(1862-1876)

сокр. от Supreme Court Reports, New South Wales

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

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Renowned more for his ideas on technical matters than his practical deeds, Beau de Rochas was a prolific thinker. Within a few years he proposed a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel, a submarine telegraph, a new kind of drive for canal boats, the use of steel for high-pressure boilers and a method of improving the adhesion of locomotive wheels travelling the Alps.

The most notable of Beau de Rochas's ideas occurred in 1862 when he was employed as Ingenieur Attaché to the Central de Chemins. With remarkable foresight, he expressed the theoretical considerations for the cycle of operations for the now widely used four-stroke cycle engine. A French patent of 1862 lapsed with a failure to pay the annuity and thus the proposals for a new motive power lapsed into obscurity. Resurrected some twenty years later, the Beau de Rochas tract figures prominently in patent litigation cases. In 1885, a German court upheld a submission by a German patent lawyer that Otto's four-stroke engine of 1876 infringed the Beau de Rochas patent. It remains a mystery why Beau de Rochas never emerged at any time to defend his claims. In France he is regarded as the inventor of the four-stroke cycle engine.

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See also: Langen, Eugen

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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Joseph Rogers Brown was the eldest son of David Brown, who was modestly established as a maker of and dealer in clocks and watches. Joseph assisted his father during school vacations and at the age of 17 left to obtain training as a machinist. In 1829 he joined his father in the manufacture of tower clocks at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and two years later went into business for himself in Pawtucket making lathes and small tools. In 1833 he rejoined his father in Providence, Rhode Island, as a partner in the manufacture of docks, watches and surveying and mathematical instruments. David Brown retired in 1841.

J.R.Brown invented and built in 1850 a linear dividing engine which was the first automatic machine for graduating rules in the United States. In 1851 he brought out the vernier calliper, the first application of a vernier scale in a workshop measuring tool. Lucian Sharpe was taken into partnership in 1853 and the firm became J.R.Brown \& Sharpe; in 1868 the firm was incorporated as the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company.

In 1855 Brown invented a precision gear-cutting machine to make clock gears. The firm obtained in 1861 a contract to make Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machines and gave up the manufacture of clocks. At about this time F.W. Howe of the Providence Tool Company arranged for Brown \& Sharpe to make a turret lathe required for the manufacture of muskets. This was basically Howe's design, but Brown added a few features, and it was the first machine tool built for sale by the Brown \& Sharpe Company. It was followed in 1862 by the universal milling machine invented by Brown initially for making twist drills. Particularly for cutting gear teeth, Brown invented in 1864 a formed milling cutter which could be sharpened without changing its profile. In 1867 the need for an instrument for checking the thickness of sheet material became apparent, and in August of that year J.R.Brown and L.Sharpe visited the Paris Exhibition and saw a micrometer calliper invented by Jean Laurent Palmer in 1848. They recognized its possibilities and with a few developments marketed it as a convenient, hand-held measuring instrument. Grinding lathes were made by Brown \& Sharpe in the early 1860s, and from 1868 a universal grinding machine was developed, with the first one being completed in 1876. The patent for this machine was granted after Brown's sudden death while on holiday.

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см тж career education

1) юма

2) индеец (племени) юма

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Plimsoll was educated privately and at Dr Eadon's school in Sheffield. On leaving school he became Clerk to a solicitor and then to a brewery, where he rose to become Manager. In 1851 he acted as an honorary secretary to the Great Exhibition. Two years later he went to London and set up as a coal merchant: he published two pamphlets on the coal trade in 1862. After several unsuccessful attempts, he managed to be elected as Member of Parliament for Derby in 1868, in the Radical interest. He concerned himself with mercantile shipping and in 1870 he began his campaign to improve safety at sea, particularly by the imposition of a load-line on vessels to prevent dangerous overloading. In 1871 he introduced a resolution into the House of Commons and also a bill, the Government also having proposed one on the same subject, but strong opposition from the powerful shipping-business interest forced a withdrawal. Plimsoll published a pamphlet, Our Seamen, bitterly attacking the shipowners. This aroused public feeling and controversy, and under pressure the Government appointed a Royal Commission in 1873, under the chairmanship of the Duke of Somerset, to examine the matter. Their report did not support Plimsoll's proposal for a load-line, but that did not prevent him from bringing forward his own bill, which was narrowly defeated by only three votes. The Government then introduced its own merchant shipping bill in 1875, but it was so mauled by the Opposition that the Prime Minister, Disraeli, threatened to withdraw it. That provoked a violent protest from Plimsoll in the House, including a description of the shipowners which earned him temporary suspension from the House. He was allowed to return after an apology, but the incident served to heighten public feeling for the seamen. The Government were obliged to hustle through the Merchant Shipping Act 1876, which ensured, among other things, that ships should be marked with what has become universally known as the Plimsoll Line; Plimsoll himself became known as "The Seamen's Friend".

In 1880 he relinquished his parliamentary seat at Derby, but he continued his campaign to improve conditions for seamen and to ensure that the measures in the Act were properly carried out.

Куліш, Пантелеймон Олександрович (1819, побл. містечка Вороніж, Чернігівщина - 1897) - укр. культурний та суспільний діяч, історик, літератор, етнограф. Закінчив місцеву гімназію (1839), деякий час вчився на історико-філологічному від. та юридичному ф-ті Київського ун-ту. Од 1841 р. викладав рос. словесність та історію в навчальних закладах Луцька, Києва, Рівного, Петербурга. К. - один із головних розробників ідеології Кирило-Мефодіївського братства. Хоч до організації братства К. не був причетним безпосередньо, його заарештували і вислали до Тули із забороною писати і друкуватися (заборона була скасована у 1856 р.). У 1861 - 1862 рр. К. разом з Білозерським та Костомаровим організував і редагував перший загальноукр. ж. "Основа"; у 1867 - 1870 рр. керував львівським народовським ж. "Правда" (разом з Вахняним). Основою історичних, літературно-естетичних та філософських поглядів К. був ідеалістичний романтичний світогляд, який згодом зазнав еволюції, головним чином у галузі історії, через перехід до оцінки історичної ролі укр. козаччини та гайдамацького руху як руйнівних історичних сил. К. протиставляв впорядковане станово-класове укр. суспільство нерегульованій козацькій вольниці. Слово Боже, за К., є внутрішньою ідеальною суттю історії; воно проявляється у народних ідеалах, що втілюються у культурних та цивілізаційних здобутках. Освіта і культурний поступ мають протистояти темним стихійним силам руйнування. Антитеза внутрішнього, духовного, Божого та зовнішнього визначає структуру і спрямування мислення К. Внутрішнє виявляє себе у гармонії природи, у поезії, яка здатна безпосередньо висловити "правду серця" (на відміну від раціональної істини), у народних ідеалах, що зберігають Слово Боже. Зрештою консервативна тенденція приводить К. до романтизації минулого ("хутора") як антипода бездуховній урбанізації і цивілізації.

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Осн. тв.: "Чорна рада" (1857); "Нотатки про Південну Русь". У 2 т. (1856 - 1857); "Історія возз'єднання Руси". У 2 т. (1874 - 1877); "Мальована Гайдамаччина" (1876); "Козаки стосовно держави і суспільства" (1877); "Хутірська філософія та відсторонення від світу поезії" (1879).