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1 plan
1 noun(a) (strategy) plan m, projet m;∎ to draw up or to make a plan dresser ou établir un plan;∎ what's your plan of action or campaign? qu'est-ce que vous comptez faire?;∎ to put a plan into operation mettre un plan en œuvre;∎ to go according to plan se dérouler comme prévu ou selon les prévisions;∎ we'll have to try plan B il faudra qu'on essaie l'autre solution;∎ I've thought of a plan j'ai un plan(b) (intention, idea) projet m;∎ I had to change my holiday plans j'ai dû changer mes projets de vacances;∎ we had made plans to stay at a hotel nous avions prévu de descendre à l'hôtel;∎ what are your plans for Monday? qu'est-ce que tu as prévu pour lundi?;∎ to have other plans avoir d'autres projets;∎ the plan is to meet up at Rachel's l'idée, c'est de se retrouver chez Rachel(c) (diagram, map) plan m;∎ I'll draw you a plan of the office je vais vous dessiner un plan du bureau(d) (outline → of book, essay, lesson) plan m;∎ rough plan canevas m, esquisse f(e) Architecture plan m;∎ drawn in plan and in elevation dessiné en plan et en élévation(a) (organize in advance → project) élaborer; (→ concert, conference) organiser, monter; (→ crime, holiday, trip, surprise, lesson) préparer; (→ campaign) organiser, preparer; Economics planifier;∎ everything had been planned down to the last detail tout avait été planifié dans les moindres détails;∎ plan your time carefully organisez votre emploi du temps avec soin;∎ they're planning a surprise for you ils te préparent une surprise;∎ they're planning a new venture ils ont en projet une nouvelle entreprise;∎ the Pope's visit is planned for March la visite du pape doit avoir lieu en mars;∎ an industrial estate is planned for this site il est prévu d'aménager un parc industriel sur ce site;∎ everything went as planned tout s'est déroulé comme prévu∎ we're planning to go to the States nous projetons d'aller aux États-Unis;∎ plan to finish it in about four hours comptez environ quatre heures pour le terminer(c) (design → house, garden, town) concevoir, dresser les plans defaire des projets;∎ it is important to plan ahead il est important de faire des projets pour l'avenirprévoir;∎ to plan for the future faire des projets d'avenir;∎ we didn't plan for this many people nous n'avions pas prévu ou nous n'attendions pas autant de monde;∎ you must plan for everything vous devez tout prévoir ou parer à toute éventualité∎ what are you planning on doing? qu'est-ce que vous projetez de faire ou vous avez l'intention de faire?;∎ we're planning on going to Brazil or on a trip to Brazil nous projetons de ou nous avons l'intention de partir au Brésil, nous projetons un voyage au Brésil∎ we hadn't planned on it raining nous n'avions pas prévu qu'il pleuvrait;∎ don't plan on being able to persuade him ne compte pas arriver à le persuader;∎ we hadn't planned on staying long nous n'avions pas prévu de ou nous ne comptions pas rester longtemps(make detailed plans for) prévoir (en détail);∎ he had planned it all out il avait tout prévu, il en avait établi tous les détails -
2 plan
1. noun1) (an idea of how to do something; a method of doing something: If everyone follows this plan, we will succeed; I have worked out a plan for making a lot of money.) plan2) (an intention or arrangement: My plan is to rob a bank and leave the country quickly; What are your plans for tomorrow?) plan3) (a drawing, diagram etc showing a building, town etc as if seen from above: These are the plans of/for our new house; a street-plan.) plano
2. verb1) ((sometimes with on) to intend (to do something): We are planning on going to Italy this year; We were planning to go last year but we hadn't enough money; They are planning a trip to Italy.) planear2) (to decide how something is to be done; to arrange (something): We are planning a party; We'll have to plan very carefully if we are to succeed.) planificar, proyectar3) (to design (a building, town etc): This is the architect who planned the building.) proyectar, diseñar, hacer los planos de•- planner- planning
- go according to plan
- plan ahead
plan1 n1. planwhat are your holiday plans? ¿qué planes tienes para las vacaciones?2. planoplan2 vb planear / proyectar / pensar
plan sustantivo masculino 1 (proyecto, programa) plan; plan de estudios syllabus 2 (fam) (cita, compromiso): ¿tienes algún plan para esta noche? do you have any plans for tonight? 3 (fam) ( actitud): lo dijo en plan de broma he was only kidding (colloq); en plan económico cheaply, on the cheap (colloq)
plan sustantivo masculino
1 (intención) plan
2 (conjunto de ideas, etc) scheme, programme
plan de estudios, curriculum
plan de jubilación/de pensiones, pension plan
3 fam (cita) date: no tengo plan para esta tarde, I have no plans for this afternoon Locuciones: no sigas en ese plan, don't carry on like that
no es plan, that's not a good idea
no es plan de que nos quedemos si él se va, it's not fair for us to have to stay home if he goes out ' plan' also found in these entries: Spanish: abrupta - abrupto - anteproyecto - auspicio - boceto - bosquejar - chafar - concebir - cuajar - delinear - desactivar - descubrir - designio - dinamitar - efecto - fastidiar - garete - generar - idea - idear - instrumentación - inviable - juego - mantilla - mira - pensar - pergeñar - pique - plana - planear - planificar - plano - plazo - política - prever - programa - proyectar - proyecto - rechazar - rechazo - resultado - tortuosa - tortuosidad - tortuoso - trazar - tramar - traza - venta - ventura - viabilidad English: abort - abortive - action - alter - alteration - approachable - approve of - attractive - authenticity - backfire - beauty - benign - botch - bypass - cheap - concoct - contingency plan - cook up - crystallize - curriculum - delineate - design - despite - detailed - develop - development - devious - disappoint - discard - distinct - drum up - elaborate - emigrate - explain - fall apart - fall through - fallback - floor plan - follow through - foolproof - forecast - formulate - get-rich-quick - go - half-baked - hatch - hit on - hit upon - holiday - impracticaltr[plæn]1 (scheme, arrangement) plan nombre masculino, proyecto■ what are your plans for the weekend? ¿qué planes tienes para el fin de semana?■ have you seen the plans for the new opera house? ¿has visto los planos de la nueva ópera?1 (make plans) planear, proyectar, planificar; (intend) pensar, tener pensado2 (make a plan of - house, garden, etc) hacer los planos de, diseñar, proyectar; (- economy, strategy) planificar1 (make preparations) hacer planes; (intend) pensar■ we hadn't planned on rain! ¡no contábamos con que lloviera!\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto go according to plan salir como estaba previsto, salir según lo previstoto plan for the future hacer planes para el futuro1) : planear, proyectar, planificarto plan a trip: planear un viajeto plan a city: planificar una ciudad2) intend: tener planeado, proyectarplan vi: hacer planesplan n1) diagram: plano m, esquema m2) scheme: plan m, proyecto m, programa mto draw up a plan: elaborar un proyecton.• dibujo s.m.• diseño s.m.• esbozo s.m.• esquema s.m.• máquina s.f.• plan s.m.• plano s.m.• planta s.f.• programa s.m.• proyecto s.m.• traza s.f.• trazado s.m.v.• idear v.• meditar v.• planear v.• planificar v.• plantear v.• proyectar v.• trazar v.plæn
I
1)a) (diagram, map) plano mseating plan — disposición f de los comensales
to draw up a plan — hacer* un plano
b) (of book, essay) esquema m2) (arrangement, scheme) plan mto go according to plan — salir* conforme estaba planeado, salir* según el plan
do you have any plans for tonight? — ¿tienes algún plan or programa para esta noche?
to make a plan — hacer* un plan
II
1.
- nn- transitive verba) \<\<journey/itinerary\>\> planear, programar; \<\<raid/assault\>\> planear; \<\<garden/house\>\> diseñar, proyectar; \<\<economy/strategies\>\> planificar*; \<\<essay\>\> hacer* un esquema deas planned — según lo planeado, tal y como estaba previsto or planeado
b) ( intend)to plan to + INF: where are you planning to spend Christmas? — ¿dónde tienes pensado or dónde piensas pasar las Navidades?
2.
vito plan FOR something: we need to plan for the future tenemos que pensar en el futuro; we hadn't planned for this — esto no lo habíamos previsto
Phrasal Verbs:- plan on[plæn]1. N1) (=scheme) proyecto m, plan m•
to draw up a plan — elaborar un proyecto, hacer or redactar un plan•
an exercise plan — una tabla or un programa de ejercicios•
a five-year plan — un plan quinquenal•
to make plans for the future — hacer planes or planear para el futurobusiness, instalment, master, pension•
a peace plan — un proyecto or un plan de paz2) (=idea, intention) plan mdo you have any plans for the weekend? — ¿tienes planes para el fin de semana?
•
if everything goes according to plan — si todo sale como está previsto or planeado•
the best plan is to call first — lo mejor es llamar primero•
a change of plan — un cambio de planes4) (=outline) [of story, essay] esquema m5) (Archit, Tech) (often pl) plano m2. VT1) (=organize) [+ schedule, event, crime] planear; [+ party, surprise] preparar; [+ route] planificar, planear; [+ essay] hacer un esquema de, planear; [+ family] planificar•
as planned — según lo previsto, como estaba planeadothings didn't work out as planned — las cosas no salieron según lo previsto or como estaban planeadas
2) (=intend)I had been planning a trip to New York — había estado pensando en or planeando un viaje a Nueva York
how long do you plan to stay? — ¿cuánto tiempo piensas quedarte?
what do you plan to do after college? — ¿qué tienes pensado hacer después de la universidad?, ¿qué te has propuesto hacer después de la universidad?
3) (=design) diseñar3.VI hacer planes•
to plan for sth, it is advisable to plan for retirement — es aconsejable que se hagan planes para la jubilaciónto plan for the future — hacer planes or planear para el futuro
- plan on- plan out* * *[plæn]
I
1)a) (diagram, map) plano mseating plan — disposición f de los comensales
to draw up a plan — hacer* un plano
b) (of book, essay) esquema m2) (arrangement, scheme) plan mto go according to plan — salir* conforme estaba planeado, salir* según el plan
do you have any plans for tonight? — ¿tienes algún plan or programa para esta noche?
to make a plan — hacer* un plan
II
1.
- nn- transitive verba) \<\<journey/itinerary\>\> planear, programar; \<\<raid/assault\>\> planear; \<\<garden/house\>\> diseñar, proyectar; \<\<economy/strategies\>\> planificar*; \<\<essay\>\> hacer* un esquema deas planned — según lo planeado, tal y como estaba previsto or planeado
b) ( intend)to plan to + INF: where are you planning to spend Christmas? — ¿dónde tienes pensado or dónde piensas pasar las Navidades?
2.
vito plan FOR something: we need to plan for the future tenemos que pensar en el futuro; we hadn't planned for this — esto no lo habíamos previsto
Phrasal Verbs:- plan on -
3 plan
1. nounplan of action — Aktionsprogramm, das
have great plans for somebody — große Pläne mit jemandem haben
what are your plans for tomorrow? — was hast du morgen vor?
2. transitive verb,[go] according to plan — nach Plan [gehen]; planmäßig [verlaufen od. laufen]
3. intransitive verb,plan to do something — planen od. vorhaben, etwas zu tun
- nn- planenplan on doing something — (coll.) vorhaben, etwas zu tun
* * *1. noun1) (an idea of how to do something; a method of doing something: If everyone follows this plan, we will succeed; I have worked out a plan for making a lot of money.) der Plan2) (an intention or arrangement: My plan is to rob a bank and leave the country quickly; What are your plans for tomorrow?) der Plan3) (a drawing, diagram etc showing a building, town etc as if seen from above: These are the plans of/for our new house; a street-plan.) der Plan2. verb1) ((sometimes with on) to intend( to do something): We are planning on going to Italy this year; We were planning to go last year but we hadn't enough money; They are planning a trip to Italy.) planen2) (to decide how something is to be done; to arrange( something): We are planning a party; We'll have to plan very carefully if we are to succeed.) planen3) (to design (a building, town etc): This is the architect who planned the building.) planen•- academic.ru/55959/planner">planner- planning
- go according to plan
- plan ahead* * *[plæn]I. nthe best-laid \plans die ausgefeiltesten Plänefive-year \plan Fünfjahresplan mfour-point \plan Vierpunkteplan mto go according to \plan wie geplant verlaufento make \plans for sth für etw akk Pläne machen; (for contingencies) für etw akk Vorkehrungen treffenwhat are your \plans for this weekend? was hast du dieses Wochenende vor?to change \plans umdisponierento have \plans etw vorhabenhealthcare \plan Krankenversicherungsprogramm msavings \plan Sparplan mstreet \plan Stadtplan m5. (drawing)▪ \plans pl Pläne pl, Zeichnungen pl\plan of a building Bauplan mto draw up \plans eine Planskizze machen6.▶ \plan B Plan m B▶ the best-laid \plans of mice and men gang aft agley SCOT ( prov) der Mensch denkt und Gott lenkt provII. vt<- nn->▪ to \plan sth1. (draft) etw planen2. (prepare) etw vorbereiten [o organisieren3. (envisage) etw planen [o vorsehen]our meeting wasn't \planned unser Treffen hat sich einfach ergeben4. (intend) etw vorhabenIII. vi1. (prepare) planento \plan carefully sorgfältig planento \plan for one's old age Vorkehrungen für das Alter treffen2.we were \planning on a meal together wir wollten eigentlich zusammen essen gehenI'd \planed on going out tonight eigentlich hatte ich vor, heute Abend auszugehen* * *[pln]1. n1) (= scheme) Plan m; (POL, ECON) Programm nt, Plan mplan of action ( Mil, fig ) — Aktionsprogramm nt
the plan is to meet at six — es ist geplant, sich um sechs zu treffen
so, what's the plan? — was ist also geplant?
the best plan is to tell him first — am besten sagt man es ihm zuerst
to make plans (for sth) — Pläne (für etw) machen, (etw) planen
to have great plans for sb —
what plans do you have for the holidays/your son? — welche Pläne haben Sie für den Urlaub/Ihren Sohn?
according to plan — planmäßig, wie vorgesehen, programmgemäß
2) (= diagram) Plan m; (for novel etc also) Entwurf m; (for essay, speech) Konzept nt; (= town plan) Stadtplan m2. vt1) (= arrange) planen; programme etc erstellen2) (= intend) vorhabenshe's planning a career in law — sie will ins Justizwesen gehen
this development was not planned — diese Entwicklung war nicht eingeplant
3) (= design) planen; buildings etc planen, entwerfen3. viplanento plan for sth — sich einstellen auf (+acc), rechnen mit
* * *plan [plæn]A s1. a) (Spiel-, Wirtschafts-, Arbeits) Plan m:plan of action Schlachtplan (a. fig);according to plan planmäßig, -gemäß;if all goes according to plan nach Plan;make plans (for the future) (Zukunfts)Pläne schmieden;remain below plan das Planziel nicht erreichenb) SCHULE Gliederung f (eines Aufsatzes)2. Plan m, Absicht f:that was our plan so hatten wir es geplant;change one’s plans umdisponieren3. Verfahren n, Methode f4. (Lage-, Stadt) Plan m5. Grundriss m:plan view Draufsicht f;in plan form im Grundriss6. TECH (Maß)Zeichnung f, Riss m:lay out a plan einen Plan aufreißen7. Vertikalebene f (beim perspektivischen Zeichnen)B v/tplan sth ahead etwas vorausplanen;planned economy Planwirtschaft f;planned obsolescence geplanter Verschleiß;planned parenthood Familienplanung f;planned promotion Regelbeförderung f;planned retreat MIL planmäßiger Rückzug2. planen, beabsichtigen ( beide:to do zu tun)3. grafisch darstellenC v/i1. planen, Pläne machen:plan ahead vorausplanen;* * *1. nounPlan, der; (for story etc.) Konzept, das; Entwurf, der; (intention) Absicht, dieplan of action — Aktionsprogramm, das
2. transitive verb,[go] according to plan — nach Plan [gehen]; planmäßig [verlaufen od. laufen]
3. intransitive verb,plan to do something — planen od. vorhaben, etwas zu tun
- nn- planenplan on doing something — (coll.) vorhaben, etwas zu tun
* * *n.Draufsicht f.Entwurf -¨e m.Konzept -e n.Plan ¨-e m. v.anvisieren v.hinarbeiten auf v.intendieren v.planen v.projektieren v. -
4 plan
nплан, программа; проектto acquiesce in / to a plan — молча или неохотно соглашаться с планом
to effect a plan — выполнять / осуществлять план
to embark on a development plan — вступать на путь развития (экономики и т.п.)
to formulate a plan — вырабатывать / составлять / формулировать план
to give new impetus to a peace plan — давать новый толчок осуществлению плана мирного урегулирования
to go ahead with one's plan — продолжать осуществлять свой план
to hand down a plan to smb — спускать план кому-л.
to implement a plan — выполнять / осуществлять план
to mastermind a plan — руководить ( часто тайно) осуществлением плана
to propose a plan — выдвигать / предлагать план
to push through one's plan — проталкивать свой план
to scrap a plan — забраковывать план; отказываться от плана
to scuttle a plan — уклоняться от принятия плана; срывать план
- adoption of a planto thwart / to torpedo / to undermine a plan — расстраивать / срывать план
- adventurous plan
- aggressive plan
- American-mediated peace plan
- annexations plan
- annual plan
- architect of a plan
- austerity plan
- balanced plan
- California plan
- cancellation of a plan
- carefully orchestrated plan
- cease-fire plan
- clarification of a plan
- comprehensive plan
- compromise plan
- constructive plan
- contingence plan
- control figures of the plan
- controversial plan
- coordination of plans
- counter plan
- curtailed plan
- cuts plans
- daily plan
- deficiencies in a plan
- deficit-reduction plan
- deregulation plan
- detailed plan
- development plan
- disclosure of a plan
- drawing up of a plan
- ecological survival plan
- economic plan
- efficiency plan
- elaborate plan
- essentials of a plan
- execution of a plan
- expansionist plans
- extremist plans
- financing plan
- fulfilment of a plan
- game plan
- general manager plan
- general plan
- green plan
- ideal plan
- implementation of a plan
- imposition of a plan
- impracticable plan
- in compliance with a plan
- independence plan
- indicative plan
- individual national development plans
- installment plan
- integrated plan
- intermediate plan
- intervention plans
- linkage plan
- local plan
- lofty plan
- long-range plan
- long-term plan
- management plan
- Marshall Plan
- master plan
- matching of plans
- medium-term plan
- minute-by-minute podium plan
- Missouri plan
- monthly plan
- national plan
- national reconciliation plan
- operating plan
- operation plan
- opposition to a plan
- overall plan
- package plan
- pay-as-you-go plan
- peace plan
- perspective plan
- phased plan
- plan for development
- plan of action
- plan remains on the table
- plans are bogged down
- plans for increased autonomy
- plans for sanctions
- practicable plan
- preliminary plan
- principal items of the plan
- production plan
- provisions of a plan
- realistic plan
- regional peace plan
- regional plan
- research plan
- resettlement plan
- retirement plan
- security plan
- short-range plan
- short-term plan
- single plan
- state plan
- strategic plan
- strong-mayor plan
- target figures of the plan
- technical development plan
- UN-brokered peace plan
- under the plan
- unified plan
- work plan -
5 plan
[plæn] nthe best-laid \plans die ausgefeiltesten Pläne;five-year \plan Fünfjahresplan m;four-point \plan Vierpunkteplan m;to go according to \plan wie geplant verlaufen;to make \plans for sth für etw akk Pläne machen;( for contingencies) für etw akk Vorkehrungen treffenwhat are your \plans for this weekend? was hast du dieses Wochenende vor?;to change \plans umdisponieren;to have \plans etw vorhabenhealthcare \plan Krankenversicherungsprogramm m;savings \plan Sparplan mstreet \plan Stadtplan m5) ( drawing)to draw up \plans eine Planskizze machenPHRASES:the best-laid \plans of mice and men gang aft agley ( Scot) ( prov) der Mensch denkt und Gott lenkt ( prov) vt <- nn->to \plan sth1) ( draft) etw planenour meeting wasn't \planned unser Treffen hat sich einfach ergeben1) ( prepare) planen;to \plan carefully sorgfältig planen;to \plan for sth mit etw dat rechnen;to \plan for one's old age Vorkehrungen für das Alter treffen( intend) etw vorhaben;we were \planning on a meal together wir wollten eigentlich zusammen essen gehen;I'd \planed on going out tonight eigentlich hatte ich vor, heute Abend auszugehen -
6 Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 18 January 1888 London, Englandd. 27 January 1989 Stockbridge, Hampshire, England[br]English aeronautical engineer and industrialist.[br]Son of a successful mining engineer, Sopwith did not shine at school and, having been turned down by the Royal Navy as a result, attended an engineering college. His first interest was motor cars and, while still in his teens, he set up a business in London with a friend in order to sell them; he also took part in races and rallies.Sopwith's interest in aviation came initially through ballooning, and in 1906 he purchased his own balloon. Four years later, inspired by the recent flights across the Channel to France and after a joy-ride at Brooklands, he bought an Avis monoplane, followed by a larger biplane, and taught himself to fly. He was awarded the Royal Aero Society's Aviator Certificate No. 31 on 21 November 1910, and he quickly distinguished himself in flying competitions on both sides of the Atlantic and started his own flying school. In his races he was ably supported by his friend Fred Sigrist, a former motor engineer. Among the people Sopwith taught to fly were an Australian, Harry Hawker, and Major Hugh Trenchard, who later became the "father" of the RAF.In 1912, depressed by the poor quality of the aircraft on trial for the British Army, Sopwith, in conjunction with Hawker and Sigrist, bought a skating rink in Kingston-upon-Thames and, assisted by Fred Sigrist, started to design and build his first aircraft, the Sopwith Hybrid. He sold this to the Royal Navy in 1913, and the following year his aviation manufacturing company became the Sopwith Aviation Company Ltd. That year a seaplane version of his Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy in the second running of this speed competition. During 1914–18, Sopwith concentrated on producing fighters (or "scouts" as they were then called), with the Pup, the Camel, the 1½ Strutter, the Snipe and the Sopwith Triplane proving among the best in the war. He also pioneered several ideas to make flying easier for the pilot, and in 1915 he patented his adjustable tailplane and his 1 ½ Strutter was the first aircraft to be fitted with air brakes. During the four years of the First World War, Sopwith Aviation designed thirty-two different aircraft types and produced over 16,000 aircraft.The end of the First World War brought recession to the aircraft industry and in 1920 Sopwith, like many others, put his company into receivership; none the less, he immediately launched a new, smaller company with Hawker, Sigrist and V.W.Eyre, which they called the H.G. Hawker Engineering Company Ltd to avoid any confusion with the former company. He began by producing cars and motor cycles under licence, but was determined to resume aircraft production. He suffered an early blow with the death of Hawker in an air crash in 1921, but soon began supplying aircraft to the Royal Air Force again. In this he was much helped by taking on a new designer, Sydney Camm, in 1923, and during the next decade they produced a number of military aircraft types, of which the Hart light bomber and the Fury fighter, the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h), were the best known. In the mid-1930s Sopwith began to build a large aviation empire, acquiring first the Gloster Aircraft Company and then, in quick succession, Armstrong-Whitworth, Armstrong-Siddeley Motors Ltd and its aero-engine counterpart, and A.V.Roe, which produced Avro aircraft. Under the umbrella of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company (set up in 1935) these companies produced a series of outstanding aircraft, ranging from the Hawker Hurricane, through the Avro Lancaster to the Gloster Meteor, Britain's first in-service jet aircraft, and the Hawker Typhoon, Tempest and Hunter. When Sopwith retired as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1963 at the age of 75, a prototype jump-jet (the P-1127) was being tested, later to become the Harrier, a for cry from the fragile biplanes of 1910.Sopwith also had a passion for yachting and came close to wresting the America's Cup from the USA in 1934 when sailing his yacht Endeavour, which incorporated a number of features years ahead of their time; his greatest regret was that he failed in his attempts to win this famous yachting trophy for Britain. After his retirement as Chairman of the Hawker Siddeley Group, he remained on the Board until 1978. The British aviation industry had been nationalized in April 1977, and Hawker Siddeley's aircraft interests merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to become British Aerospace (BAe). Nevertheless, by then the Group had built up a wide range of companies in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering, and its board conferred on Sopwith the title Founder and Life President.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1953. CBE 1918.Bibliography1961, "My first ten years in aviation", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (April) (a very informative and amusing paper).Further ReadingA.Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888– 1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens.B.Robertson, 1970, Sopwith. The Man and His Aircraft, London (a detailed publication giving plans of all the Sopwith aircraft).CM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Sopwith, Sir Thomas (Tommy) Octave Murdoch
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7 Lilienthal, Otto
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 23 May 1848 Anklam, Prussia (now Germany)d. 10 August 1896 Berlin, Germany[br]German glider pioneer, the first to make a controlled flight using wings.[br]Otto Lilienthal and his brother Gustav developed an interest in flying as boys, when they studied birds in flight, built models and even tried to fit wings to their arms. Gustav went on to become a successful architect while Otto, after a brilliant scholastic career, became a mechanical engineer. Otto was able to devote his spare time to the problems of flight, and Gustav helped when his work allowed. They considered manpowered and mechanically powered projects, but neither looked hopeful so they turned to gliding. Otto published his research work in a book, Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation. By 1889 Otto Lilienthal was ready to test his first full-size gliders. No. 1 and No. 2 were not successful, but No. 3, built in 1891, showed promise. He gradually improved his designs and his launching sites as he gained experience. To take off he ran downhill carrying his hang-glider until it became airborne, then he controlled it by swinging his body weight in the appropriate direction. He even built an artificial mound near Berlin so that he could take off into the wind whichever way it was blowing.In all, Lilienthal built some eighteen gliders with various wing shapes, including biplanes. By 1895 he was planning movable control surfaces (operated by head movement) and a powered version using a carbonic acid gas motor. Unfortunately, Lilienthal crashed and died of his injuries before these ideas could be tested. In all, he made over two thousand flights covering distances up to 300 m (300 yds. Many of these flights were recorded on photographs and so generated an interest in flying. Lilienthal's achievements also encouraged other pioneers, such as Percy Pilcher in Britain, and Octave Chanute and the Wright brothers in the United States.[br]Bibliography1899, Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst, Berlin, reprinted c. 1977; repub. in English, 1911, as Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation.Further ReadingCharles H.Gibbs-Smith, 1985, Aviation, London (provides a detailed account of Lilienthal's gliders).P.H.Lilienthal, 1978, "Die Lilienthal Gebrüder", Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) (January) (for more personal information)."The Lilienthal and Pilcher gliders compared", Flight (1 January 1910 and 8 January 1910) (for details about and plans of a typical Lilienthal glider).JDS -
8 Humfrey, William
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. c.1515d. 14 July 1579[br]English goldsmith and Assay Master of the Royal Mint who attempted to introduce brass production to England.[br]William Humfrey, goldsmith of the parish of St Vedast, was appointed Assay Master of the Royal Mint in 1561. At the Tower of London he assumed responsibility for the weight of silver and for production standards at a time of intense activity in recoining the debased coinage of the realm. Separation of copper from the debased silver involved liquation techniques which enabled purification of the recovered silver and copper. German co-operation in introducing these methods to England developed their interest in English copper mining, resulting in the formation of the Mines Royal Company. Shareholders in this government-led monopoly included Humfrey, whose assay of Keswick copper ore, mined with German expertise, was bitterly disputed. As a result of this dispute, Humfrey promoted the formation of a smaller monopoly, the Company of Mineral Battery Works, with plans to mine lead and especially the zinc carbonate ore, calamine, using it to introduce brassmaking and wire manufacture into England. Humfrey acquired technical assistance from further skilled German immigrants, relying particularly on Christopher Schutz of Annaberg in Saxony, who claimed experience in such matters. However, the brassmaking project set up at Tintern was abandoned by 1569 after failure to make a brass suitable for manufacturing purposes. The works changed its production to iron wire. Humfrey had meanwhile been under suspicion of embezzlement at the Tower in connection with his work there. He died intestate while involved in litigation regarding infringement of rights and privileges claimed from his introduction of new techniques in later lead-mining activities under the auspices of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works.[br]Further ReadingM.B.Donald, 1961, Elizabethan Monopolies, London: Oliver \& Boyd (the most detailed account).——1955, Elizabethan Copper, reprinted 1989, Michael Moon.JD
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