-
81 lectorat
lectorat [lεktɔʀa]masculine noun[de magazine] readership* * *lɛktɔʀanom masculin1) ( public) readership2) Université post of lecteur/-trice* * *lɛktɔʀa nm(foreign language) assistantship, (teaching) assistantship* * *lectorat nm readership.[lɛktɔra] nom masculin1. PRESSE readership -
82 université
université [ynivεʀsite]feminine noun* * *ynivɛʀsite1) ( établissement) university GB, college USêtre à l'université — to be at university GB, to be in college US
2) ( enseignement supérieur) higher education•Phrasal Verbs:* * *ynivɛʀsite nf* * *université nf1 ( établissement) university GB, college US; l'Université de Montréal the University of Montreal; être à l'université to be at university GB, to be in college US; aller à l'université to go to university GB, to go to college US;2 ( enseignement supérieur) higher education; l'université est en crise higher education is in crisis.université d'été Univ summer school; Pol party conference (assembling young members and potential members); université du troisième âge University of the Third Age (higher education courses for Senior Citizens).[ynivɛrsite] nom féminin1. [institution, bâtiment] universityuniversité du troisième âge post-retirement ou senior citizens' university2. POLITIQUE -
83 Tikkun olam
(Hebrew) Repairing the world.The phenomenon "is important in Judaism and is often used to explain the Jewish concept of social justice. In some explanations, the more mitzvot that are performed, the closer the world will be towards perfection. Some Jews believe that acts of tikkun olam will either trigger or fulfill the prophesied coming of the Moshiach (messiah) or messianic age (the World to Come). The belief in tikkun olam is also central to the Zohar ("Book of Splendor"), the most important book in kabbalah" (Wikipedia). Fot some people, the term offers the motivation for involvement in social justice work. It is used to describe efforts as diverse as teaching Torah, volunteering for social service agencies, raising money for Israel, and supporting the creation of a Palestinian state. As a post-biblical term, tikkun olam neither appears in a prophetic book nor constitutes one of the mitzvot. However, as this concept has come to be equated both with a general call to justice, and with specific philanthropic and volunteer activities, the definition of tikkun olam has been merged with those of tzedakah (financial support of the poor), gmilut hasadim (acts of loving kindness), and tzedek (justice).So, the four primary definitions of tikkun olam in Jewish history are: the anticipation of the divine kingdom in the Aleynu prayer; the midrashic call to preserve the physical world; the rabbinic desire to sustain the social order; and the Lurianic belief in our power to restore divine perfection. This definition may occupy a space between a limited definition of tikkun olam as relating only to a specific theology or legal process and an expansive definition that equates tikkun olam with any type of social action or social justice work. -
84 occupare
spazio take up, occupytempo occupy, fillposto have, holdpersona keep busydi esercizio occupy* * *occupare v.tr.1 ( prendere possesso) to occupy, to take* possession of (sthg.): occupare un edificio, to take possession of a building; occupare il suolo pubblico, to occupy public property; occupare abusivamente una casa vuota, to squat in an empty house; le famiglie sfrattate hanno occupato il palazzo, the evicted families have occupied the building; gli operai hanno occupato la fabbrica in segno di protesta, the workers occupied the factory as a gesture of protest; occupare una casa di due piani, ( abitare) to occupy (o to inhabit) a two-storey house; occupare un posto a sedere, to occupy a seat // (mil.) occupare una città, un paese, to occupy (o to take possession of) a town, a country2 ( riempire uno spazio) to take* up: i libri occupano molto spazio, books take up a lot of room; una descrizione che occupa tutto il primo capitolo, a description that takes up the whole of the first chapter; molte preoccupazioni occupavano la sua mente, his mind was full of worries3 ( il tempo) to occupy, to spend*: occupo il mio tempo studiando l'inglese, I spend my time studying English; questo lavoro mi occupa troppo tempo, this work takes up too much of my time; sa come occupare il tempo, he knows how to occupy his time4 ( cariche, uffici) to occupy, to fill; to hold*: occupa la cattedra di inglese nella nostra università, he holds the chair of English at our university; occupare un posto di lavoro, una carica, to occupy a post; occupare un posto vacante, to fill a vacancy5 ( ingaggiare, far lavorare) to employ, to engage, to take* on: occupare venti operai, to employ twenty workmen6 ( tenere occupato) to keep* busy: l'insegnamento mi occupa tutta la giornata, teaching keeps me busy all day long; il suo lavoro lo occupa anche la domenica, his job keeps him busy even on Sunday.◘ occuparsi v.intr.pron.1 ( avere come occupazione) to be responsible for (sthg.), to do* (sthg.) as a job; ( avere come incarico) to deal* with (sthg.), to attend to (sthg.); ( commerciare) to deal* in (sthg.): si occupa del recupero crediti, he's responsible for recovery of debts; mi occupo di pubbliche relazioni, I attend to public relations; occupare dell'acquisto e della vendita delle merci, to attend to the buying and selling of goods; ci occupiamo di antiquariato, we deal in antiques2 ( interessarsi) to be interested in; ( attivamente) to be involved in; ( con dedizione) to devote oneself to: mi occupo di moda, sport, I'm interested in fashion, sport; non si occupa più di politica, he is not involved in politics any more; occupare di opere di carità, to devote oneself to works of charity3 ( prendersi cura, badare) to look after (s.o., sthg.); to see* to (s.o., sthg.): chi si occuperà del cane quest'estate?, who will look after the dog this summer?; mi occuperò io dei bambini, I'll look after the children; occupati delle bevande, io mi occuperò del cibo, you see to the drinks, I'll see to the food; puoi occuparti tu degli ospiti che sono appena arrivati?, can you see to the guests who've just arrived?4 ( impicciarsi) to get* involved in (sthg.): non voglio assolutamente occuparmene, I do not want to have anything to do with it; occupati dei fatti tuoi, mind your own business5 ( trovar lavoro) to find* a job, to get* a job, to be employed: si è occupato in un'industria farmaceutica, he has got a job in a farmaceutical company.* * *[okku'pare]1. vt(gen) Mil to occupy, (spazio, tempo) to occupy, take up, (casa) to live in, (carica) to hold, (manodopera) to employl'esercito ha occupato il paese — the army has occupied o taken over the country
2. vip (occuparsi)1)occuparsi di — (interessarsi) to be interested in, take an interest in, (prendersi cura) to take care of, look after, (impicciarsi) to interfere in, meddle in
2)occuparsi in — (impiegarsi) to get a job in
* * *[okku'pare] 1.verbo transitivo2) to take* up [spazio, volume]3) (impegnare) to occupy [persona, mente]; to fill (up) [ tempo]i miei studi mi occupano molto — my studies keep me very busy, my studies take up a lot of my time
4) to hold* [impiego, posizione]; to fill [ carica]5) (dare lavoro) to employ6) [ scioperanti] to occupy; mil. [truppe, esercito] to occupy, to take* possession of7) (illegalmente) to stage a sit-in at [ università]; to squat [ casa]2.verbo pronominale occuparsi2) (dedicare attenzione, lavoro)- rsi di — to address, to cope with [problema, questione]; to deal* with [lamentele, emergenze, richieste, caso, situazioni]; [dipartimento, ufficiale] to handle [immigrazione, inchieste]
- rsi di — to look after, to take* care of, to see* to [bambino, animale]; to deal* with [paziente, clientela]; to take* care of [giardino, casa]
- rsi di — to be* in charge of [finanziamento, amministrazione]; to look after, to work with [ handicappati]; to mind [ negozio]; to be* involved in [affari, progetto]
5)* * *occupare/okku'pare/ [1]1 [ persona] to occupy [posto, cella]; to live in, to reside in [ casa]; occupare il sesto posto della classifica to be sixth in the ranking; il monumento occupa il centro della piazza the monument stands in the centre of the square2 to take* up [spazio, volume]; il nuovo tavolo occupa tutta la stanza the new table fills up the whole room; occupare il posto di due persone to take up as much room as two people3 (impegnare) to occupy [persona, mente]; to fill (up) [ tempo]; i miei studi mi occupano molto my studies keep me very busy, my studies take up a lot of my time; occupare il proprio tempo facendo to spend one's time doing4 to hold* [impiego, posizione]; to fill [ carica]5 (dare lavoro) to employ6 [ scioperanti] to occupy; mil. [truppe, esercito] to occupy, to take* possession ofII occuparsi verbo pronominale2 (dedicare attenzione, lavoro) - rsi di to address, to cope with [problema, questione]; to deal* with [lamentele, emergenze, richieste, caso, situazioni]; [dipartimento, ufficiale] to handle [immigrazione, inchieste]; l'argomento di cui ci occupiamo oggi the matter which we are dealing with today; non ho ancora avuto il tempo di occuparmene I haven't got around to it yet; di cosa ti occupi? what do you do?3 (prendersi cura) - rsi di to look after, to take* care of, to see* to [bambino, animale]; to deal* with [paziente, clientela]; to take* care of [giardino, casa]4 (essere incaricato di) - rsi di to be* in charge of [finanziamento, amministrazione]; to look after, to work with [ handicappati]; to mind [ negozio]; to be* involved in [affari, progetto]; - rsi di politica to be in politics5 occupati degli affari tuoi mind your own business. -
85 qualifica
f (pl -che) qualificationqualifica professionale profession* * *qualifica s.f.1 qualification; ( posizione contrattuale) status: qualifica di idoneità all'insegnamento, teaching qualification; con la sua qualifica di dottore in legge..., with his degree in law (o legal qualification)...; qualifica professionale, professional qualification; qualifica di impiegato, operaio, employee, worker status; qualifica di dottore, title of doctor; non so se ha le qualifiche necessarie per occupare quel posto, I don't know if he has the necessary qualifications for that post; è stato assunto con la qualifica di..., he was taken on as a...; senza avere una qualifica è impossibile trovare lavoro, it's impossible to get a job without a qualification (o without letters after your name)2 ( valutazione di merito) appraisal, grade: qualifica di ottimo, valente, scarso, excellent, good, low grade3 ( titolo) title: si merita la qualifica di miglior giocatore di bridge dell'anno, he deserves the title of best bridge-player of the year.* * *1) (appellativo) label, name2) (titolo) qualification, status* * *qualificapl. - che /kwa'lifika, ke/sostantivo f.1 (appellativo) label, name2 (titolo) qualification, status; qualifica di ingegnere status of qualified engineer; qualifica professionale vocational qualification3 (qualificazione) avere la qualifica richiesta per to have the necessary qualification for. -
86 Lehrauftrag
-
87 supplentato
supplentato s.m.2 ( insieme di supplenti) substitutes (pl.), temporary staff; ( di insegnanti) temporary teachers (pl.), supply teachers (pl.). -
88 magisterium
măgistĕrĭum, ii, n. [magister], the office of a president, chief, director, superintendent, etc. (class.).I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.dictaturā ac magisterio equitum honorata familia,
Suet. Tib. 3:morum,
i. e. the censorship, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 46: me magisteria delectant a majoribus instituta (sc. conviviorum), the custom of having a master or president at feasts, id. Sen. 14, 46:collegii,
Suet. Dom. 4:sacerdotii,
id. Calig. 22:pedestre,
the office of a commander of infantry, Aur. Vict. Caes. 42.— Transf., of dogs: inter se exercent etiam magisteria, the post of leader (in hunting), Plin. 8, 40, 61, § 148.—In partic., the office of tutor or instructor of youth, tutorship, guardianship (very rare):II.jam excessit mi aetas ex magisterio tuo,
I have now outgrown your tutorship, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 44.—Trop., teaching, instruction, advice:virtute id factum, et magisterio tuo,
Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 32:vana,
Tib. 1, 4, 84:novum,
method, Cels. 5, 27, 2. -
89 methodos
-
90 methodus
-
91 профессия
1. capacity2. craft3. function4. line of profession5. post6. skill7. working status8. profession; calling; trade9. business10. calling11. occupationпрофессия, вредная для здоровья — unhealthy occupation
сфера услуг, обслуживающие профессии — tertiary occupation
12. tradeпрофессии, относящиеся к сфере обслуживания — service trades
13. vocation14. walk of lifeобщественное положение; профессия — walk of life
Синонимический ряд:специальность (сущ.) ремесло; специальность -
92 Teixeira, Nuno Severiano
(1957-)Portuguese scholar and politician, example of a new generation of academically trained public servants who favor a pan-European vision. Born in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, in 1957, he received most of his education in Europe. Educated as a career academic, he received a master's degree in history from the Faculty of Letters, Classical University of Lisbon in 1981, and his doctorate in the history of international relations from the European University Institute, Florence, Italy in 1994. He also received a higher degree in 2005 in political science and international relations from the New University of Lisbon. He held various teaching and research posts in academia in Italy, the United States, and Portugal, as well as visiting professor post appointments at American universities, including Georgetown University and the University of California, Berkeley, between 2000 and 2003. He was active in international research networks and scholarly conferences and publications, including the American-based International Conference Group on Portugal (1972-2002).A member of the Socialist Party, Teixeira was director of the Instituto da Defesa Nacional, a government academy and think-tank, from 1996 to 2000 and, from 2000 to 2002, he served as minister of internal administration. From 2003 to 2006, he was the director of the Portuguese Institute of International Relations, at the New University of Lisbon. In July 2006, he became Portugal's minister of national defense in the government of Prime Minister José Sócrates. His scholarly publications are numerous, including books on modern history, the European Union, and defense and war studies. As defense minister, Teixeira was active in the pan-European activities of the European Union (EU) and made important contributions as a speaker and theorist. In EU meetings, he analyzed strategic defense planning in order to help determine the future military roles of the EU as it dealt with transnational terrorism, failed states, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Teixeira, Nuno Severiano
-
93 περιπατητικός
II given to walking about, esp. while teaching or disputing: of Aristotle and his followers (cf.περίπατος 11.3
), Supp.Epigr.1.368.5 (Samos, iii/ii B.C.), Demetr.Lac.Herc.1055.19, Phld.Acad.Ind.p.112 M., Cic.Acad.Post.1.4.17, Ceb.13 (- πατικοί is f.l.), Plu.2.1115a, Luc.Herm.14, CIG4814c Add. ([place name] Egypt) ; τὰ π. their doctrines, Posidon.36 J., Cic.Att.13.19.4 ;ἡ π. φιλοσοφία S.E.M.11.179
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > περιπατητικός
-
94 Downing, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 19 July 1811 Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow, Irelandd. 21 April 1882[br]Irish engineer and teacher.[br]Samuel Downing had a formative influence on the development of engineering education in Ireland. He was educated at Kilkenny College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he took a BA in 1834. He subsequently attended courses in natural philosophy at Edinburgh, before taking up work as a railway and bridge engineer. Amongst structures on which he worked were the timber viaduct connecting Portland Island to the mainland in Dorset, England, and the curved viaduct at Coed-re-Coed on the Taff Vale Railway, Wales. In 1847 he was persuaded to return to Trinity College, Dublin, as Assistant to Sir John MacNeill, who had been appointed Professor of Engineering in the School of Engineering on its establishment in 1842. MacNeill always found it difficult to give up time on his engineering practice to spend on his teaching duties, so the addition of Downing to the staff gave a great impetus to the effectiveness of the School. When MacNeill retired from the Chair in 1852, Downing was his obvious successor and held the post until his death. For thirty years Downing devoted his engineering expertise and the energy of his warm personality to the School of Engineering and its students, of whom almost four hundred passed through the School in the years when he was responsible for it.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAssociate Member, Institution of Civil Engineers 1852.BibliographyFurther ReadingProceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 72:310–11.AB -
95 Hunter, John
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 14 (registered 13) February 1728 East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, Scotlandd. 16 October 1793 London, England[br]Scottish surgeon and anatomist, pioneer of experimental methods in medicine and surgery.[br]The younger brother of William Hunter (1718–83), who was of great distinction but perhaps of slightly less achievement in similar fields, he owed much of his early experience to his brother; William, after a period at Glasgow University, moved to St George's Hospital, London. In his later teens, John assisted a brother-in-law with cabinet-making. This appears to have contributed to the lifelong mechanical skill which he displayed as a dissector and surgeon. This skill was particularly obvious when, after following William to London in 1748, he held post at a number of London teaching hospitals before moving to St George's in 1756. A short sojourn at Oxford in 1755 appears to have been unfruitful.Despite his deepening involvement in the study of comparative anatomy, facilitated by the purchase of animals from the Tower menagerie and travelling show people, he accepted an appointment as a staff surgeon in the Army in 1760, participating in the expedition to Belle Isle and also serving in Portugal. He returned home with over 300 specimens in 1763 and, until his appointment as Surgeon to St George's in 1768, was heavily involved in the examination of this and other material, as well as in studies of foetal testicular descent, placental circulation, the nature of pus and lymphatic circulation. In 1772 he commenced lecturing on the theory and practice of surgery, and in 1776 he was appointed Surgeon-Extraordinary to George III.He is rightly regarded as the founder of scientific surgery, but his knowledge was derived almost entirely from his own experiments and observations. His contemporaries did not always accept or understand the concepts which led to such aphorisms as, "to perform an operation is to mutilate a patient we cannot cure", and his written comment to his pupil Jenner: "Why think. Why not trie the experiment". His desire to establish the aetiology of gonorrhoea led to him infecting himself, as a result of which he also contracted syphilis. His ensuing account of the characteristics of the disease remains a classic of medicine, although it is likely that the sequelae of the condition brought about his death at a relatively early age. From 1773 he suffered recurrent anginal attacks of such a character that his life "was in the hands of any rascal who chose to annoy and tease him". Indeed, it was following a contradiction at a board meeting at St George's that he died.By 1788, with the death of Percival Pott, he had become unquestionably the leading surgeon in Britain, if not Europe. Elected to the Royal Society in 1767, the extraordinary variety of his collections, investigations and publications, as well as works such as the "Treatise on the natural history of the human teeth" (1771–8), gives testimony to his original approach involving the fundamental and inescapable relation of structure and function in both normal and disease states. The massive growth of his collections led to his acquiring two houses in Golden Square to contain them. It was his desire that after his death his collection be purchased and preserved for the nation. It contained 13,600 specimens and had cost him £70,000. After considerable delay, Par-liament voted inadequate sums for this purpose and the collection was entrusted to the recently rechartered Royal College of Surgeons of England, in whose premises this remarkable monument to the omnivorous and eclectic activities of this outstanding figure in the evolution of medicine and surgery may still be seen. Sadly, some of the collection was lost to bombing during the Second World War. His surviving papers were also extensive, but it is probable that many were destroyed in the early nineteenth century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1767. Copley Medal 1787.Bibliography1835–7, Works, ed. J.F.Palmer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London.MG -
96 Kurtz, Thomas E.
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. USA[br]American mathematician who, with Kemeny developed BASIC, a high-level computer language.[br]Kurtz took his first degree in mathematics at the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), where he also gained experience in numerical methods as a result of working in the National Bureau of Standards Institute for Numerical Analysis located on the campus. In 1956 he obtained a PhD in statistics at Princeton, after which he took up a post as an instructor at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. There he found a considerable interest in computing was already in existence, and he was soon acting as the Dartmouth contact with the New England Regional Computer Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an initiative partly supported by IBM. With Kemeny, he learned the Share Assembly Language then in use, but they were concerned about the difficulty of programming computers in assembly language and of teaching it to students and colleagues at Dartmouth. In 1959 the college obtained an LGP-30 computer and Kurtz became the first Director of the Dartmouth Computer Center. However, the small memory (4 k) of this 30-bit machine precluded its use with the recently available high-level language Algol 58. Therefore, with Kemeny, he set about developing a simple language and operating system that would use simple English commands and be easy to learn and use. This they called the Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC). At the same time they jointly supervised the design and development of a time-sharing system suitable for college use, so that by 1964, when Kurtz became an associate professor of mathematics, they had a fully operational BASIC system; by 1969 a sixth version was already in existence. In 1966 Kurtz left Dartmouth to become a Director of the Kiewit Computer Center, and then, in 1975, he became a Director of the Office of Academic Computing; in 1978 he returned to Dartmouth as Professor of Mathematics. He also served on various national committees.[br]Bibliography1964, with J.G.Kemeny, BASIC Instruction Manual: Dartmouth College (for details of the development of BASIC etc.).1968, with J.G.Kemeny "Dartmouth time-sharing", Science 223.Further ReadingR.L.Wexelblat, 1981, History of Programming Languages, London: Academic Press (a more general view of the development of computer languages).KF -
97 Merica, Paul Dyer
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 17 March 1889 Warsaw, Indiana, USAd. 20 October 1957 Tarrytown, New York, USA[br]American physical metallurgist who elucidated the mechanism of the age-hardening of alloys.[br]Merica graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1908. Before proceeding to the University of Berlin, he spent some time teaching in Wisconsin and in China. He obtained his doctorate in Berlin in 1914, and in that year he joined the US National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Washington. During his five years there, he investigated the causes of the phenomenon of age-hardening of the important new alloy of aluminium, Duralumin.This phenomenon had been discovered not long before by Dr Alfred Wilm, a German research metallurgist. During the early years of the twentieth century, Wilm had been seeking a suitable light alloy for making cartridge cases for the Prussian government. In the autumn of 1909 he heated and quenched an aluminium alloy containing 3.5 per cent copper and 0.5 per cent magnesium and found its properties unremarkable. He happened to test it again some days later and was impressed to find its hardness and strength were much improved: Wilm had accidentally discovered age-hardening. He patented the alloy, but he made his rights over to Durener Metallwerke, who marketed it as Duralumin. This light and strong alloy was taken up by aircraft makers during the First World War, first for Zeppelins and then for other aircraft.Although age-hardened alloys found important uses, the explanation of the phenomenon eluded metallurgists until in 1919 Merica and his colleagues at the NBS gave the first rational explanation of age-hardening in light alloys. When these alloys were heated to temperatures near their melting points, the alloying constituents were taken into solution by the matrix. Quenching retained the alloying metals in supersaturated solid solution. At room temperature very small crystals of various intermetallic compounds were precipitated and, by inserting themselves in the aluminium lattice, had the effect of increasing the hardness and strength of the alloy. Merica's theory stimulated an intensive study of hardening and the mechanism that brought it about, with important consequences for the development of new alloys with special properties.In 1919 Merica joined the International Nickel Company as Director of Research, a post he held for thirty years and followed by a three-year period as President. He remained in association with the company until his death.[br]Bibliography1919, "Heat treatment and constitution of Duralumin", Sci. Papers, US Bureau of Standards, no. 37; 1932, "The age-hardening of metals", Transactions of the American Institution of Min. Metal 99:13–54 (his two most important papers).Further ReadingZ.Jeffries, 1959, "Paul Dyer Merica", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science 33:226–39 (contains a list of Merica's publications and biographical details).LRD -
98 Poncelet, Jean Victor
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 1 July 1788 Metz, Franced. 22 December 1867 Paris, France[br]French mathematician and military and hydraulic engineer.[br]Poncelet studied mathematics at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris from 1807 to 1810. He joined the Army, gaining admission to the Corps of Engineers. He worked on the fortifications on the Isle of Walcheren in Holland, and in 1812 he found himself on the Russian front, engulfed in the disastrous defeat of the French at Krasnoi. Poncelet was left for dead on the field, but he was found by the Russians and taken to Saratov, where he was imprisoned for two years. He had ample opportunity there to ponder mathematical problems, a mental process from which stemmed his pioneering advances in projective geometry.After his release he returned to this native city of Metz, where he undertook routine military engineering and teaching tasks. These left him time to pursue his mathematical studies in projective geometry. This bore fruit in a series of publications, most notably the first volume of his Traité des propriétés projectives des figures (1822, Paris), the first book to be devoted to the new discipline of projective geometry. With his election to the Académie des Sciences in 1834, Poncelet moved to Paris and devoted much of his time to developing courses in applied mechanics in the Faculty of Science, resulting in a number of books, especially the Introduction à la mécanique industrielle, physique ou expérimentale (1841, Paris: Metz). In 1848 he had attained the rank of general and was made Commandant of the Ecole Polytechnique, a post he held for two years. After his retirement in 1850 he was deeply involved in the industrial machines and tools division at both the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and the similar exhibition in Paris in 1855.Most of Poncelet's work in applied mechanics and technology was conceived during the period 1825–40. His technological innovations were centred on hydraulic engineering, and in 1826 he invented an inward-flow turbine. At the same time he directed his attention to the vertical undershot water-wheel, with wooden blades set radially and substituted curved metal blades: he used tight-fitting masonry and floors in the wheel pits so that all the water would be swept into the spaces between the blades. In addition, he ensured that the water flowing from the blades fell clear of the wheel and did not run in tail water. This greatly improved the efficiency of the water-wheel.[br]BibliographyH.Tribout, 1936, Un Grand Savant: le général Jean-Victor Poncelet, Paris, pp. 204–20 (the most complete list of his published works).Further ReadingI.Didion, 1870, "Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages du général J.-V.Poncelet", Mémoires de l'Académie de Metz 50:101–59.M.Daumas (ed), 1968, Histoire des techniques, Vol. 3, Paris (briefly describes his technological work).LRD
См. также в других словарях:
teaching — /tee ching/, n. 1. the act or profession of a person who teaches. 2. something that is taught. 3. Often, teachings. doctrines or precepts: the teachings of Lao tzu. [1125 75; ME teching. See TEACH, ING1] * * * Profession of those who give… … Universalium
post — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 (BrE) postal system ⇨ See also ↑mail ADJECTIVE ▪ first class, second class ▪ registered ▪ inland PREPOSITION … Collocations dictionary
Post — Particular place on the floor of an exchange where transactions in stocks listed on the exchange occur. The New York Times Financial Glossary * * * ▪ I. post post 1 [pəʊst ǁ poʊst] noun 1. the post especially BrE the official system for sending… … Financial and business terms
post — Particular place on the floor of an exchange where transactions in stocks listed on the exchange occur. Bloomberg Financial Dictionary * * * ▪ I. post post 1 [pəʊst ǁ poʊst] noun 1. the post … Financial and business terms
Teaching of St. Augustine of Hippo — Teaching of St. Augustine of Hippo † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Teaching of St. Augustine of Hippo St. Augustine of Hippo (354 430) is a philosophical and theological genius of the first order, dominating, like a pyramid, antiquity and… … Catholic encyclopedia
Teaching abroad — is a catch phrase used in first world countries for temporary teaching assignments outside of their home country. Overview of different programs There are many different programs that exist to help people to teach abroad. Three often used paths… … Wikipedia
Teaching Hospital Kandy — Teaching Hospital Kandy, in Kandy, is the second largest General Hospital in Sri Lanka. Bed strength of the hospital in the year 2007 was 2164. Teaching Hospital Kandy with strong links to the University of Peradeniya conducts undergraduate… … Wikipedia
Post Vatican II history of the Roman Catholic Church — includes the recent history of the Roman Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council. It focuses on the influences of the Council on the Roman Catholic Church, the Church s reactions to it, and subsequent historical deveopments to the… … Wikipedia
post — post1 W3S3 [pəust US poust] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(job)¦ 2¦(postal system)¦ 3¦(letters)¦ 4¦(collection/delivery)¦ 5¦(piece of wood/metal)¦ 6¦(football/hockey etc)¦ 7¦(newspaper)¦ 8¦(soldier/guard etc)¦ 9 border/military/customs/police post … Dictionary of contemporary English
post — post1 W3S3 [pəust US poust] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(job)¦ 2¦(postal system)¦ 3¦(letters)¦ 4¦(collection/delivery)¦ 5¦(piece of wood/metal)¦ 6¦(football/hockey etc)¦ 7¦(newspaper)¦ 8¦(soldier/guard etc)¦ 9 border/military/customs/police post … Dictionary of contemporary English
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research — Infobox University name = Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) native name = image size = 100px caption = PGIMER Logo latin name = motto = service to the community, care of the needy and research for the good of all… … Wikipedia