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121 hamarnaka
adb. in groups of ten; txanponak bosnaka, \hamarnaka, eta hogeinaka ipini zituen he put the coins in stacks of five, ten, and twenty -
122 bunch
[bantʃ]1. nouna number of things fastened or growing together:باقَهa bunch of bananas.
2. verb( often with up or together) to come or put together in bunches, groups etc:يَتَجَمَّعُ، يَزْدَحِمُTraffic often bunches on a motorway.
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123 Christian Democratic Party
Established originally as the Centro Democático e Social (CDS) in May 1974, following the fall of the Estado Novo, the CDS was supported by conservatives inspired by Christian humanism and Catholic social doctrines. In the first democratic elections after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which were held on 25 April 1975, the CDS won only a disappointing 7.6 percent of the vote for the Constituent Assembly. In the following general elections for the Assembly of the Republic, in April 1976, however, the party more than doubled its votes to 16 percent and surpassed the number of votes for the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). In 1979-80, the Christian Democrats joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in a coalition called the Aliança Democrática (Democratic Alliance), a grouping that defeated the Socialist Party (PS) in the succeeding elections. The Christian Democrats remained in the background as the principal party rivals for power were the PS and the PSD.In the 1990s, the CDS altered its name to the Partido Popular (PP) and featured new leaders such as party chief Paulo Portas. While the democratic Portuguese system had become virtually a two-party dominant system by the 1980s and 1990s, the PP would have opportunities, depending upon circumstances, to share power in another coalition with one of the two larger, major parties, the PS or PSD. Indeed, parliamentary election results in March 2002 gave the party just such an opportunity, as the PP won 14 percent of the vote, thus surpassing for the first time since the 1975 elections the PCP, which was reduced to 12 percent of the vote. The PP thus gained new influence as the PSD, which won the largest number of seats in this election, was obliged to share governance with the PP in order to have a working majority in the legislature.Various right-wing lobbies and interest groups influenced the PP. In early 2000, the PP proposed a law to the Assembly of the Republic whereby former colonists, now mainly resident in Portugal, who had lost property in Portugal's former colonies of Angola and Mozambique, would be compensated by Portugal for material losses during decolonization. The PP leadership argued that the manner in which the governments after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 administered the disputed, controversial decolonization process in these territories made the government responsible for compensating Portuguese citizens for such losses. The PS-dominated government of then prime minister, Antônio Guterres, argued, however, that independent governments of those former colonies were responsible for any compensation due. Thus, Guterres declined to accept the proposed legislation. This proposal by the PP and others like it followed upon other proposed laws such as Law 20, 19 June 1997, put before the Assembly of the Republic, which was passed under the aegis of the PS. This law pledged to compensate opposition militants (the survivors) who had opposed the Estado Novo and had spent years in exile, as well as in clandestine activities. Such compensations would come in the form of pensions and social security benefits. Given the strength of conservative constituencies and former settlers' lobbies, it is likely that the Christian Democrats will introduce more such proposed laws in future parliamentary sessions.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Christian Democratic Party
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124 Corporativism
Corporativism or corporatism, a social and economic doctrine or ideology, has been influential on several occasions in the 20th century. Based on Catholic social doctrines, corporativism began to enjoy a certain vogue among conservative parties in the First Republic. The Estado Novo adopted the doctrine as one of its main ideologies and strategies after 1930, although it took decades for the corporative system to be instituted in any comprehensive way. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar and his ruling group advocated the corporative system in the 1933 Constitution and the National LaborStatute of September 1933, but it was not until after a 1956 law that the system was put into operation.The Estado Novo's intention was to have greater control over the economy than the weak First Republic had managed by means of eliminating social conflict as well as the inevitable struggle between labor and management. New state doctrine declared that the regime under a corporative system would be "neither bourgeois nor proletarian." The idea was that corporativism in Portugal would be largely self-regulating and would promote social peace and prosperity. In fact, the corporative system became simply another part of the large state bureaucracy in the 1950s, l960s, and 1970s. Under this system, management was organized in guilds ( grêmios) and labor in official unions ( sindicatos). The state also organized special employer-employee institutes for rural workers ( Casas do Povo or "Houses of the People") and for fishermen ( Casas dos Pescadores or "Houses of Fishermen").An elaborate bureaucratic structure administered this cumbersome system. A Chamber of Corporations, representing all professions and occupations, was the upper chamber of the national legislature in Lisbon. One major aim or strategy of the system was to prevent labor strikes or lockouts, but after 1942's widespread strikes and later labor unrest it was clear that opposition labor groups, some organized by the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), had engineered their own labor union system parallel to the corporative system. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the first provisional government abolished the Estado Novo's corporative system. -
125 Portuguese Communist Party
(PCP)The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.See also Left Bloc.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party
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126 ἕκαστος
A each, opp. the whole body, Il.2.805, etc.: sg. with pl. Verb, ἔβαν οἶκόνδε ἕκαστος they went home each to his own house, 1.606 ;δεδμήμεσθα ἕκαστος 5.878
, cf. Hdt.3.158 ; so in [dialect] Att., Ar.Pl. 785, Pl.Prt. 327e, etc. ;ὅτι ἕκαστος ἐπίστασθε ἀγαθόν X.Smp.3.3
: sg. in apposition with pl. Noun or Pron., which expresses the whole, ;ὔμμι..ἑκάστῳ 15.109
;αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες..θαύμαζον..ἑκάστη 18.496
, etc. ;Περσίδες δ'.. ἑκάστα..λείπεται A.Pers. 135
(lyr.) ; αἱ ἄλλαι πᾶσαι [ τέχναι] , cf. Grg. 503e ; ὅστις ἕκαστος every one which.. (nisi leg. ὥς τις), Hes.Th. 459.2 the Art. is sts. added to the Subst. (so regularly in earlier [dialect] Att. Inscrr., IG12.22.14, al., exc. ἑκάστου μηνός ib.6.125) with which ἕκαστος agrees, in which case ἕκαστος is commonly put first, καθ' ἑ. τὴν ἡμέραν every single day, Isoc.12.211, etc. ;περὶ ἑ. τῆς τέχνης Pl.Phdr. 274e
: also following the Subst.,κατὰ τὸν οξπλίτην ἕκαστον Th.5.49
;κατὰ τὴν ἡμέραν ἑκάστην Id.6.63
, al.II in pl., all and each severally, Il.1.550, al., A. Supp. 932, etc. ; οἷστισιν ἑκάστοις to whichsoever severally, Pl.Lg. 799a.III strengthd. by the addition of other Prons., εἷς ἕ. (v. εἷς) ;εἷς τις ἕ. S.Ant. 262
; ἕκαστός τις each one, Pi.N.4.92, Th.3.45, etc. ;ταῦτα ἕκαστα Hdt.5.13
, etc. ; all in exact detail,A.
Pr. 950.2 with Preps., esp.κατά, καθ' ἕκαστον
singly, by itself,Pl.
Tht. 188a, al. ;καθ' ἕ. καὶ σύμπαντα Id.Sph. 259b
; τὸ καθ' ἕ., τὰ καθ' ἕκαστα, particulars, Arist.Ph. 189a6, EN 1143b4, al. ; παρ' ἕκαστον, παρ' ἕκαστα, in every case, Plb.4.82.5,3.57.4, etc. ; ; παρ' ἕκαστον λέγων constantly interjecting, Men.Epit.48.3 each by himself,Hdt.
6.79, Th.1.15, etc.: in sg.,τῶν δὲ ὡς ἑκάστῳ θύειν θέλει Hdt.1.132
, cf. Pi.P.9.98 ;οὐχ ὡς ἕ. ἀλλὰπάντες Arist.Pol. 1292a12
, cf. 1283b34.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἕκαστος
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127 Coverdale training
HRa system of training that concentrates on improving teamwork and methods of getting a job done. Coverdale training is concerned with management behavior, including setting objectives, briefing subordinates, and tackling a job. Groups of people are put into scenarios reproducing everyday situations and encouraged to experiment and build up successful working practices. -
128 retailer
Mktg, Opsan outlet through which products or services are sold to customers. Retailers can be put into three broad groups: independent traders, multiple stores, or retail cooperatives.
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