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(1852-1858)

  • 1 Ellis and Blackburn's Queen's Bench Reports

    Юридический термин: сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи (составители Эллис и Блэкберн, 1852-1858), сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Эллис и Блэкберн (1852-1858)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ellis and Blackburn's Queen's Bench Reports

  • 2 сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи

    Law: Adolphus and Ellis's Queen's Bench Reports (составители Адольфус и Эллис, 1834-1840), Aleyn's Reports (составитель Элейн, 1646-1648), Arnold and Hodges' Queen's Bench Reports (составители Арнольд и Ходжес, 1840-1841), Bamewall and Adolphus' King's Bench Reports (составители Барнуол и Адольфус, 1830-1834), Bamewall and Alderson's King's Bench Reports (составители Барнуол и Олдерсон, 1817-1822), Bamewall and Cresswell's King's Bench Reports (составители Барнуол и Кресвел), Barnewall and Alderson's King's Bench Reports (составители Барнуол и Олдерсон, 1817-1822), Bellewe's King's Bench Reports (составитель Беллуи, 1378-1400), Best and Smith's Reports (составители Бест и Смит, 1861-1870), Brooke's New Cases (составитель Брук, 1515-1558), Bulstrode's King's Bench Reports (составитель Балстрод, 1610-1625), Burrow's King's Bench Reports (составитель Барроу, 1757-1771), Cababe and Ellis's Queen's Bench Reports (составители Кабабе и Эллис, 1882-1885), Calthrop's King's Bench Reports (составитель Кальтроп, 1609-1618), Carthew's King's Bench Reports (составитель Картью), Cases of Practice (1702-1727), Cases of Practice, King's Bench (1702-1727), Comberbach's King's Bench Reports (составитель Комбербах, 1685-1699), Cowper's King's Bench Reports (составитель Каупер, 1774-1778), Cunningham's King's Bench Reports (составитель Каннингхем, 1734-1736), Davison and Merivale's Queen's Bench Reports (составители Дэвисон и Меривейл, 1843-1844), Douglas' King's Bench Reports (составитель Дуглас, 1778-1785), Dowling and Ryland's King's Bench Reports (составители Даулинг и Райланд, 1821-1827), Durnford and East's Kings Bench Reports (составители Дернфорд и Ист, 1785-1800), East's King's Bench Reports (составитель Ист, 1801-1812), Ellis and Blackburn's Queen's Bench Reports (составители Эллис и Блэкберн, 1852-1858), Ellis and Ellis' Queen's Bench Reports (составители Т. Эллис и Ф. Эллис, 1858-1861), Fitzgibbon's King's Bench Reports (составитель Фитцгиббон, 1728-1733), Fortescue's King's Bench Reports (составитель Фортескью, 1695-1738), Gale and Davison's Queen's Bench Reports (составители Гейл и Дэвисон, 1841-1843), Godbolt's King's Bench Reports (составитель Годболт, 1575-1638), Gouldsborough's King's Bench Reports (составитель Гоулдсборо, 1586-1602), Harrison and Wollaston's King's Bench Reports (составители Харрисон и Уолластон, 1835-1836), Hobart's King's Bench Reports (составитель Хобарт, 1603-1625), Holt's King's Bench Reports (составитель Холт, 1688-1710), Keble's King's Bench Reports (составитель Кебл, 1661-1679), Keilway's King's Bench Reports (составитель Кейлвей, 1496-1531), Kenyon's King's Bench Reports (составитель Кеньон, 1753-1759), Law Journal Reports, King's Bench, Law Journal Reports, Queen's Bench, Leonard's King's Bench Reports (составитель Леонард, 1540-1615), Levinz's King's Bench Reports (составитель Левинз, 1660-1697), Lofft's King's Bench Reports (составитель Лофт, 1772-1774), Manning and Ryland's King's Bench Reports (составители Мэннинг и Райланд, 1827-1830), March's King's Bench Reports (составитель Марч, 1639-1642), Maule and Selwyn's King's Bench Reports (составители Моул и Селвин, 1813-1817), Nevil and Perry's King's Bench Reports (составители Невил и Перри, 1836-1838), Nevile and Manning's King's Bench Reports (составители Невил и Мэннинг, 1831-1836), Noy's King's Bench Reports (составитель Ной, 1559-1649), Owen's King's Bench Reports (составитель Оуэн, 1556-1615), Palmer's King's Bench Reports (составитель Палмер, 1619-1629), Perry and Davison's Queen's Bench Reports (составители Перри и Дэвисон, 1838-1841), Pollexfen's King's Bench Reports (составитель Поллексфен, 1669-1685), Popham's King's Bench Reports (составитель Попхем, 1529-1627), Queen's Bench Reports (новая серия, составители Адольфус и Эллис, 1841-1852), Rolle's King's Bench Reports (составитель Ролл, 1614-1625), Rotuli Curiae Regis (1194-1199), Salkeld's King's Bench Reports (составитель Солкелд, 1689-1712), Saunders' King's Bench Reports (составитель Сондерс, 1666-1673), Sayer's King's Bench Reports (составитель Сэйер, 1751-1756), Shower's King's Bench Reports (составитель Шауэр, 1678-1695), Siderfin's King's Bench Reports (составитель Сайдерфин, 1657-1670), Skinner's King's Bench Reports (составитель Скиннер, 1681-1698), Strange's King's Bench Reports (составитель Стрейндж, 1716-1749), Style's King's Bench Reports (составитель Стайл, 1646-1655), T.Jones' King's Bench Reports (составитель Т.Джонс, 1667-1685), T.Raymond's King's Bench Reports, Ventris' King's Bench Reports (составитель Вентрис, 1668-1688), William Blackstone's King's Bench Reports (составитель У.Блэкстон, 1746-1780), William Jones' King's Bench Reports (составитель У.Джонс, 1620-1641), Wilson's King's Bench Reports (составитель Уилсон, 1742-1774), Yelverton's King's Bench Reports (составитель Елвертон, 1603-1613)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи

  • 3 сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Эллис и Блэкберн

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Эллис и Блэкберн

  • 4 E.&B.

    сокр. от Ellis and Blackburn's Queen's Bench Reports
    сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Эллис и Блэкберн (1852-1858)

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > E.&B.

  • 5 El.&Bl.

    сокр. от Ellis and Blackburn's Queen's Bench Reports
    сборник решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Эллис и Блэкберн (1852-1858)

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > El.&Bl.

  • 6 сборник решений канцлерского суда

    Law: Ambler's Chancery Reports (составитель Эмблер, 1737-1784), Atkyn's Reports (составитель Эткин, 1736-1754), Bamardision's Reports (составитель Барнардистон, 1740-1741), Brown's Chancery Reports (составитель Браун, 1778-1794), Cases in Chancery (англ., 1660-1688), Cases in Chancery (1660-1688), Chancery (составитель Купер, 1837-1839), Chancery Chambers Reports (Верхняя Канада, 1857-1872), Choyce Cases in Chancery (1557-1606), Collyer's Chancery Cases (составитель Кольер, 1845-1847), Cox's Chancery Reports (составитель Кокс, 1783-1796), Craig and Phillips' Chancery Reports (англ. составители Крейг и Филипс, 1840-1841), De Gex and Jones' Chancery Reports (составители де Гекс и Джонс, 1857-1860), De Gex and Smale's Chancery Reports (составители де Гекс и Смейл, 1846-1852), Dickens' Chancery Reports (составитель Диккенс, 1559-1798), Donnely's Minutes of Cases (составитель Донели), Drewry and Smale's Chancery Reports (составители Друри и Смейл, 1860-1865), Drewry's Chancery Reports (составитель Друри, 1852-1859), Eden's Chancery Reports (составитель Иден, 1757-1766), Finch's Chancery Reports (составитель Финч, 1673-1681), Freeman's Chancery Reports (составитель Фримен, 1660-1706), Giffard's Chancery Reports (составитель Гиффард, 1857-1865), Gilbert's Chancery Reports (составитель Гилберт, 1705-1727), Grant's Upper Canada Chancery Reports (Верхняя Канада, составитель Грант, 1849-1882), Hall and Twell's Chancery Reports (составители Холл и Туэлл, 1849-1850), Hare's Chancery Reports (составитель Хэар, 1841-1853), Hemming and Miller's Chancery Reports (составители Хемминг и Миллер, 1862-1865), Jacob and Walker's Chancery Reports (составители Джейкоб и Уокер, 1819-1821), Jacob's Chancery Reports (составитель Джейкоб, 1821-1822), Johnson and Hemming's Chancery Reports (составители Джонсон и Хемминг 1859-1862), Johnson's Chancery Reports (составитель Джонсон, 1858-1860), Kay and Johnson's Chancery Reports (составители Кей и Джонсон, 1854-1858), Kay's Chancery Reports (составитель Кей, 1853-1854), Law Journal Reports, Chancery, Macnaghten and Gordon's Chancery Reports (составители Макнотен и Гордон, 1848-1852), Maddock and Geldari's Chancery Reports (составители Мэддок и Гелдарт, 1815-1822), Maddock's Chancery Reports (составитель Мэддок, 1815-1822), Merivale's Chancery Reports (составитель Мэривейл, 1815-1817), Mosely's Chancery Reports (составитель Моусли, 1726-1731), Mylne and Craig's Chancery Reports (составители Милн и Крейг, 1836-1840), Mylne and Keen's Chancery Reports (составители Милн и Кин, 1832-1835), Nelson's Chancery Reports (составитель Нелсон, 1625-1693), Peere Williams' Chancery Reports (составитель Пир Уильямс, 1695-1736), Phillip's Chancery Reports (составитель Филипс, 1841-1849), Reports in Chancery (1605-1712), Reports in Chancery (1615-1712), Romilly's Notes of Cases (составитель Ромили, 1767-1787), Russei and Mylne's Chancery Reports (составители Рассел и Милн, 1829-1831), Russel's Chancery Reports (составитель Рассел, 1823-1829), Simons and Stuart's Chancery Reports (составители Саймонс и Стюарт, 1822-1826), Simons' Chancery Reports (составитель Саймонс, 1826-1849), Smale and Giffard's Chancery Reports (составители Смейл и Гиффард, 1852-1857), Swanston's Chancery Reports (составитель Суонстон), Tamlyn's Chancery Reports (составитель Тэмлин, 1829-1830), Tothill's Chancery Reports (составитель Тотхилл, 1559-1606), Turner and Russell's Chancery Reports (составители Тернер и Рассел, 1822-1824), Vernon's Chancery Reports (составитель Верной, 1681-1720), Vesey Junior's Chancery Reports (составитель Веси-младший, 1789-1816), Vesey Senior's Chancery Reports (составитель Веси-старший, 1747-1756), Vesey and Beames' Chancery Reports (составители Веси и Бимс, 1812-1814), Vesey and Beams' Chancery Reports (составители Веси и Бимс, 1812-1814), William Kelynge's Chancery Reports (составитель У.Келиндж, 1730-1732), Wilson's Chancery Reports (составитель Уилсон, 1818-1819), Younge and Collyer's Chancery Reports (составители Янг и Кольер, 1841-1843)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сборник решений канцлерского суда

  • 7 сборник решений по уголовным делам

    Law: Bell's Crown Cases (составитель Белл, 1858-1860), Dearsley and Bell's Crown Cases (составители Дирсли и Белл, 1856-1858), Dearsley's Crown Cases (составитель Дирсли), Denison and Pearce's Crown Cases (составители Денисон и Пирс, 1844-1852), Denison's Crown Cases (составитель Денисон, 1844-1852), Foster's Crown Cases (составитель Фостер, 1743-1761), John Kelyng's Crown Cases (составитель Дж. Келинг, 1662-1669), Leach's Crown Cases (составитель Лич, 1730-1815), Leigh and Cave's Crown Cases (составители Лей и Кейв, 1861-1865), Lewin's Crown Cases (составитель Льюин, 1822-1838), Moody's Crown Cases (составитель Муди, 1824-1844), Queensland Criminal Reports (Австралия, 1860-1907), Russei and Ryan's Crown Cases (составители Рассел и Райан, 1799-1823), Russel and Ryan's Crown Cases (составители Рассел и Райан, 1799-1823), Temple and Mew's Crown Cases (составители Темпл и Мью, 1848-1851)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сборник решений по уголовным делам

  • 8 Bright, Sir Charles Tilston

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 8 June 1832 Wanstead, Essex, England
    d. 3 May 1888 Abbey Wood, London, England
    [br]
    English telegraph engineer responsible for laying the first transatlantic cable.
    [br]
    At the age of 15 years Bright left the London Merchant Taylors' School to join the two-year-old Electric Telegraph Company. By 1851 he was in charge of the Birmingham telegraph station. After a short time as Assistant Engineer with the newly formed British Telegraph Company, he joined his brother (who was Manager) as Engineer-in-Chief of the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company in Liverpool, for which he laid thousands of miles of underground cable and developed a number of innovations in telegraphy including a resistance box for locating cable faults and a two-tone bell system for signalling. In 1853 he was responsible for the first successful underwater cable between Scotland and Ireland. Three years later, with the American financier Cyrus Field and John Brett, he founded and was Engineer-in-chief of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, which aimed at laying a cable between Ireland and Newfoundland. After several unsuccessful attempts this was finally completed on 5 August 1858, Bright was knighted a month later, but the cable then failed! In 1860 Bright resigned from the Magnetic Telegraph Company to set up an independent consultancy with another engineer, Joseph Latimer Clark, with whom he invented an improved bituminous cable insulation. Two years later he supervised construction of a telegraph cable to India, and in 1865 a further attempt to lay an Atlantic cable using Brunel's new ship, the Great Eastern. This cable broke during laying, but in 1866 a new cable was at last successfully laid and the 1865 cable recovered and repaired. The year 1878 saw extension of the Atlantic cable system to the West Indies and the invention with his brother of a system of neighbourhood fire alarms and even an automatic fire alarm.
    In 1861 Bright presented a paper to the British Association for the Advancement of Science on the need for electrical standards, leading to the creation of an organization that still exists in the 1990s. From 1865 until 1868 he was Liberal MP for Greenwich, and he later assisted with preparations for the 1881 Paris Exhibition.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1858. Légion d'honneur. First President, Société Internationale des Electriciens. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers \& Electricians (later the Institution of Electrical Engineers) 1887.
    Bibliography
    1852, British patent (resistance box).
    1855, British patent no. 2,103 (two-tone bell system). 1878, British patent no. 3,801 (area fire alarms).
    1878, British patent no. 596 (automatic fire alarm).
    "The physical \& electrical effects of pressure \& temperature on submarine cable cores", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers XVII (describes some of his investigations of cable characteristics).
    Further Reading
    C.Bright, 1898, Submarine Cables, Their History, Construction \& Working.
    —1910, The Life Story of Sir Charles Tilston Bright, London: Constable \& Co.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bright, Sir Charles Tilston

  • 9 Pattinson, Hugh Lee

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 25 December 1796 Alston, Cumberland, England
    d. 11 November 1858 Scot's House, Gateshead, England
    [br]
    English inventor of a silver-extraction process.
    [br]
    Born into a Quaker family, he was educated at private schools; his studies included electricity and chemistry, with a bias towards metallurgy. Around 1821 Pattinson became Clerk and Assistant to Anthony Clapham, a soap-boiler of Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1825 he secured appointment as Assay Master to the lords of the manor of Alston. There he was able to pursue the subject of special interest to him, and in January 1829 he devised a method of separating silver from lead ore; however, he was prevented from developing it because of a lack of funds.
    Two years later he was appointed Manager of Wentworth Beaumont's lead-works. There he was able to continue his researches, which culminated in the patent of 1833 enshrining the invention by which he is best known: a new process for extracting silver from lead by skimming crystals of pure lead with a perforated ladle from the surface of the molten silver-bearing lead, contained in a succession of cast-iron pots. The molten metal was stirred as it cooled until one pot provided a metal containing 300 oz. of silver to the ton (8,370 g to the tonne). Until that time, it was unprofitable to extract silver from lead ores containing less than 8 oz. per ton (223 g per tonne), but the Pattinson process reduced that to 2–3 oz. (56–84 g per tonne), and it therefore won wide acceptance. Pattinson resigned his post and went into partnership to establish a chemical works near Gateshead. He was able to devise two further processes of importance, one an improved method of obtaining white lead and the other a new process for manufacturing magnesia alba, or basic carbonate of magnesium. Both processes were patented in 1841.
    Pattinson retired in 1858 and devoted himself to the study of astronomy, aided by a 7½ in. (19 cm) equatorial telescope that he had erected at his home at Scot's House.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, British Association Chemical Section 1838. Fellow of the Geological Society, Royal Astronomical Society and Royal Society 1852.
    Bibliography
    Pattinson wrote eight scientific papers, mainly on mining, listed in Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers, most of which appeared in the Philosophical
    Magazine.
    Further Reading
    J.Percy, Metallurgy (volume on lead): 121–44 (fully describes Pattinson's desilvering process).
    Lonsdale, 1873, Worthies of Cumberland, pp. 273–320 (contains details of his life). T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History ofTechnology, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Pattinson, Hugh Lee

  • 10 Locus commūnis

    тж. Locus topicus мн. ч. Loci commūnes
    Общее место.
    В античной риторике этот термин означал тему, которая может быть использована в речах, относящихся к материалам различного характера В настоящее время выражение locus communis обычно употребляется в применении к банальным, давно всем известным истинам, опошленным частым повторением.
    У высокопарного человека дела [ Мадзини ] вдруг пробуждается post festum "здравый смысл" и он умоляет их [ своих сторонников ], именем бога, не выступать, потому что одни они ничего сделать не смогут, так как страна наводнена иностранными солдатами, и повторяет подобные loci communes. (К. Маркс - Адольфу Клуссу, 30.VII 1852.)
    Прудону и другим, конечно, приятно дать историко-философское объяснение происхождению какого-либо экономического отношения, исторического возникновения которого он не знает, путем создания мифов о том, будто Адаму или Прометею данная идея явилась в готовом и законченном виде, а затем она была введена и т. д. Нет ничего более сухого и скучного, чем фантазирующее locus communis. (Он же, Введение( Из экономических рукописей 1857-1858 годов).)
    Прежде всего, религиозной поэзии приходит конец, пока не явится некто, кто даст ей новый подъем. У католиков, как и у протестантов, продолжается старая рутина: католики сочиняют гимны Марии, протестанты распевают старые песни, полные самых прозаических выражений. Какие гнусные абстракции: освящение, обращение, оправдание и бог знает что еще за loci communes и избитые риторические обороты! (Ф. Энгельс - Фридриху Греберу, 19.II 1839.)
    Учащийся невольно должен думать, что реторика - такая наука, которая доставит ему способы мыслить и писать обо всем, что он захочет, а схоластики с аристотелевскими loci communes и действительно были такой веры. (В. Г. Белинский, Общая реторика Н. Кошанского.)

    Латинско-русский словарь крылатых слов и выражений > Locus commūnis

  • 11 Pro tempore

    Временно; иногда в соответствии с требованиями времени.
    Удачливый узурпатор [ Наполеон III. - авт. ] пустил в ход все свое искусство, чтобы вслед за военщиной привлечь под свое знамя богачей и власть имущих скопидомов и спекулянтов. "Империя - это мир", - восклицал он, и миллионеры почти боготворили его. "Наш дражайший сын во Христе" - любовно называл его римский папа; а римско-католическое духовенство (pro tempore) приветствовало его, всячески выражая свое доверие и преданность. (К. Маркс, Историческая параллель.)
    Из газет ты, вероятно, знаешь, что Пальмерстон [ Пальмерстон, Генри (1784-1865) - английский государственный деятель, министр иностранных дел (1830-1851, с перерывами), министр внутренних дел (1852-1855), премьер-министр (1855-1865, с перерывом). - авт. ] пал. Те, кто лучше всего знает старого мошенника, больше всего склонны предполагать, что его грубые ошибки за последнее время были допущены сознательно, чтобы pro tempore уйти со сцены. (Он же - Фердинанду Лассалю, 22.II 1858.)
    По получении этого письма сюда больше не пишите, в понедельник я выезжаю к морю и, возможно, уже завтра смогу послать свой новый адрес (pro tempore). (Ф. Энгельс - Карлу Каутскому, 1.VIII 1884.)

    Латинско-русский словарь крылатых слов и выражений > Pro tempore

  • 12 Adamson, Daniel

    [br]
    b. 1818 Shildon, Co. Durham, England
    d. January 1890 Didsbury, Manchester, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, pioneer in the use of steel for boilers, which enabled higher pressures to be introduced; pioneer in the use of triple-and quadruple-expansion mill engines.
    [br]
    Adamson was apprenticed between 1835 and 1841 to Timothy Hackworth, then Locomotive Superintendent on the Stockton \& Darlington Railway. After this he was appointed Draughtsman, then Superintendent Engineer, at that railway's locomotive works until in 1847 he became Manager of Shildon Works. In 1850 he resigned and moved to act as General Manager of Heaton Foundry, Stockport. In the following year he commenced business on his own at Newton Moor Iron Works near Manchester, where he built up his business as an iron-founder and boilermaker. By 1872 this works had become too small and he moved to a 4 acre (1.6 hectare) site at Hyde Junction, Dukinfield. There he employed 600 men making steel boilers, heavy machinery including mill engines fitted with the American Wheelock valve gear, hydraulic plant and general millwrighting. His success was based on his early recognition of the importance of using high-pressure steam and steel instead of wrought iron. In 1852 he patented his type of flanged seam for the firetubes of Lancashire boilers, which prevented these tubes cracking through expansion. In 1862 he patented the fabrication of boilers by drilling rivet holes instead of punching them and also by drilling the holes through two plates held together in their assembly positions. He had started to use steel for some boilers he made for railway locomotives in 1857, and in 1860, only four years after Bessemer's patent, he built six mill engine boilers from steel for Platt Bros, Oldham. He solved the problems of using this new material, and by his death had made c.2,800 steel boilers with pressures up to 250 psi (17.6 kg/cm2).
    He was a pioneer in the general introduction of steel and in 1863–4 was a partner in establishing the Yorkshire Iron and Steel Works at Penistone. This was the first works to depend entirely upon Bessemer steel for engineering purposes and was later sold at a large profit to Charles Cammell \& Co., Sheffield. When he started this works, he also patented improvements both to the Bessemer converters and to the engines which provided their blast. In 1870 he helped to turn Lincolnshire into an important ironmaking area by erecting the North Lincolnshire Ironworks. He was also a shareholder in ironworks in South Wales and Cumberland.
    He contributed to the development of the stationary steam engine, for as early as 1855 he built one to run with a pressure of 150 psi (10.5 kg/cm) that worked quite satisfactorily. He reheated the steam between the cylinders of compound engines and then in 1861–2 patented a triple-expansion engine, followed in 1873 by a quadruple-expansion one to further economize steam. In 1858 he developed improved machinery for testing tensile strength and compressive resistance of materials, and in the same year patents for hydraulic lifting jacks and riveting machines were obtained.
    He was a founding member of the Iron and Steel Institute and became its President in 1888 when it visited Manchester. The previous year he had been President of the Institution of Civil Engineers when he was presented with the Bessemer Gold Medal. He was a constant contributor at the meetings of these associations as well as those of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. He did not live to see the opening of one of his final achievements, the Manchester Ship Canal. He was the one man who, by his indomitable energy and skill at public speaking, roused the enthusiasm of the people in Manchester for this project and he made it a really practical proposition in the face of strong opposition.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1887.
    President, Iron and Steel Institute 1888. Institution of Civil Engineers Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, Engineer 69:56.
    Obituary, Engineering 49:66–8.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides an illustration of Adamson's flanged seam for boilers).
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (covers the development of the triple-expansion engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Adamson, Daniel

  • 13 Matteucci, Felice

    [br]
    b. 1803 Italy
    d. 1887 Italy
    [br]
    Italian engineer, co-inventor of internal-combustion engines.
    [br]
    A distinguished hydraulic engineer, Matteucci is more widely known for his work on early internal-combustion engines. In 1851, during a landreclamation project in Florence, he became acquainted with Eugenio Barsanti. Together they succeeded in designing and producing a number of the first type of gas engines to produce a vacuum within a closed cylinder, atmospheric pressure then being utilized to produce the power stroke. The principle was demonstrated by Cecil in 1820 and was used by Samuel Brown in 1827 and by N.A. Otto in 1867. The company Società Promotrice del Nuovo Motore Barsanti e Matteucci was formed in 1860, but ill health forced Matteucci to resign in 1862, and in 1864 Barsanti, whilst negotiating mass production of engines with Cockerill of Seraing, Belgium, contracted typhoid and later died. Efforts to continue the business in Italy subsequently failed and Matteucci returned to his engineering practice.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    13 May 1852, British Provisional Patent no. 1,072 (the Barsanti and Matteucci engine). 12 June 1857, British patent no. 1,655 (contained many notable improvements to the design).
    Further Reading
    The Engineer (1858) 5:73–4 (for an account of the Italian engine).
    Vincenzo Vannacci, 1955, L'invenzione del motore a scoppio realizzota dai toscani Barsanti e Matteucci 1854–1954, Florence.
    KAB

    Biographical history of technology > Matteucci, Felice

  • 14 Preece, Sir William Henry

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Wales
    d. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales
    [br]
    Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.
    Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.
    While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.
    Bibliography
    Preece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.
    1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.
    Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.
    1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.
    1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.
    1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.
    1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.
    Further Reading
    J.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.
    E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).
    D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).
    GW / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry

  • 15 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

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