-
1 YEAR
loa (lit. "growth"), coranar (lit. "sun-round", used when the year was considered more or less astronomically – but loa is stated to be the more usual word for "year"). The pl. coranári is attested (PM:126). LONG-YEAR yén (pl. yéni is attested in Nam; the Etymologies as printed in LR cite the stem-form as yen-, but according to VT46:22 Tolkien's manuscript actually has the pl. form yéni as in Nam). A "long-year" is a period of 144 solar years, an Elvish "century" – the Eldar used duodecimal counting, in which 144 is the first three-digit number, like our 100. But sometimes it seems that yén simply means "year". Cf the following words: LAST YEAR yenya, HAVING MANY YEARS linyenwa (old), *RECKONING OF YEARS Yénonótië –LotR:1141, YEN, MR:51 -
2 DAY
aurë (sunlight; Etym gives arë, ari- instead). The word aurë is defined as “a day (of light), a day of special meaning or festival”; allative aurenna “upon the day” (VT49:45). Cf. also: arya (= 12 daylight hours; notice however that the word arya is assigned other meanings in late material), ré (= 24 hours, counted from sunset to sunset, allative rénna in VT49:45), sana (= also 24 hours, but this “Qenya” term clashes with a later demonstrative “that”), DAYTIME arië, EARLY DAY †amaurëa (dawn), DAYLIGHT: LT1:254 gives calma, but this word is defined "lamp" in LotR. LAST DAY OF YEAR quantien, FIRST DAY (meaning obscure, possibly first day of year) minyen. (In the entry YEN of the Etymologies as printed in LR, minyen is seemingly glossed both "first day" and "first year", but according to VT46:23, only "first day" is correct.) DAYSPRING tuilë –AR1/VT45:6, Silm:229/234/439, LotR:1141, LT1:250, MC:223, YEN -
3 LAST
(adj.) tella (hindmost), telda (final), métima (final, ultimate), telwa (late), LAST YEAR yenya; LAST DAY OF YEAR quantien, THE LAST-COMERS Teleri (the Hindmost) –TELES, WJ:411, MC:222 cf. 215, LT1:267, YEN, Silm:421 -
4 THAT
(1) (demonstrative): tana (an adjectival word, VT49:11; in one version of the language also tanya, as in tanya wendë "that maiden", MC:215-16). Also yana with meaning “the former” (e.g. *loa yana “that year” referring to a former year). Adj. OF THAT SORT taitë; IN THAT WAY tanen; THAT MATTER tama. Also see THIS regarding the word talumë “at this [or, that] time”. –TA, YA, VT49:11, 18 (2) (pronoun) ta, also translated “it”. (Notice that in some versions of the language, Tolkien wanted ta to be a plural pronoun “they, them” used of non-living things. See the various entries on ta in the Quenya-English wordlist.) Sa, normally translated “it”, is also defined as “that” in one source. IT IS THAT náto, IT IS NOT THAT uito. –VT49:11, TA, VT49:18, 28 (3) (relative pronoun "who, which, that"). According to VT47:21, the relative pronoun is ye with reference to a person (*i Elda ye tirnen "the Elf who/that I watched"), plural i (e.g. *Eldar i... "Elves that..."). The impersonal relative pronoun ("that = which") is ya (e.g. *i parma ya hirnen "the book that/which I found"), pl. presumably *yar (*i parmar yar... "the books that..."). This gives a system with great symmetry, but Tolkien also used i in a singular sense, in the sentence i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa "the One who is [or, that is] above all thrones", though i is indeed plural in i carir quettar ómainen "those who [or, those that] form words with voices". A relative pronoun ya *"which" is found in the "Arctic" sentence; a long variant yá also occurs in the corpus (VT43:27-28). Case-forms: The plural locative of ya is attested as yassen "in which" in Nam (sg. *yassë), the genitive and ablative forms of ye are attested as yëo and yello respectively in VT47:21, and the same source gives ion and illon as the corresponding plural forms. –VT47:21, WJ:391, UT:305, 317, Arct(4) (conjunction, as in "I know that you are here") i, cf. the sentence savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe Elessar really existed and that he was a king of Gondor” (VT49:27). In one version of early “Qenya”, this conjunction appeared as ne instead (PE14:54). -
5 DIVISION
asta (part, especially one of other equal parts; asta is often used = "month" as a division of the year). –VT48:11 -
6 LONG
(adj) anda, sóra (trailing); LONG AGO andanéya, anda né; LONG AND THIN lenwa (straight, narrow); LONG (adverb, of time:) andavë; LONG YEAR (144 solar years, an Elvish "century") yén (pl. yéni is attested) LONG-MARK andatehta –ÁNAD, LT2:344, 341, VT49:31, LotR:989, Nam/LotR:1141/YEN, TEK -
7 MIDDLE
(noun) endë (core, centre); MIDDLE (prob. adj) enya, endya (In Noldorin Quenya, enya would be the natural form – endya looks like Vanyarin Quenya. Cf. the name of the language itself in the two dialects, Quenya vs. Quendya.) MIDDLE-DAY \#enderë (only pl enderi is attested; for sg \#enderë cf. yestarë, mettarë, the first and the last day of the year. The "middle-days" were three days inserted between the months of yávië and quellë in the Calendar of Imladris.) MIDDLE FINGER lependë, lepenel, in children's play also called tolyo or tollo ("sticker-up", also used of middle toe), yonyo ("son, big boy", again used of middle toe as well) or hanno ("brother"). –ÉNED, cf. WJ:361, LotR:1142, VT47:10, VT47:12, 14, VT48:6 -
8 MONTH
asta (pl astar is attested); this basically means "division, a part" (esp. one of other equal parts), here used of a division of the year. LUNAR MONTH ránasta –LotR:1142, VT48:11 -
9 PART
(noun) \#ranta (pl. rantali attested), asta (division, especially one of other equal parts; asta is often used = "month" as a division of the year). FOREIGN PARTS ettelë (outer lands) –PE14:117, ET, VT45:12, VT48:11 -
10 SINCE
(= because) pan. “Since” with reference to time (as in “they have been here since last year”) may perhaps be expressed as “from” or “after”, q.v. –VT49:17, 18
См. также в других словарях:
year — [jɪə, jɜː ǁ jɪr] written abbreviation yr noun [countable] 1. also calendar year the period of time beginning on January 1 and ending on December 31: • The Small Business Administration arranged 55,000 small business loans last year. 2 … Financial and business terms
Year — Year, n. [OE. yer, yeer, [yogh]er, AS. ge[ a]r; akin to OFries. i?r, g?r, D. jaar, OHG. j[=a]r, G. jahr, Icel. [=a]r, Dan. aar, Sw. [*a]r, Goth. j?r, Gr. ? a season of the year, springtime, a part of the day, an hour, ? a year, Zend y[=a]re year … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
year — /year/, n. 1. a period of 365 or 366 days, in the Gregorian calendar, divided into 12 calendar months, now reckoned as beginning Jan. 1 and ending Dec. 31 (calendar year or civil year). Cf. common year, leap year. 2. a period of approximately the … Universalium
year — W1S1 [jıə, jə: US jır] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(12 months)¦ 2¦(january to december)¦ 3 years 4 all (the) year round 5 year by year 6 year after year/year in, year out 7¦(period of life/history)¦ 8 the school/academic year 9¦(s … Dictionary of contemporary English
year — or sidereal year [yir] n. [ME yere < OE gear, akin to Ger jahr < IE * yēro , year, summer (> Gr hōros, time, year, OSlav jara, spring) < base * ei , to go (> L ire, to go): basic sense “that which passes”] 1. a) a period of 365… … English World dictionary
Year Up — is a nonprofit organization based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 2000 by Harvard Business School graduate Gerald Chertavian, Year Up has sites in Boston and Cambridge, New York City, Providence and Washington, D.C. and is expanding to other … Wikipedia
year — [ jır ] noun *** 1. ) count a period of 365 days, or 366 in a leap year, divided into 12 months: He lived in Paris for a few years. a ) used about a particular period of time, beginning on January 1 and ending on December 31, or between the first … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
YEAR — (Heb. שָׁנָה, shanah), the period during which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun. This period corresponds roughly to 12 revolutions of the moon around the earth. The determination of the length of a year and its 12 parts for… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
year — (n.) O.E. gear (W.Saxon), ger (Anglian) year, from P.Gmc. *jæram year (Cf. O.S., O.H.G. jar, O.N. ar, Dan. aar, O.Fris. ger, Du. jaar, Ger. Jahr, Goth. jer year ), from PIE *yer o , from r … Etymology dictionary
year — ► NOUN 1) the time taken by the earth to make one revolution around the sun. 2) (also calendar year) the period of 365 days (or 366 days in leap years) starting from the first of January, used for reckoning time in ordinary affairs. 3) a period… … English terms dictionary
year|ly — «YIHR lee», adjective, adverb. –adj. 1. once a year; in every year: »He takes a yearly trip to the mountains from his home in the city. 2. lasting a year: »The earth makes a yearly revolution around the sun. 3. for a year: »He is paid a yearly… … Useful english dictionary
