοῖο φόβηθεν 16.163

; freq. in Il.,

ὑπέμειναν ἀολλέες οὐδὲ φόβηθεν 5.498

;

τοὶ δ' ἐφόβηθεν.. θεσπεσίῳ ὁμάδῳ 16.294

;

κὰμ μέσσον πεδίον φοβέοντο βόες ὣς ἅς τε λέων ἐφόβησε 11.172

; also part.,

μὴ καὶ πεφοβημένος ἔλθης 10.510

, cf. 15.4, 21.606;

φοβηθεὶς δύσεθ' ἁλὸς κατὰ κῦμα

in flight,

6.135

;

βῆ δὲ φοβηθείς 22.137

: ὑπό τινος φοβέεσθαι to flee before him, 8.149;

ὑπό τινι 15.637

; c. acc.,

οὔ σ' ἔτι.. φοβήσομαι ὡς τὸ πάρος περ 22.250

.

II to be seized with fear, be affrighted, Hdt. 9.70, E.Tr. 1166, etc.—Constr.,

1 abs.,

πεφόβημαι πτηνῆς ὡς ὄμμα πελείας S.Aj. 139

(anap.); φοβηθέντες ᾤχοντο φεύγοντες flying in terror, Aeschin.1.43; ἃ μὴ οἶδα.. οὐδέποτε φοβήσομαι οὐδὲ φεύξομαι, Pl.Ap. 29b, etc.: c. dat. instrum.,

μάστιγι φ. E.Rh.37

(anap.): c. acc. cogn.,

φ. αἰσχροὺς φόβους Pl.Prt. 360b

;

ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν Ev.Marc.4.41

;

τὸν φόβον αὐτῶν μὴ φοβηθῆτε 1 Ep.Pet.3.14

.

2 folld. by Preps., φ. ἀπό τινος to be afraid of one (prob. a Hebraism), LXXLe.26.2, Je.1.8, Ev.Matt.10.28, Ev.Luc.12.4; ἔκ τινος from some cause, S.Tr. 671; εἴς τι to be alarmed at a thing, Id.OT 980;

πρός τι Id.Tr. 1211

, Luc.Prom.Es4, Lib.Or.50.18; ἐπί τινι fear for.. Luc. DMar.14.4; but φ. ἀμφὶ γυναικί fear about.., Hdt.6.62;

περὶ ἡμῶν X. Cyr.5.2.35

, etc.;

περί τινι Pl.Euthd. 275b

(

περὶ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς τὸ κατάδηλον Th.4.123

);

περὶ χωρίῳ Id.2.90

;

ὑπὲρ τῶν μελλόντων And.4.36

;

περί τι Pl.Cra. 404e

;

πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἢ τέκνων S.Tr. 150

.

3 folld. by a relat. clause, φοβεῑσθαι μὴ .. fear lest a thing will be.., E.Or. 770 (troch.), Ar. Pax 606 (troch.), Th.1.95, etc.; φ. ὅπως μὴ .. Id.6.13, X.Mem.2.9.3; φ. μὴ οὐ .. Id.Oec.16.6; freq. c.acc. folld. by μή, ταῦτ' οὖν φοβοῦμαι, μὴ .. S.Tr. 550, cf. X.An.7.1.2; φ. τοὺς οὐσίαν κεκτημένους, μὴ .. Pl.Phdr. 232c, cf. Th.1.88, etc.; φ. ὑπέρ τινος, μὴ .. Pl.R. 387c; c. inf. folld. by

μή, φοβοίμην ἂν τῷ ἡγεμόνι ἕπεσθαι, μὴ ἀγάγῃ κτλ. X.An.1.3.17

, cf. Pl.Tht. 143e, Grg. 457e: also φ. ὅτι.., = φ. μὴ .., in a more positive sense, X.Cyr.3.1.1, D.C.52.26; φ. τόδε, ὅτι .. Th.7.67 (but φ. τὸ κάεσθαι, ὅτι ἀλγεινόν because.., Pl.Grg. 479a): διὰ τοῦτο φ. τινας, o(/ti .. lsoc.6.60; less freq. φ. ὡς .. X.Cyr.5.2.12; φ. πῶς χρὴ .. ib.4.5.19; φ. εἰ δεήσει .. ib.6.1.17.

4 c. inf. with Art.,

φ. τὸ ἀποθνῄσκειν Pl.Grg. 522e

, etc.: more freq. c. inf. alone, fear to do, be afraid of doing, A.Ch.46 (lyr.), S.Aj. 253 (lyr.), E. Ion 628, etc.: c. inf. [tense] fut., Th. 5.105.

5 c. acc. pers., stand in awe of, dread,

δαίμονας τοὺς ἐνθάδε A.Supp. 893

;

στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν S.Ph. 1250

;

τοὺς ἄνω θεούς Pl.Lg. 927b

, cf. Isoc.1.16, etc.;

τὰς κύνας X.Cyn.5.16

, etc.

6 c. acc. rei, fear or fear about a thing,

βρόμον A.Th. 476

;

τὸ προσέρπον S.Aj. 227

(lyr.);

μέμψιν E.Alc. 1057

;

τὸ τοιοῦτον σῶμα Pl.Phdr. 239d

;

δουλείαν καὶ δεσμόν X.Cyr.3.1.24

.

7 c. gen., πεφοβημένος νυκτός, θαλάσσης, Arat.290, 766.

8 c. part.,

προδιδοὺς φοβηθείς Lycurg.17

.

φοβέω (φέβομαι ‘flee in terror’; Hom. et al.; Wsd 17:9; Jos., Ant. 14, 456), in our lit. only pass. φοβέομαι (Hom.+; OGI 669, 59; SIG 1268 II, 17; pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., P. 98, 746 al.; Ath. 20, 2; R. 21 p. 75, 1) impf. ἐφοβούμην; 1 fut. φοβηθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐφοβήθην (Plut., Brut. 1002 [40, 9]; M. Ant. 9, 1, 7; Jer 40:9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277; s. B-D-F §79).

① to be in an apprehensive state, be afraid, the aor. oft. in the sense become frightened

ⓐ intr., abs. (Iren. 1, 4, 2 [Harv. I 36, 4]) ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα they were terribly frightened (Ex 14:10; 1 Macc 12:52) Mt 17:6; 27:54. ἐπεστράφην φοβηθείς I turned around in terror Hv 4, 3, 7.—Mt 9:8; 14:30; 25:25; Mk 5:33; Ac 16:38. ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ for they were afraid Mk 16:8 (Mk 16:9–20 is now rarely considered a part of the original gospel of Mk, though many scholars doubt that the gosp. really ended w. the words ἐφ. γάρ. The original ending may have been lost; among the possible reasons given are the accidental loss of the last page of Mark’s own first copy [the same defect, at a very early stage, in the case of the 18th book of the Κεστοί of Jul. Africanus: WBauer, Orthodoxy etc. (Engl. tr. of 2d German ed. ’64) ’71, 159ff. S. also FKenyon, Papyrus Rolls and the Ending of St. Mk: JTS 40, ’39, 56f; CRoberts, The Ancient Book and the Ending of St. Mk: ibid. 253–57] or by purposeful suppression, perh. because it may have deviated fr. the other accounts of the resurrection [for the purposeful omission of the end of a document cp. Athen. 4, 61, 166d on the 10th book of Theopompus’ Philippica, ἀφʼ ἧς τινες τὸ τελευταῖον μέρος χωρίσαντες, ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν τὰ περὶ τῶν δημαγωγῶν. S. also Diog. L. 7, 34: a report of Isidorus of Pergamum on the systematic mutilation of books in the library there by Athenodorus the Stoic].—Those who conclude that nothing ever came after ἐφ. γάρ must either assume that the evangelist was prevented fr. finishing his work [Zahn et al.], or indeed intended to close the book w. these words [s. γάρ 1a]. For a short sentence, composed of a verb + γάρ s. also Epict. 3, 9, 19; 4, 8, 4; Artem. 4, 64; 1, 33 p. 35, 6; Plotinus, Ennead 5, 5, a treatise ending in γάρ [PvanderHorst, JTS 23, ’72, 121–24]; Musonius Rufus, Tr. XII; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 6, 7, 8; Libanius, Or. 53 p. 65, 20 F.; PMich 149 VI, 37 [II A.D.]. Among those favoring an ending w. γάρ: Wlh., Loisy, Lohmeyer ad loc.; ABauer, WienerStud 34, 1912, 306ff; LBrun, D. Auferst. Christi 1925, 10ff; OLinton, ThBl 8, 1929, 229–34; JCreed, JTS 31, 1930, 175–80; MGoguel, La foi à la résurr. de Jésus ’33, 176ff; HMosbech, Mkevangeliets Slutning: SEÅ 5, ’40, 56–73; WAllen, JTS 47, ’46, 46–49 [‘feel reverential awe’]; ibid. 48, ’47, 201–3. S. also EGoodspeed, Exp. 8th ser., 18, 1919, 155–60; reconstruction of the ‘lost’ ending, in Engl., by Goodsp. in his Introd. to the NT ’37, 156; HProbyn, Exp. 9th ser., 4, 1925, 120–25; RKevin, JBL 45, 1926, 81–103; MEnslin, ibid. 46, 1927, 62–68; HCadbury, ibid. 344f; MRist, ATR 14, ’32, 143–51; WKnox, HTR 35, ’42, 13ff; EHelzle, Der Schluss des Mk, ’59, diss. Tübingen; FDanker, CTM 38, ’67, 26f; JLuzarraga, Biblica 50, ’69, 497–510; KAland, MBlack Festschr., ’69, 157–80, NTEntwürfe, ’79, 246–83). φοβοῦμαι μᾶλλον I am all the more fearful IPhld 5:1. μὴ φοβηθῆτε do not be afraid Mt 10:31 v.l. (μή 1cεא). μὴ φοβοῦ, μὴ φοβεῖσθε you must no longer be afraid, stop being afraid (μή 1cγא) Mt 10:31; 14:27; 17:7; Mk 5:36; Lk 1:13, 30; 2:10; 5:10; 8:50; 12:7 al. LKöhler, D. Offenbarungsformel ‘Fürchte dich nicht!’: SchTZ 36, 1919, 33ff.—W. acc. of inner obj. (B-D-F §153; Rob. 468; Pla., Prot. 360b; Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 586 D.: φοβοῦμαι φόβον; Did., Gen. 230, 1; on LXX usage s. Johannessohn, Kasus 73) ὁ φόβος ὸ̔ν δεῖ σε φοβηθῆναι the fear which you must have Hm 7:1c. ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν (Jon 1:10; 1 Macc 10:8; TestAbr. B 13 p. 117, 17f [Stone p. 82]; JosAs 6:1) they were very much afraid Mk 4:41; Lk 2:9. If the nouns are to be taken in the pass. sense, this is also the place for τὸν φόβον αὐτῶν (objective gen.) μὴ φοβηθῆτε 1 Pt 3:14 (cp. Is 8:12) and μὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν vs. 6 (πτόησις 2); s. 1bγ below.—A recognizable Hellenic expr. (cp. ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν πολεμίων φόβος=fear in the face of the enemy), though encouraged by OT usage (Lev 26:2; Dt 1:29; Jer 1:8, 17; Jdth 5:23; 1 Macc 2:62; 8:12; En 106:4; Helbing 29; B-D-F §149; Rob. 577) φοβ. ἀπό τινος be afraid of someone Mt 10:28a; Lk 12:4; 1 Cl 56:11 (Job 5:22).—Foll. by gen. absol. 56:10. Foll. by μή and the aor. subj. to denote that which one fears (Thu. 1, 36, 1; Aesop, Fab. 317 H.=356a P.; Alex. Aphr. 31, II/2 p. 203, 20 τὸν Ἀπόλλω φοβεῖσθαι μή τι παρελθῇ τούτων ἄπρακτον=Apollo is concerned [almost as much as ‘sees to it’] that nothing of this remains undone; Jos., Ant. 10, 8, Vi. 252) Ac 23:10; 27:17; ITr 5:1; Hs 9, 20, 2. Foll. by μήποτε (Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 2, 4 Jac. p. 1172, 30 φοβοῦμαι περὶ ὑμῶν, μήποτε; JosAs 7:3; ApcMos 16 al.): Hm 12, 5, 3. φοβηθῶμεν μήποτε δοκῇ τις Hb 4:1; μήπου (v.l. μήπως; ParJer 5:5) Ac 27:29; 2 Cor 11:3; 12:20. A notable feature is the prolepsis of the obj. (cp. Soph., Oed. R. 767; Thu. 4, 8, 7) φοβοῦμαι ὑμᾶς μήπως εἰκῇ κεκοπίακα εἰς ὑμᾶς I am afraid my work with you may be wasted Gal 4:11 (B-D-F §476, 3; Rob. 423).—W. inf. foll. be afraid to do or shrink from doing someth. (B-D-F §392, 1b.—X., An. 1, 3, 17 al.; Gen 19:30; 26:7; ApcMos 10:18) Mt 1:20; 2:22; Mk 9:32; Lk 9:45; 2 Cl 5:1.—φοβεῖσθαι abs. in the sense take care (Just., D. 78, 4) πλέον φοβεῖσθαι be more careful than usually ITr 4:1.

ⓑ trans. fear someone or someth.

α. pers. τινά someone (X., An. 3, 2, 19 al.; PGM 4, 2171; Num 21:34; Dt 3:2; Jos., Ant. 13, 26; Just., D. 83, 1) μὴ φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς Mt 10:26. Ἡρῴδης ἐφοβεῖτο τὸν Ἰωάννην Mt 6:20. τοὺς Ἰουδαίους J 9:22.—Gal 2:12; 2:5b (saying of Jesus). God (Did., Gen. 64, 15; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 11]) Mt 10:28b; Lk 12:5abc; 23:40; 2:5c (saying of Jesus). The crowd Mt 14:5; 21:26, 46; Mk 11:32; 12:12; Lk 20:19; 22:2; Ac 5:26 (foll. by μή). τὴν ἐξουσίαν (ἐξουσία 5a) Ro 13:3. The angel of repentance Hm 12, 4, 1; Hs 6, 2, 5. The Christian is to have no fear of the devil Hm 7:2a; 12, 4, 6f; 12, 5, 2.

β. animals (in imagery) μὴ φοβείσθωσαν τὰ ἀρνία τοὺς λύκους 2:5a (saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source).

γ. things τὶ someth. (X., Hell. 4, 4, 8 al.; En 103:4; ApcEsdr 7:2 τὸν θάνατον; Just., D. 1, 5 κόλασιν; Ath., R. 21 p. 75, 1 οὐδέν; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 90; 2, 232) τὸ διάταγμα τοῦ βασιλέως Hb 11:23. τὸν θυμὸν τοῦ βασιλέως vs. 27. τὴν κρίσιν 2 Cl 18:2. τὸν ὄντως θάνατον Dg 10:7. φοβοῦμαι τὴν ὑμῶν ἀγάπην, μὴ … IRo 1:2. τὰ ὅπλα (in imagery) Hm 12, 2, 4.—1 Pt 3:14 and 6 belong here if the nouns in them are to be taken in an act. sense; s. 1a above.—Fear, avoid, shun τὶ someth. (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 41, 9 Δαρεῖος τὸ ἅρμα φοβηθείς) τὴν πλάνην τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν B 12:10. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ διαβόλου Hm 7:3ac.—AVStröm, Der Hirt des Hermas, Allegorie oder Wirklichkeit? Ntl. Sem. Uppsala 3, ’36.

② to have a profound measure of respect for, (have) reverence, respect, w. special ref. to fear of offending

ⓐ God: fear (differently 1bα) in the sense reverence (Aeschyl., Suppl. 893 δαίμονας; Isocr. 1, 16 τοὺς μὲν θεοὺς φοβοῦ, τοὺς δὲ γονεῖς τίμα; Pla., Leg. 11, 927a; Lysias 9, 17; 32, 17; Plut., De Superstit. 2, 165b; LXX; PsSol 4:21; TestJob 43:9 [τὸν κύριον]; JosAs 2:5 [deities]; Philo, Migr. Abr. 21 [after Gen 42:18]. Cp. PTebt 59, 10 [II B.C.] φοβεῖσθαι καὶ σέβεσθαι τὸ ἱερόν) Lk 1:50 (anticipates the οἱ φοβούμενοι in Ac: H-JKlauck, NTS 43, ’97, 134–39); 18:2, 4 (was Ex 23:1–3 his motto: even God could not bribe him?); Ac 10:35; 1 Pt 2:17; Rv 14:7; 19:5; 1 Cl 21:7; 23:1; 28:1; 45:6; B 10:10f (τὸν κύριον); 19:2, 7; Hm 1:2; 7:1, 4f; Hs 5, 1, 5; 8, 11, 2; D 4:10. Also τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ (2 Esdr 11) Rv 11:18.—φοβούμενοι τὸν θεόν as a t.t.=σεβόμενοι τὸν θεόν (σέβω 1b; t.t. disputed by MWilcox, JSNT 13, ’81, 102–22; cp. TFinn, CBQ 47, ’85, 75–84; ILevinskaya, The Book of Acts in Its Diaspora Setting [BAFCS V] ’96, 51–126; BWander, Gottesfürchtige und Sympathisanten [WUNT 104] ’98, esp. 80–86; 180–203) Ac 13:16, 26 (Just., D. 10, 4 al.; sing. 10:2, 22).—τὸν κύριον (PsSol 2:33; 3:12 al.; JosAs 8:9) Christ: Col 3:22.—WAllen (s. 1a above) interprets Mk 16:8 to mean reverence for the divine.

ⓑ pers. who command respect (Plut., Galba 1054 [3, 4]; Herodian 3, 13, 2; Lev 19:3 φοβ. πατέρα καὶ μητέρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 345): of a wife ἵνα φοβῆται τὸν ἄνδρα Eph 5:33. τὸν ἐπίσκοπον IEph 6:1.—RAC VIII 661–99; TRE XI 756–59; Schmidt, Syn. III 507–36. DELG s.v. φέβομαι II. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

κρῑνω ( κρίνει: aor. ἔκρῖνας: pass. κρίνεται: aor. κρᾰθη, κρᾰθεν; κρᾰθείς: pf. κέκρᾰται: κεκρᾰμένων, κεκρᾰμένα, -μέναι.)

κηρύσσω, [dialect] Att. [suff] κηρύκ-ττω, [dialect] Dor. [full] κᾱρύσσω: [tense] impf.

A

ἐκήρυσσον Il.2.444

, Th. 1.27, - υττον And.1.112: [tense] fut. - ύξω Ar.Ec. 684, [dialect] Dor.

καρυξῶ Id.Ach. 748

: [tense] aor.

ἐκήρυξα Hdt.1.194

( ἀπο-), etc., [dialect] Aeol. part.

καρύξαισα Pi.I.4

(3).25: [tense] pf. κεκήρῡχα ( ἐπι-) D.19.35:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

κηρυχθήσομαι X. Cyr.8.4.4

, Aeschin.3.230,

κηρύξομαι E.Ph. 1631

: [tense] aor.

ἐκηρύχθην S. OT 737

, etc.: [tense] pf.

κεκήρυγμαι E.Fr.1

, Th.4.38:—to be a herald, officiate as herald,

κηρύσσων γήρασκε Il.17.325

.

b to be an auctioneer, D. 44.4.

2 make proclamation as a herald, λαὸν κηρύσσοντες ἀγειρόντων let them convene the people by voice of herald, Il.2.438, cf. 444, Od.2.8;

κήρυσσε, κῆρυξ A.Eu. 566

, etc.: impers., ἐκήρυξε (sc. ὁ κῆρυξ) τοῖς Ἕλλησι συσκευάζεσθαι proclamation was made.., X.An.3.4.36;

κηρυξάτω Id.Cyr.4.5.42

.

II c. acc. pers., summon by herald,

κ. ἀγορήνδε.. Ἀχαιούς Il.2.51

, Od.2.7;

πόλεμόνδε Il.2.443

; κ. τινά summon one to a place, Ar.Ach. 748:—[voice] Pass., τίς ἐκηρύχθη πρώτην φυλακήν; who was summoned to the first watch? E.Rh. 538 (anap.).

2 proclaim as conqueror, Plu.2.185a;

Φαβωρῖνον ἡ εὐγλωττία ἐν σοφισταῖς ἐκήρυττεν Philostr.VS1.8.1

:—[voice] Pass.,

μήτε κηρυχθήσεσθαι μήτε ἆθλα λήψεσθαι X.Cyr.8.4.4

;

ὥστε τὴν πόλιν κηρυχθῆναι καὶ αὐτὸν στεφανωθῆναι Lys.19.63

; proclaim as a criminal, D.25.56, cf. S.El. 606;

κηρύσσω τὸν Ἔρωτα AP5.176

(Mel.):—[voice] Pass., of a country, to be proclaimed, extolled,

στεφάνοις ἀρετᾶς E.Tr. 223

(lyr.).

3 call upon, invoke,

θεούς Id.Hec. 146

(anap.);

κηρύξας δαίμονας κλύειν A.Ch. 124a

:—[voice] Pass., to be called, τοῦ κεκήρυξαι πατρός; E.Fr.1;

κηρυσσομένοισι.. ἀπ' ἐσθλῶν δωμάτων Id.Andr. 772

(lyr.).

III c. acc. rei, proclaim, announce,

τινί τι A.Ag. 1349

, Ch.4, 1026;

αὐδάν E. Ion 911

(lyr.);

ἀγῶνας Ἀργείοισι S.Aj. 1240

; proclaim or advertise for sale, etc., Hdt.6.121 ([voice] Pass.), Plu.2.207a, etc.; κ. ἀποικίαν proclaim a colony, i.e. invite people to join as colonists, Th.1.27; κ. ὃς βούλοιτο .. make proclamation for some one who would.., Hdt.2.134:— [voice] Pass., of a crime, to be proclaimed, Antipho 2.3.2;

τὰ κεκηρυγμένα Th.4.38

.

2 declare, tell, τοῦτ' ἐκηρύχθη πόλει this news was spread in.., S.OTl.c.;

τοῦτο κ. πόθι παῖς ναίει Id.Tr.97

(lyr.);

ὃ εἰς τὸ οὖς ἀκούετε, κηρύξατε ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων Ev.Matt.10.27

: abs., S.El. 1105.

3 proclaim, command publicly,

τινί τι A.Th. 1048

, S.Ant. 32, 450, etc.; εὐφημίαν, σιγὴν κ., Id.Fr. 893, E.Hec. 530: c. dat. pers. et inf.,

κ. αὐτοῖς ἐμβαλεῖν κώπαισι Pi.P.4.200

;

ἐκήρυξαν, εἰ βούλονται, τὰ ὅπλα παραδοῦναι Th.4.37

:—[voice] Pass., ᾔδησθα κηρυχθέντα μὴ πράσσειν τάδε; S.Ant. 447.

4 of a cock, crow, AP5.2 (Antip. Thess.).

IV preach, teach publicly, Ev.Matt.3.1, al.

μαρτύρομαι [pron. full] [ῡ], [tense] fut. μαρτῠροῦμαι ( δια-) LXX Ps.80(81).9 (cod. Alex.): [tense] aor.

A

ἐμαρτῡράμην Pl.Phlb. 47d

, App.BC2.47:—call to witness, invoke, c. acc. pers., Antipho 1.29, S.OC 813, etc.; esp. of the gods, Ἄρτεμιν, γαῖαν καὶ θεούς, E.Hipp. 1451, Ph. 626; δαίμονας, ὡς .. Id.Med. 619: c. acc. et inf.,

ὑμᾶς δ' ἀκούειν ταῦτ' ἐγὼ μαρτύρομαι A.Eu. 643

, etc.: c. part., μαρτύρομαι τυπτόμενος I call you to witness that.., Ar.Av. 1031, cf. E.HF 858 (troch.).

2 c. acc. rei, call one to witness a thing, Hdt. 1.44, Ar.Ra. 528, Pl. 932.

3 protest, asseverate, μ. ὅτι .. Id.Nu. 1222, Th.6.80;

ταῦτα Pl.

l.c.: abs., μαρτύρομαι I protest, Ar.Ach. 926, Lys. 3.15.

4 c. acc. pers. et gen. rei, οἱ δὲ τῆς τῶν θεῶν.. παραγωγῆς τὸν Ὅμηρον μ. ὅτι .. cite Homer as a witness of.., Pl. R. 364d;

ἐμαυτὸν μ. τῆς φιλοτιμίας App.

l. c.; μ. τινὶ ὅτι .. Ep.Gal.5.3; τοὺς ἀποστάντας μ. τῆς ἐπιορκίας remind them of.., App.BC5.129.