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1 BIOS
['baios] n. shkurtesë nga b asic i nput o utput s ystem ( BIOS) sistemi themelor për hyrje-dalje ( informatikë)What is BIOS?BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System. It is the boot firmware program on a PC, and controls the computer from the time you start it up until the operating system takes over. When you turn on a PC, the BIOS first conducts a basic hardware check, called a Power-On Self Test (POST), to determine whether all of the attachments are present and working. Then it loads the operating system into your computer's random access memory, or RAM.The BIOS also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video card, keyboard, mouse, and printer.The BIOS stores the date, the time, and your system configuration information in a battery-powered, non-volatile memory chip, called a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) after its manufacturing process.Although the BIOS is standardized and should rarely require updating, some older BIOS chips may not accommodate new hardware devices. Before the early 1990s, you couldn't update the BIOS without removing and replacing its ROM chip. Contemporary BIOS resides on memory chips such as flash chips or EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), so that you can update the BIOS yourself if necessary.For detailed information about BIOS updates, visit:What is firmware?Firmware consists of programs installed semi-permanently into memory, using various types of programmable ROM chips, such as PROMS, EPROMs, EEPROMs, and flash chips.Firmware is non-volatile, and will remain in memory after you turn the system off.Often, the term firmware is used to refer specifically to boot firmware, which controls a computer from the time that it is turned on until the primary operating system has taken over. Boot firmware's main function is to initialize the hardware and then to boot (load and execute) the primary operating system. On PCs, the boot firmware is usually referred to as the BIOS.What is the difference between memory and disk storage?Memory and disk storage both refer to internal storage space in a computer.The term memory usually means RAM (Random Access Memory). To refer to hard drive storage, the terms disk space or storage are usually used.Typically, computers have much less memory than disk space, because RAM is much more expensive per megabyte than a hard disk. Today, a typical desktop computer might come with 512MB of RAM, and a 40 gigabyte hard disk.Virtual memory is disk space that has been designated to act like RAM.Computers also contain a small amount of ROM, or read-only memory, containing permanent or semi-permanent (firmware) instructions for checking hardware and starting up the computer. On a PC, this is called the BIOS.What is RAM?RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.What is ROM?ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS.Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so you can usually upgrade firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and a common variation of EEPROMs called flash memory.What is an ACPI BIOS?ACPI is an acronym that stands for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, a power management specification developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. ACPI support is built into Windows 98 and later operating systems. ACPI is designed to allow the operating system to control the amount of power provided to each device or peripheral attached to the computer system. This provides much more stable and efficient power management and makes it possible for the operating system to turn off selected devices, such as a monitor or CD-ROM drive, when they are not in use.ACPI should help eliminate computer lockup on entering power saving or sleep mode. This will allow for improved power management, especially in portable computer systems where reducing power consumption is critical for extending battery life. ACPI also allows for the computer to be turned on and off by external devices, so that the touch of a mouse or the press of a key will "wake up" the computer. This new feature of ACPI, called OnNow, allows a computer to enter a sleep mode that uses very little power.In addition to providing power management, ACPI also evolves the existing Plug and Play BIOS (PnP BIOS) to make adding and configuring new hardware devices easier. This includes support for legacy non-PnP devices and improved support for combining older devices with ACPI hardware, allowing both to work in a more efficient manner in the same computer system. The end result of this is to make the BIOS more PnP compatible.What is CMOS?CMOS, short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, is a low-power, low-heat semiconductor technology used in contemporary microchips, especially useful for battery-powered devices. The specific technology is explained in detail at:http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213860,00.htmlMost commonly, though, the term CMOS is used to refer to small battery-powered configuration chips on system boards of personal computers, where the BIOS stores the date, the time, and system configuration details.How do I enter the Setup program in my BIOS?Warning: Your BIOS Setup program is very powerful. An incorrect setting could cause your computer not to boot properly. You should make sure you understand what a setting does before you change it.You can usually run Setup by pressing a special function key or key combination soon after turning on the computer, during its power-on self test (POST), before the operating system loads (or before the operating system's splash screen shows). During POST, the BIOS usually displays a prompt such as:Press F2 to enter SetupMany newer computers display a brief screen, usually black and white, with the computer manufacturer's logo during POST.Entering the designated keystroke will take you into the BIOS Setup. Common keystrokes to enter the BIOS Setup are F1, F2, F10, and Del.On some computers, such as some Gateway or Compaq computers, graphics appear during the POST, and the BIOS information is hidden. You must press Esc to make these graphics disappear. Your monitor will then display the correct keystroke to enter.Note: If you press the key too early or too often, the BIOS may display an error message. To avoid this, wait about five seconds after turning the power on, and then press the key once or twice.What's the difference between BIOS and CMOS?Many people use the terms BIOS (basic input/output system) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) to refer to the same thing. Though they are related, they are distinct and separate components of a computer. The BIOS is the program that starts a computer up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time, and system configuration details it needs to start the computer.The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS is firmware, which means it cannot store variable data.CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use the term to refer to the chip that stores variable data for startup. A computer's BIOS will initialize and control components like the floppy and hard drive controllers and the computer's hardware clock, but the specific parameters for startup and initializing components are stored in the CMOS. -
2 wear
['weë:] v.,n. -v. ( wore; worn) 1. vesh; mbath; mbaj; wear a hat mbaj kapeië; wear white vishem me të bardha; wear one's hair long i mbaj flokët të gjatë. 2. mbaj, kam; wear an air of satisfaction kam një pamje të kënaqur. 3. mbaj, përballoj; wear one's age /years well mbahem mirë për moshën që kam. 4. konsumoj, ha, prish; wear holes in a shoe, wear the shoe into holes i hap vrima këpucës; the rug was worn thin/threadbare qilimi qe holluar sa i patën dalë penjtë. 5. Br. duroj, lejoj, pranoj; they won't wear that ata nuk do ta pranojnë/nuk do ta hanë këtë. 6. rron, reziston, mban (rroba etj); this hat will wear forever kjo kapelë rron tërë jetën; she has worn well gj.fol. ajo është mbajtur mirë; a friendship that did not wear një miqësi që nuk mbajti gjatë. 7. hahet, grihet (rroba etj); konsumohet (edhe fig.); that excuse has worn thin! ky justifikim nuk shkon më! 8. përfundon; wear towards its end/a close i afrohet fundit. 9. lodh; the job was extremely wearing puna ishte rraskapitëse /-n 1. veshje; mbathje; mbajtje; clothes for evening wear rroba që vishen në mbrëmje; compulsory wear for officers veshje e detyrueshme për oficerët; these shoes have had/seen some hard wear këto këpucë janë veshur goxha gjatë. 2. përdorim, konsumim; ngrënie; it has had a lot of wear and tear është përdorur goxha; the wear and tear on the engine konsumimi i motorit. 3. treg. rroba, veshje; children's wear rroba për fëmijë; winter wear veshje dimri● wear away ['weë: ë'wei] a) hahet, grihet; b) gërryhet; c) shuhet; d) ha, grin; e) gërryen; f) shuan● wear down ['weë: daun] a) hahen (takat); b) harxhohet (lapsi); c) sos (durimin); d) ul, dobësoj (rezistencën); e) lodh● wear off ['weë: of] a) del (boja); b) shuhet, zhduket; c) bie, pakësohet; qefesoi set (dhimbja); d) ha, konsumoj● wear on ['weë: on] a) ecën, kalon (koha); b) vazhdon (diskutimi)● wear out ['weë: aut] a) hahet, konsumohet (rroba, këpuca); b) soset (durimi); c) konsumoj; d) sos; e) lodh; wear oneself out lodh veten, këputem● wear through ['weë: thru:] i hap vrimë● wearer ['vveërë:] n. mbajtës; përdorues; direct from maker to wearer direkt nga prodhuesi te përdoruesi● weariness ['wiërinis] n 1. lodhje; këputje. 2. mërzi* * *vesh; veshje -
3 mention
['menshën] v.,n. -v. përmend, zë në gojë; çek; prek shkurt (një çështje); mention something in passing përmend shkarazi diçka; I had forgotten to mention that... kisha harruar të përmend (të them) se...; I may mention as an instance... për të përmend si shembull...; I shall mention it to him do t'ia zë ngojë; it is worth mentioning vlen të përmendet; he wrote mentioning my name ai më shkroi një rekomandim;● vë, shënoj, shkruaj; mention somebody in one's will e vë në testament dikë.● lavdëroj to be honourably mentioned më del emri (në tabelë nderi etj.); need hardly mention that s'është nevoja të them që; not to mention, without mentioning pa përmendur, pa llogaritur; not to mention për të mos thënë; thank you! - don't mention it! faleminderi! - me nder qofsh! (s'ka përse, s'ka gjë, mos e thuaj atë fjalë)./-n. përmendje, zënie në gojë; make mention of përmend; flas për.● mentioned ['menshën] adj. (në kompozita mbiemërore) above mentioned [ë'bav 'menshënd] i lartpërmendur; before mentioned [bi'fo: 'menshënd] i përmendur; i përmendur më parë● mentioning ['menshëning] n. përmendje; zënije ngojë; lavdërim● mentionable ['menshënëbl] adj. që mund të përmendet● mentioner ['menshënë] n. ai që përmend (që zë ngojë diçka, dikë)* * *përmënd -
4 were
[weë:] pt e be● were [weë:] ishim, ishit, ishinbe [bi:, bi] v. ( was, were; been) 1. jam, ekzistoj, gjendem; the days of the cowboys are no more Koha e kaubojve nuk ekziston më, ka marrë fund. 2. ndodh, ngjan, zhvillohet; the competition was last month gara u zhvillua muajin e kaluar. 3. vazhdoj të rri, qëndroj; he will be here all year ai do të qëndrojë gjithë vitin. 4. (cilësi, gjendje) jam; I am sad jam i trishtuar; he is wrong ai e ka gabim. 5. (si folje ndihmëse) a) po, jam duke; she was asking ajo po pyeste; she was asked atë e pyetën, ajo u pyet. 6. (për të shprehurtë ardhmen) do të; he is to arrive here tomorrow ai pritet të/ do të vijë nesër; for two dollars the book is yours për dy dollarë libri (dotë) bëhet yti. 7. shkoj; have you ever been to Paris? ke shkuar/qenë ndonjëherë në Paris? 8. there is, there are ka, është, janë; there is a God ka/është një Zot. 9. (me paskajore) a) duhet, jam për të; you are to be congratulated ti je për të/duhesh përgëzuar; I am to inform you duhet t'ju njoftoj; b) (qëllim) they are to be married next year ata e kanë lënë për t'u martuar vitin tjetër; c) (mundësi) the car was not to be found makina s'qe e mundur të gjendej; d) (supozim) were I to tell you sikur të të thoja; if it were to rain sikur të binte shi; e) duhet; everybody was to pay his own expenses secili duhej të paguante shpenzimet e veta; he was never to see his wife again ai nuk do ta shihte më të shoqen; at what time am I to be there? në ç'orë duhet të jem atje? f) (qëllim) ka për qëllim; the telegram was to say that he had been delayed telegrami kishte për qëllim të shpjegonte se ai qe vonuar. 10. to-be i ardhshëm; the bride to-be nusja e ardhshme; a would-be poet i vetëquajturi poet; for the time being hë për hë, njëherë për njëherë.● as it were thua se; si të thuash; be able mundem, jam në gjendje; be about to përgatitem (jam gati) të; be afraid druaj se; be back kthehem; be going to dotë; be off shkoj, nisem per; be sorry më vjen keq; më fal; be sure jam i sigurt; so be it ashtu qoftë! what's up? ç'kemi? si është puna? ç'ka ngjarë?* * *ishin -
5 job
[xhob] n.,v. -n 1. punë; make a bad/good job bëj punë të keqe/të mirë; that's not my job ajo s'është puna ime. 2. detyrë; he's only doing his job ai bën thjesht detyrën; I had the job of telling him unë kisha për detyrë t'i thoja. 3. punë, vend pune; look for a job kërkoj punë; part-time/ full-time job punë me orart ë pjesshëm/të plotë; be out of a job jam pa punë. 4. gjë; përfundim, rezultat; bëmë; it's a good job that u bë mirë që; give sth up as a bad job heq dorë nga një gjë që s'ia vlen; that's just the job! tamam ajo që duhej! a good job too! edhe kjo na duhej! he was caught doing a bank job e kapën tek përpiqej të bastiste bankën; that car is a nice little job ajo makinë është një perlë e vërtetë. 5. attr. pune, për punë; job centre zyrë pune; job creation scheme projekt për krijimin e vendeve të reja të punës; go job-hunting dal për të kërkuar punë.● on the job në detyrë, në punë /-v 1. blej me shumicë për rishitje. 2. u jap punë, shpërndaj punë. 3. shpërdoroj postin, bëj shpërdorime. 4. bëj punë të rastit● jobber ['xhobë:] n 1. rishitës, komisioner. 2. shpërdorues posti; nënpunës i korruptuar. 3. punëtor me copë● jobholder ['xhob'houldë:] n. i punësuar● job lot ['xhoblot] n. parti malli, sasi mallrash të ndryshme* * *punë -
6 what
[wot, wat, hwot, hwat] adj. pron., adv., interj., conj. -adj 1. çfarë, ç'; what news did you bring? ç'lajme ke sjellë? what a house! çfarë shtëpie! 2. sa; what fools we are! sa budallenj që jemi! what a lot of people! sa shumë njerëz! 3. sa, gjithë (sa, ç'); give me what money you have më jep sa para ke; what little help she could give atë pak ndihmë që mund të jepte.-pron 1. çfarë; ç'; what's happened? çfarë ndodhi? what's up? si është puna? what's that? a) ç'është kjo? b) çfarë/si the? what the hell/the heck did they say? gj.fol. çfarë dreqin thanë? oh what the hell! gj.fol. punë e madhe!, në dreq letë shkojë!, e kush po pyet! I'll show them what's what ua tregoj unë qejfin atyre. 2. sa; what will it cost? sa do të kushtojë? what 5 and 5 make? sa bëjnë 5 edhe 5? 3. si; sa; ç'; po; what about a walk? ç'thua, sikur të bënim një shetitje? what for? për se?, pse? what if it rains? po sikur të bjerë shi? 4. ai/ajo që; what is done is done ajo që u bë, u bë; do what you will bë'j atë që do, bëj ç'të duash; and what is more /worse dhe për më tepër, dhe ç'është më e madhja; dhe ç'është më e keqja.● and what not dhe s'di se çfarë, e kështu me radhë, etj; and what have you gj.fol. e kështu me radhë; etj; what for përse, pse; what if po sikur; what's what gj.fol. si qëndrojnë punët; what with si pasojë e, për shkak të.-adv. sa; what a good time we had! sa mirë e kaluam!-interj. si! what! no milk! si! s'ka qumesht?● what-d'ye-call-her /him /it, what's-her /his /its-name n. gj.fol. filan; gjësend; si ithonë● whatever [hwët'eve:] pron., adj., adv. -pron 1. çfarëdoqoftë; çfarëdo që; sado që; whatever happens çfarëdo që të ndodhë; whatever it costs, get it sado që të kushtojë, merre. 2. ajo që; do whatever you please bëj çfarë të duash; whatever suits you best ajo që të vjen më per mbarë. 3. gl.fol. çfarë, ç'dreqin; whatever do you mean? çfarë/ç'dreqin kërkon të thuash? 4. e të tjera; shoes and clothes and whatever këpucë, rroba e të tjera si këto.-adj. 1. çfarëdo; cilido; of whatever size i çfarëdo madhësie; whatever repairs might seem necessary çfarëdo riparimesh që mund të nevojiten; ask whatever friends you like to the party sill në mbrëmje cilindo nga miqtë e tu. 2. çfarë, ç'dreq; whatever books have you been reading? ç'dreq librash ke lexuar?-adv 1. sido qoftë; whatever the weather sido që të jetë koha. 2. aspak, fare; nothing whatever asgjëfare, hiçfare● whatnot ['hwotnot] n 1. etazher. 2. gjësend. 3. të tjera; and whatnot e ç'nuk tjetër, e ku di unë se çfarë● what's [wats, wots, hwats, hwots] = what is; what has* * *ç'farë
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