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1 ♦ grammar
♦ grammar /ˈgræmə(r)/n.1 [uc] grammatica: a grammar lesson, una lezione di grammatica; a grammar of Old English, una grammatica d'anglosassone; His grammar was poor, la sua grammatica lasciava molto a desiderare2 [u] (fig.) elementi; cognizioni di base● grammar book, grammatica ( il libro) □ (comput.) grammar checker, correttore grammaticale □ grammar school, (in GB) scuola secondaria NOTE DI CULTURA: grammar school: è una scuola statale a cui si accede dopo una selezione. Un tempo preparava all'università quegli studenti che avevano superato l' ► «eleven-plus examination» (► eleven). Ormai esistono relativamente poche grammar schools statali, concentrate in alcune zone della Gran Bretagna, mentre il titolo permane nel nome di molte scuole private; (in USA) scuola elementare □ That is bad grammar!, questa espressione è scorretta! -
2 grammar
grammar ['græmə(r)](a) Linguistics grammaire f;∎ that's not very good grammar ce n'est pas très correct du point de vue grammatical∎ a German grammar une grammaire ou un livre de grammaire allemande►► Computing grammar checker correcteur m grammatical;ⓘ GRAMMAR SCHOOL En Grande-Bretagne, ce terme désigne une école secondaire recevant une aide de l'État mais pouvant être privée, réputée dispenser un enseignement de qualité de type traditionnel et préparant aux études supérieures. L'admission se fait sur concours ("eleven-plus") ou sur dossier. Moins de cinq pour cent des élèves britanniques fréquentent ce type d'école, qui existe en Angleterre, au pays de Galles et en Irlande du Nord. -
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A n1 grammaire f ; to use bad grammar faire des fautes de grammaire ; that's bad grammar c'est grammaticalement incorrect ; -
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grammar [ˈgræmər]► grammar school noun (British) ≈ lycée m (avec examen d'entrée) ; (US) ≈ école f primaire → COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL* * *['græmə(r)] 1.1) grammaire f2) (also grammar book) grammaire f2. -
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grammar [ˊgræmə] n1) грамма́тика2) граммати́ческие на́выки;his grammar is terrible он де́лает мно́го граммати́ческих оши́бок
3) уче́бник грамма́тики4) граммати́ческая систе́ма языка́5) введе́ние в нау́ку, элеме́нты нау́ки6) разг. см. grammar school -
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- ATN grammar
- attribute grammar
- augmented grammar
- bounded context grammar
- categorial grammar
- constituent grammar
- context-free grammar
- context-sensitive grammar
- correspondence grammar
- cycle-free grammar
- dominance grammar
- extended precedence grammar
- finite state grammar
- formal grammar
- fuzzy grammar
- generalized grammar
- generative grammar
- left linear grammar
- left parsable grammar
- left recursive grammar
- linear grammar
- list grammar
- matrix grammar
- mixed-strategy precedence grammar
- operational grammar
- operator grammar
- operator precedence grammar
- performance grammar
- phrase structure grammar
- precedence grammar
- proper grammar
- recognizing grammar
- recursive grammar
- right linear grammar
- right parsable grammar
- right recursive grammar
- simple grammar
- simple precedence grammar
- skeletal grammar
- source grammar
- stochastic grammar
- tagged grammar
- test grammar
- transformational grammar
- unambiguous grammar
- unrestricted grammar
- weak precedence grammarEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > grammar
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[ˈɡræmə]ambiguous grammar неоднозначная грамматика attribute grammar атрибутная грамматика bounded-context grammar грамматика с ограниченным контекстом case grammar падежная грамматика constituent grammar грамматика составляющих context-free grammar контекстно-свободная грамматика context-sensitive grammar контекстно-зависимая грамматика dependency grammar граматика зависимостей double-level grammar двухуровневая грамматика equivalence grammar эквивалентная грамматика finite-state grammar автоматная грамматика formal grammar формальная грамматика generative grammar порождающая грамматика grammar введение в науку, элементы науки grammar грамматика grammar грамматическая система языка grammar грамматические навыки; his grammar is terrible он делает много грамматических ошибок grammar учебник грамматики grammar грамматические навыки; his grammar is terrible он делает много грамматических ошибок left-recursive grammar леворекурсивная грамматика linear grammar линейная грамматика matrix grammar матричная грамматика network grammar сетевая грамматика operator grammar операторная грамматика phrase-structure grammar грамматика непосредственных составляющих position grammar позиционнная грамматика precedence grammar грамматика предшествования recognising grammar распознающая грамматика regular grammar регулярная грамматика right-recursive grammar праворекурсивная грамматика semantic grammar семантическая грамматика slot grammar грамматика валентностей source grammar исходная грамматика surface grammar поверхностная грамматика tree grammar грамматика деревьев unambiguous grammar однозначная грамматика -
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вчт1) грамматика•- ATN grammar
- attribute grammar
- augmented transition grammar
- bounded-context grammar
- categorical grammar
- Chomsky grammar
- constituent grammar
- context-free grammar
- context-sensitive grammar
- correspondence grammar
- dependency grammar
- double-level grammar
- finite-state grammar
- formalized grammar
- functional grammar
- fuzzy grammar
- generative grammar
- immediate constituent grammar
- left-recursive grammar
- normative grammar
- parenthesis grammar
- phrase-structure grammar
- polynomial grammar
- precedence grammar
- regular grammar
- semantic grammar
- surface grammar
- transformational grammar
- tree grammar
- universal grammar
- van Wijngaarden grammar
- VW-grammar -
10 grammar
вчт.1) грамматика•- ATN grammar
- attribute grammar
- augmented transition network grammar
- bounded-context grammar
- categorical grammar
- Chomsky grammar
- constituent grammar
- context-free grammar
- context-sensitive grammar
- correspondence grammar
- dependency grammar
- double-level grammar
- finite-state grammar
- formalized grammar
- functional grammar
- fuzzy grammar
- generative grammar
- immediate constituent grammar
- left-recursive grammar
- normative grammar
- parenthesis grammar
- phrase-structure grammar
- polynomial grammar
- precedence grammar
- regular grammar
- semantic grammar
- surface grammar
- transformational grammar
- tree grammar
- universal grammar
- van Wijngaarden grammar
- VW-grammarThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > grammar
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1) лингв. грамматика2) основы, основные принципы, азы -
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вчт. грамматика-
attribute grammar
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bounded-context grammar
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case grammar
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context-free grammar
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context-sensitive grammar
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dependency grammar
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double-level grammar
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finite-state grammar
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formal grammar
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functional grammar
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generative grammar
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immediate-constituent grammar
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linear grammar
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matrix grammar
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phrase-structure grammar
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precedence grammar
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proper grammar
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regular grammar
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semantic grammar
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slot grammar
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source grammar
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surface grammar
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transformational grammar
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tree grammar -
13 Grammar
I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performancehe implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
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'ɡræmə1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) gramática2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; (also adjective) a grammar book.) gramática3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) gramática•- grammatically
- grammar school
grammar n gramáticatr['græməSMALLr/SMALL]1 gramática\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLgrammar school SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL instituto de enseñanza secundaria (para alumnos de cierto nivel académico)grammar ['græmər] n: gramática fadj.• de gramática adj.n.• gramática s.f.'græmər, 'græmə(r)a) u gramática fb) c grammar (book) gramática f['ɡræmǝ(r)]1. N1) gramática f2) (also: grammar book) libro m de gramática2.CPDGRAMMAR SCHOOL En el Reino Unido, una grammar school es un centro estatal de educación secundaria selectiva que proporciona formación especialmente dirigida a los alumnos que vayan a continuar hasta una formación universitaria. Normalmente no son centros mixtos y para entrar en ellos se exige un examen escrito. Debido a la introducción en los años sesenta y setenta de las comprehensive schools para las que no hace falta una prueba de acceso, hoy día quedan pocas grammar schools, aunque sí que continúa el debate sobre si la calidad de la educación en estos centros es mejor o si solo sirven para favorecer el elitismo en la enseñanza.grammar school N — (Brit) instituto m de segunda enseñanza (al que se accede a través de pruebas selectivas)
See:see cultural note COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS in comprehensive* * *['græmər, 'græmə(r)]a) u gramática fb) c grammar (book) gramática f -
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['græmə]сущ.1) грамматика- context-free grammar
- comparative grammar
- descriptive grammar
- functional grammar
- generative grammar
- historical grammar
- phrase-structure grammar
- prescriptive grammar
- systemic grammar
- transformational grammarHe doesn't have mastery of the basic rules of grammar. — Он не знает основных правил грамматики.
His vocabulary was sound and his grammar excellent. — У него был большой словарный запас и блестящее знание грамматики.
Syn:5) основы, основные принципы, основные правила (в какой-л. отрасли науки или искусства)He might have studied the pure grammar of his art for a longer time. — Он, наверно, гораздо дольше изучал основы своего искусства.
The grammar of the film was established. — Были определены основные принципы фильма.
•Gram:[ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]Grammar[/ref] -
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noun(also book) Grammatik, diesomething is bad grammar — etwas ist grammat[ikal]isch nicht richtig od. korrekt
* * *['ɡræmə]1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) die Grammatik2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) die Grammatik, Grammatik-...3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) die Grammatik•- academic.ru/32007/grammatical">grammatical- grammatically
- grammar school* * *gram·mar[ˈgræməʳ, AM -ɚ]I. nto be good/bad \grammar grammatikalisch richtig/falsch sein* * *['grmə(r)]nyour grammar is terrible — von Grammatik hast du keine Ahnung
his grammar is excellent — seine Grammatik ist fehlerfrei
2)See:= grammar school* * *grammar [ˈɡræmə(r)] s1. Grammatik f (auch Lehrbuch):it is bad grammar es ist schlechter Sprachgebrauch oder grammatisch nicht richtig;he knows his grammar er beherrscht seine Sprache2. fig (Werk n über die) Grundbegriffe pl:the grammar of politics die Grundbegriffe oder Grundzüge der Politik* * *noun(also book) Grammatik, diesomething is bad grammar — etwas ist grammat[ikal]isch nicht richtig od. korrekt
* * *n.Grammatik f. -
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[ʹgræmə] n1. грамматика ( наука)historical [comparative, general] grammar - историческая [сравнительная, общая] грамматика
categorial [context-free] grammar - категориальная [контекстно-свободная] грамматика
finite state grammar - автоматная грамматика, грамматика с конечным числом состояний
phrase-structure [transformational] grammar - грамматика непосредственно составляющих [трансформационная грамматика]
generative grammar - порождающая /генеративная/ грамматика
2. грамматика, грамматическая система ( языка)grammar book [lesson] - учебник [урок] грамматики
German grammar is said to be more difficult than English grammar - немецкая грамматика считается более трудной, чем английская
3. учебник грамматикиa modern English grammar - учебник грамматики современного английского языка
to read smth. in a grammar - прочитать что-л. в учебнике грамматики
4. грамматические навыки; правильная речьto speak [to write] bad grammar - говорить [писать] с ошибками
he speaks fluently but his grammar is very bad - он говорит бегло, но делает очень много грамматических ошибок
5. основы (какой-л.) науки и т. п.to learn the grammar of a subject - овладеть началами /основами/ предмета
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'ɡræmə1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) grammatikk2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) grammatikk(bok)3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) språkbruk•- grammatically
- grammar schoolgrammatikksubst. \/ˈɡræmə\/1) grammatikk2) språkvitenskap3) språkbruk4) grunnleggende kunnskap5) grammatikkbokbad grammar dårlig språkbrukbe grammar ( hverdagslig) være korrekt, være grammatisk riktig• is that grammar? -
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1. n грамматика, грамматическая система2. n учебник грамматики3. n грамматические навыки; правильная речьСинонимический ряд:1. alphabet (noun) ABC; ABC's; alphabet; basics; elements; essentials; fundamentals; principles; rudiments; rules2. contraction (noun) abbreviation; abstract; colloquialism; compendium; contraction3. correct language (noun) accidence; correct language; language pattern; linguistic rules; morphology; order; organization; sentence patterns; sentence structure; structure; syntax -
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['ɡræmə]1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) grammatik2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) grammatik; grammatik-3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) sprogbrug•- grammatically
- grammar school* * *['ɡræmə]1) (the rules for forming words and for combining words to form sentences: He's an expert on French grammar.) grammatik2) (a description or collection of the rules of grammar: Could you lend me your Latin grammar?; ( also adjective) a grammar book.) grammatik; grammatik-3) (a person's use of grammatical rules: This essay is full of bad grammar.) sprogbrug•- grammatically
- grammar school
См. также в других словарях:
Grammar — is the field of linguistics that covers the rules governing the use of any given natural language. It includes morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. Each language has its own distinct… … Wikipedia
Grammar — Gram mar, n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr ?, fem. of ? skilled in grammar, fr. ? letter. See {Gramme}, {Graphic}, and cf. {Grammatical}, {Gramarye}.] 1. The science which treats of the principles of language; … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
grammar — [gram′ər] n. [ME gramer < OFr gramaire < L grammatica ( ars, art) < Gr grammatikē ( technē, art), grammar, learning < gramma, something written (see GRAM1): in L & Gr a term for the whole apparatus of literary study: in the medieval… … English World dictionary
grammar — early 14c., gramarye (late 12c. in surnames), from O.Fr. gramaire learning, especially Latin and philology, grammar, (magic) incantation, spells, mumbo jumbo, irregular semi popular adoption [OED] of L. grammatica, from Gk. grammatike tekhne art… … Etymology dictionary
grammar — ► NOUN 1) the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology. 2) knowledge and use of the rules or principles of grammar: bad grammar. 3) a book on grammar. 4) the basic… … English terms dictionary
Grammar — Gram mar, v. i. To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
grammar — is the system by which words are used together to form meaningful utterances. It denotes both the system as it is found to exist in the use of a language (also called descriptive grammar) and the set of rules which form the basis of the standard… … Modern English usage
grammar — [n] language rules ABCs*, accidence, alphabet, elements, fundaments, linguistics, morphology, principles, rudiments, sentence structure, stratification, structure, syntax, tagmemics; concepts 275,276,770 … New thesaurus
grammar — grammarless, adj. /gram euhr/, n. 1. the study of the way the sentences of a language are constructed; morphology and syntax. 2. these features or constructions themselves: English grammar. 3. an account of these features; a set of rules… … Universalium
grammar — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) Mode of speaking and writing Nouns 1. grammar; accidence, syntax, analysis, synopsis, praxis, punctuation, syllabi[fi]cation; agreement. See speech, language, writing. 2. a. part of speech; participle;… … English dictionary for students
grammar — [[t]græ̱mə(r)[/t]] grammars 1) N UNCOUNT Grammar is the ways that words can be put together in order to make sentences. He doesn t have mastery of the basic rules of grammar. ...the difference between Sanskrit and Tibetan grammar. 2) N UNCOUNT:… … English dictionary