(wood+for+building)

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.

The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.

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1) preserve fruit (eggs, food, etc.) сохранять фрукты и т.д.; ice helps to preserve meat на льду мясо (дольше) сохраняется; preserve one's good looks (one's eyesight, one's strength, one's composure, appearances, discipline, etc.) сохранять свою красоту и т.д.; he preserves all nails and pins he picks up он собирает /хранит/ все гвоздики и булавки, которые подбирает; we must preserve the names of great men (the memory of this tragedy) надо хранить память о великих людях (об этой трагедии); preserve one's sanity сохранять ясность ума

2) preserve fruit (vegetables, fish, game, etc.) консервировать фрукты и т.д.

3) preserve historical monuments /monuments of the past/ (this old building, rivers, forests, game, rare birds, etc.) охранять исторические памятники и т.д.; his quick thinking preserved his life он остался в живых, только благодаря своей сообразительности

1) preserve smth. in some manner preserve smth. easily (successfully, skilfully, etc.) легко и т.д. сохранять что-л.; preserve smth. for some time preserve flowers for a long time уметь долго сохранять цветы [свежими]

2) preserve smth., smb. in some manner preserve smth., smb. miraculously (marvelously, unexpectedly, etc.) чудесным образом /чудом/ и т.д. спасти что-л., кого-л.

1) preserve smth. in smth. preserve fruit in syrup (fish in salt, the embryo in alcohol, etc.) сохранять фрукты в сиропе и т.д.; she preserved a lot of fruit in jars она заготовила /законсервировала, закатала/ много банок с фруктами: preserve a scene in motion pictures запечатлеть сцену в кино /на киноленте/; preserve smth. from smth. salt preserves vegetables from decay соль предохраняет овощи от порчи; preserve the legend from oblivion сохранить легенду [в памяти]

2) preserve smb. from smth. book. preserve smb. from danger (from harm, from illness, from cold, etc.) оберегать /охранять/ кого-л. от опасности и т.д.

3) preserve smth. for smth. preserve a river for fishing (a wood for hunting, a ground for shooting, etc.) сохранять реку для рыбной ловли и т.д. (не допускать загрязнения, строительства и т.п.)

mātĕrĭa, ae ( gen. materiāi, Lucr. 1, 1051), and mātĕrĭes, ēi (only in nom. and acc. sing., and once gen. plur. materierum, Lact. 2, 12, 1; v. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 383), f. [from same root with mater, q. v.], stuff, matter, materials of which any thing is composed; so the wood of a tree, vine, etc., timber for building (opp. lignum, wood for fuel); nutritive matter or substance for food (class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

materia rerum, ex qua et in qua sunt omnia,

Cic. N. D. 3, 39, 92; cf. id. Ac. 1, 6, 7:

materiam superabat opus,

Ov. M. 2, 5:

materiae apparatio,

Vitr. 2, 8, 7:

rudis,

i. e. chaos, Luc. 2, 8; cf.: omnis fere materia nondum formata rudis appellatur, Cinc. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 265 Müll.:

(arbor) inter corticem et materiem,

Col. 5, 11, 4:

crispa,

Plin. 16, 28, 51, § 119:

materiae longitudo,

Col. 4, 24, 3:

vitis in materiam, frondemque effunditur,

id. 4, 21, 2:

si nihil valet materies,

Cic. de Or. 2, 21, 88:

in eam insulam materiam, calcem, caementa, atque arma convexit,

id. Mil. 27, 74:

caesa,

Col. 11, 2, 11; cf. Caes. B. G. 4, 17; 5, 39:

cornus non potest videri materies propter exilitatem, sed lignum,

Plin. 16, 40, 76, § 206:

materiae, lignorum aggestus,

Tac. A. 1, 35:

videndum est ut materies suppetat scutariis,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 35:

proba materies est, si probum adhibes fabrum,

id. Poen. 4, 2, 93: imprimebatur sculptura materiae anuli, sive ex ferro sive ex auro foret, Macr. S. 7, 13, 11. — Plur.:

deūm imagines mortalibus materiis in species hominum effingere,

Tac. H. 5, 5.—Of food:

imbecillissimam materiam esse omnem caulem oleris,

Cels. 2, 18, 39 sqq.; cf. of the means of subsistence:

consumere omnem materiam,

Ov. M. 8, 876; matter, in gen.:

materies aliqua mala erat,

Aug. Conf. 7, 5, 2.—In abstract, matter, the material universe:

Deus ex materia ortus est, aut materia ex Deo,

Lact. 2, 8.—

Esp., matter of suppuration, pus, Cels. 3, 27, 4.—

Transf., a stock, race, breed:

quod ex vetere materia nascitur, plerumque congeneratum parentis senium refert,

Col. 7, 3, 15:

generosa (equorum),

id. 6, 27 init. —

Trop.

The matter, subjectmatter, subject, topic, ground, theme of any exertion of the mental powers, as of an art or science, an oration, etc.: materiam artis eam dicimus in qua omnis ars et facultas, quae conficitur ex arte, versatur. Ut si medicinae materiam dicamus morbos ac vulnera, quod in his omnis medicina versetur;

item quibus in rebus versatur ars et facultas oratoria, eas res materiam artis rhetoricae nominamus,

Cic. Inv. 1, 5, 17:

quasi materia, quam tractet, et in qua versetur, subjecta est veritas,

id. Off. 1, 5, 16:

est enim deformitatis et corporis vitiorum satis bella materies ad jocandum,

id. de Or. 2, 59, 239; 1, 11, 49; id. Rosc. Com. 32, 89; id. Div. 2, 4, 12:

sermonum,

id. Q. Fr 1, 2, 1: materies crescit mihi, my matter (for writing about) increases, id. Att. 2, 12, 3: rei. id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 1:

aequa viribus,

a subject suited to your powers, Hor. A. P. 38:

infames,

Gell. 17, 12, 1:

extra materiam juris,

the province, Gai. Inst. 2, 191.—

A cause, occasion, source, opportunity (cf. mater, II.):

quid enim odisset Clodium Milo segetem ac materiam suae gloriae?

Cic. Mil. 13, 35 (for which shortly before:

fons perennis gloriae suae): materies ingentis decoris,

Liv. 1, 39, 3:

non praebiturum se illi eo die materiam,

id. 3, 46, 3:

major orationis,

id. 35, 12, 10:

criminandi,

id. 3, 31, 4:

omnium malorum,

Sall. C. 10:

materiam invidiae dare,

Cic. Phil. 11, 9, 21:

materiam bonitati dare,

id. de Or. 2, 84, 342:

scelerum,

Just. 3, 2, 12:

seditionis,

id. 11, 5, 3:

laudis,

Luc. 8, 16:

benefaciendi,

Plin. Pan. 38:

ne quid materiae praeberet Neroni,

occasion of jealousy, Suet. Galb. 9:

epistolae, quae materiam sermonibus praebuere,

Tac. H. 4, 4:

praebere materiam causasque jocorum,

Juv. 3, 147:

materiamque sibi ducis indulgentia quaerit,

id. 7, 21.—

Natural abilities, talents, genius, disposition:

fac, fuisse in isto C. Laelii, M. Catonis materiem atque indolem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 68, § 160:

in animis humanis,

id. Inv. 1, 2, 2:

materiam ingentis publice privatimade decoris omni indulgentia nostra nutriamus,

Liv. 1, 39, 3:

ad cupiditatem,

id. 1, 46; Quint. 2, 4, 7.—Hence, one's nature, natural character:

non sum materia digna perire tua,

thy unfeeling disposition, Ov. H. 4, 86.—

A subject, argument, course of thought, topic (post-Aug.):

tertium diem esse, quod omni labore materiae ad scribendum destinatae non inveniret exordium,

Quint. 10, 3, 14:

argumentum plura significat... omnem ad scribendum destinatam materiam ita appellari,

id. 5, 10, 9:

video non futurum finem in ista materia ullum, nisi quem ipse mihi fecero,

Sen. Ep. 87, 11:

pulcritudinem materiae considerare,

Plin. Ep. 3, 13, 2; 2, 5, 5:

materiam ex titulo cognosces,

id. ib. 5, 13, 3 al. (materies animi est, materia arboris;

et materies qualitas ingenii, materia fabris apta,

Front. II. p. 481 Mai.; but this distinction is not observed by class. writers).

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1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) puu

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) puutavara

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) parru

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: 1. `stalk of a leaf, fruit or flower' (Thphr., Porph.), also 2. name of a Thessalisan apparatus for field work, " ἰσχυρότερον ἔτι τῆς δικέλλης,... ὅ μᾶλλον εἰς βάθος κατιὸν πλείω γῆν περιτρέπει καὶ κατωτέρωθεν" (Thphr.). Acc. to H. = ὁ παρὰ τῳ̃ φύλλῳ κόκκος, what can hardly be correct. As difficult is μίσκος = `pod, shell' (Poll. 6, 94). Extensively on μίσχος Strömberg Theophrastea 115f. Orig. agricultural term, by the botanic Theophrastos used for botany(?).

Compounds: Compp., e.g. ἄ-μισχος `withou stalk' (Thphr.).

Origin: 1. PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]; 2. PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin] [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: No etymology; the connection with μίσκαιος κῆπος H., which is further connected with Lith. mìškas `wood, forest', also `wood for burning or building' (Specht Ursprung 255 n. 2, Fraenkel Wb. s.v.), is semantically void, unless one accepts for the Lith. word a basic meaning `treetrunk, bar'. After Bechtel Dial. 1, 208 first from *μιχ-σκ-ος like μάσκη from *μάκ-σκη (s. μακέλη); "but μιχ- can nowhere be placed". Fur. 133 connects μίσχος and μίσκος, which means that the word is Pre-Greek. -- Fur. 133 does not want to connect the stalk and the Thessal. apparatus. On the other hand he may be right in connecting the latter with μίσκαιος, where σχ\/σκ rather points to Pre-Greek.

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n; nur Sg. (building) timber, Am. lumber

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lumber; timber

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1) (timber sawn up.) lumber

2) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) timber

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nt timber BRIT, lumber AM

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Bauholz n; nur sg (building) timber, US lumber

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timber n. n.

timber n.

făber, bri ( gen. plur. most freq. fabrum; cf.:

jam ut censoriae tabulae loquuntur, fabrum et procum audeo dicere, non fabrorum et procorum,

Cic. Or. 46, 156: fabrum, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 8, C, 2; Caes. B. C. 1, 24, 4; Plin. 34, 1, 1, § 1 al.:

fabrorum,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 54; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 56, § 147; Plin. 35, 15, 51, § 182 al.), m. [Sanscr. root bha-, gleam, shine; Gr. phêmi, say, phainô, show; cf. for], a worker in wood, stone, metal, etc., a forger, smith, artificer, carpenter, joiner (syn.: artifex, opifex, operarius), tektôn.

Prop.

With adj. of material, etc., specifying the trade:

tamen ego me Phidiam esse mallem, quam vel optimum fabrum tignarium,

carpenter, Cic. Brut. 73, 257; so,

tignarius,

id. Rep. 2, 22; Inscr. Orell. 4087; cf.:

fabros tignarios dicimus non eos duntaxat, qui tigna dolant, sed omnes, qui aedificant,

Dig. 50, 16, 235:

ut fortunati sunt fabri ferrarii, Qui apud carbones assident!

blacksmiths, Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 47:

fabrum aerariorum conlegium,

copper-smiths, braziers, Plin. 34, 1, 1, § 1; cf.:

marmoris aut eboris fabros aut aeris amavit,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 96:

‡ eburarius, Inscr. ap. Spon. Misc. p. 222: ‡ intestinarius,

one who does the fine carved work in wood for the interior of a building, a joiner, Inscr. Orell. 4182:

‡ a Corinthiis,

ib. 4181:

‡ oculariarius,

one who made silver eyes for statues, ib. 4185.—

In gen.:

ut arcessatur faber, ut istas compedis tibi adimam,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 29:

cogito, utrum me dicam medicum ducere an fabrum,

id. Men. 5, 3, 11:

hominem pro fabro aut pro tectore emere,

Cic. Planc. 25, 62:

fabri ad aedificandam rem publicam,

work-people, workmen, laborers, id. Fam. 9, 2, 5; cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 19, § 48:

ex legionibus fabros delegit,

the workmen belonging to the army, Caes. B. G. 5, 11, 3;

whose overseer was called praefectus fabrūm,

id. B. C. 1, 24, 4:

His fabris crescunt patrimonia,

i. e. these smiths know how to add to their patrimonies, Juv. 14, 116:

faber volans, i. e. Icarus,

id. 1, 54.— Prov.: faber est quisque fortunae suae, every man is the maker of his own fortune, Appius ap. Sall. de Republ. Ordin. 1.

făber, bra, brum, adj. [1. faber], workmanlike, skilful, ingenious ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

ars,

Ov. M. 8, 159; id. F. 3, 383:

levitas speculi,

App. Mag. p. 282. — Sup.:

signaculum faberrimum anuli aurei,

App. Flor. p. 346.— Adv.: fā̆bre, in a workmanlike manner, skilfully, ingeniously:

hoc factum est fabre,

Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 23; cf. id. Stich. 4, 1, 64:

teres trabs,

Sil. 14, 320; Vulg. Exod. 35, 33:

sigillatum vitrum,

App. M. 2, p. 123 (cf. fabrefacio).— Sup.:

facta navis,

App. M. 11, p. 262 al.:

aptare,

Amm. 20, 11.

făber, bri, m., the dory, a sunfish (Zaeus faber, Linn.), Plin. 9, 18, 32, § 86; 32, 11, 53, § 148; Col. 8, 16, 9; Ov. Hal. 110.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `build' (Il.).

Other forms: Aor. δεῖμαι, perf. Med. δέδμημαι, Dor. δέδμᾱμαι

Dialectal forms: Myc. demeote \/ demeontes\/ ptc. fut. tokodomo \/ toikhodomos\/, naudomo \/ naudomos\/, etedomo \/ entesdomos\/?

Compounds: Old compounds νεό-δμᾱτος, νεό-δμη-τος (Pi.). οἰκοδόμος etc.

Derivatives: δέμας (nom. and acc.) `building of the body, outward appearance' (Il.; s. Vivante Arch. glottol. it. 40, 44f.) with analogical - ας, δομή `id.' (A. R.), also = `τεῖχος, οἰκοδομή' (H., uncertain J. AJ 15, 11, 3) with δομαῖος `to building useful' (A. R.); - δόμος ( δῶμα, δῶ), s.s.v. - Deverb. aorist δωμῆσαι, - ήσασθαι (A. R.; δωμήσουσιν οἰκοδομήσουσι H.), from *δωμάω (or *δωμέω?, Schwyzer 719 n. 5), with δώμημα (Lycia), ἐνδώμησις (Smyrna I^p etc.), δώμησις, δωμητύς H., δωμήτωρ (Man.). - With short vowel late forms: δομέοντι οἰκοδομοῦντι H., δεδομημένος (J., Aristid.) with δόμησις, δόμημα (J.), δομήτωρ (Anon. Prog. in Rh.); from οἰκο-δομέω (Ion.-Att.)? - S. also μεσό-δμη. Nomen agentis οἰκοδόμος with οἰκοδομέω `build'. Adj. ναο-, πυργο- `tempel, fortif. building'.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [198] * demh₁- `build'

Etymology: The present δέμω has a parallel in the German. verb Goth. ga-timan, OS teman, OHG zeman ` geziemen, fit'. To this group belongs the r-stem for `building wood', e. g. ONo. timbr, OHG zimbar, NHG Zimmer with the denomin. Goth. timrjan etc. ` zimmern', PGm. * tim(b)ra-, IE * demh₁-ro- (disyllabic root with germanic loss of the - h₁-; cf. νεό-δμᾱ-τος, δέ-δμᾱ-μαι), from *-dm̥h₁-. The root had - h₁-: Beekes, Development (291 Add. to p. 202), pointing to notations with η in Pindar; thus Ruijgh, Lingua 25 (1970) 316, who points to Myc. demeote. - Here further Hier.-Luw. ta+ mi-ha `I built' (Kronasser ΜΝΗΜΗΣ ΧΑΡΙΝ 1, 201). - See further δόμος, δῶμα, δεσπότης, μεσόδμη.

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ὕλη, ης, ἡ (Hom.+)

① a dense growth of trees, forest (Hom.+; JosAs 24:16 al., Jos. Ant. 18, 357; 366) Js 3:5. The tendency to use hyperbole in diatribe (cp. the imagery that precedes: ship-tongue) suggests this mng. in preference to

② the woody part of a tree, wood, pile of wood, wood used for building, etc. (Hom. et al.; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 110) (cp. Sir 28:10; Ps.-Phoc. 144).

③ the stuff out of which a thing is made, material, matter, stuff (Hom. et al.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 191; Just., A I, 59, 1 al.; Tat. 37, 1; Mel., P. 38, 260; Ath. 19, 3) in our lit. only earthly, perishable, non-divine matter φθαρτὴ ὕλη (as Philo, Post. Cai. 165; Jos., Bell. 3, 372), fr. which idols are made (Maximus Tyr. 2, 3a; Just., A I, 9, 2) PtK 2 p. 14, 15; Dg 2:3. Humans, too, are made of such material 1 Cl 38:3 (Philo, Leg. All. 1, 83 ὕ. σωματική; Tat. 6, 2 σαρκική. Cp. Epict. 3, 7, 25 ἀνθρώπου ἡ ὕλη = τὰ σαρκίδια). W. connotation of that which is sinful, hostile to God (as in Philo and Gnostic lit.; Tat. 13, 2; 21, 4; Ath. 16, 3; 24, 4) IRo 6:2.—B. 46. DELG. M-M. Sv.

1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) tømmer, trelast

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) trær, tømmer

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) bjelke

skog

trelast

tømmer

ved

subst. \/ˈtɪmbə\/

1) tømmer, trematerialer, trevirke

2) tømmerstokk, bjelke

3) ( handel) trelast

4) ( som fellesbetegnelse) skog, trær, tømmer

5) ( sjøfart) (tre)spant

6) (hverdagslig, i ridesport) hinder

7) ( slang) trebein

8) (spesielt amer., overført) virke, emne, kaliber, stoff

• he is managerial timber

be under timber være skogbevokst

put something under timber (be)plante noe med skog

sawn and stacked timber skurlast, skåret og stablet last, plankestabler

shiver my timbers! ( slang) splitte mine bramseil!

standing timber skog på rot

timber! ( skogbruk) se opp!, fallende tre!

1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) timbur

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) tré, skógur

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) bjálki, (burðar)biti

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1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) fa(anyag)

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) épületfa

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) gerenda

1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) madeira

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) madeira

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) viga

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[t'imbə] n 1 madeira de construção, madeira de lei. 2 viga, madeiramento. 3 Amer árvores que crescem e suas madeiras. • vt forrar com madeira, apoiar ou reforçar com madeira. • adj de madeira.

adj. keresteden yapılmış

n. kereste, kerestelik ağaç, kalas, kiriş, gemi kaburgası, kalıp (tip)

v. kereste ile kaplamak, payanda vurmak, kalas dayamak

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1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) kereste

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) kerestelik ağaç

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) tahta kiriş

1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) stavbni les

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) drevje za stavbni les

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) tram

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stavbni les; hlod, bruno; plural debla, drevje, stebla; gozd; American figuratively les, snov, kaliber, kov; hunting ovira, ograda, ograja; plural marine ogrodje, rebra (ladje)

a man of his timber — človek njegovega kova;

tesati; graditi; mineralogy podpreti z lesom; opažiti, obiti z lesom;

lesen

timber forest — visok gozd

timber trade — lesna trgovina

timber work — tramovje, gredje

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1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) drewno

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) drzewa przeznaczone na budulec

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) belka

1) (wood, especially for building: This house is built of timber.) koks; kokmateriāli

2) (trees suitable for this: a hundred acres of good timber.) būvkoks

3) (a wooden beam used in the building of a house, ship etc.) baļķis

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būvkoki, kokmateriāli; baļķis; rakstura īpašība; apšūt ar koku