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1 Bligh's New Reports
Юридический термин: новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов, составитель Блай (1827-1837), новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов (составитель Блай, 1827-1837) -
2 Hudson and Brooke's Irish King's Bench Reports
Юридический термин: сборник ирландских решений Суда королевской скамьи (составители Хадсон и Брук, 1827-1837), сборник ирландских решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Хадсон и Брук (1827-1837)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Hudson and Brooke's Irish King's Bench Reports
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3 новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов
Law: Bligh's New Reports (составитель Блай, 1827-1837), Bligh's Reports (составитель Блай, 1827-1837)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов
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4 новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов, составитель Блай
Law: Bligh's New Reports (1827-1837), Bligh's Reports, New Series (1827-1837)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов, составитель Блай
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5 Bligh's Reports
Юридический термин: новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов (составитель Блай, 1827-1837) -
6 Bligh's Reports, New Series
Юридический термин: новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов, составитель Блай (1827-1837)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Bligh's Reports, New Series
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7 сборник ирландских решений Суда королевской скамьи
Law: Cooke and Alcock's King's Bench Reports (составители Кук и Элкок, 1833-1834), Davies' Irish King's Bench Reports (составитель Дейвис, 1604-1612), Fox and Smith's Irish King's Bench Reports (составители Фокс и Смит, 1822-1824), Hudson and Brooke's Irish King's Bench Reports (составители Хадсон и Брук, 1827-1837)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сборник ирландских решений Суда королевской скамьи
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8 сборник ирландских решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Хадсон и Брук
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сборник ирландских решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Хадсон и Брук
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9 Bli.(N.S.)
сокр. от Bligh's New Reports( или [Bligh's Reports, New Series]) новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов, составитель Блай (1827-1837) -
10 Bli.N.R.
сокр. от Bligh's New Reports( или [Bligh's Reports, New Series]) новая серия сборника решений палаты лордов, составитель Блай (1827-1837) -
11 H.&B.
сокр. от Hudson and Brooke's Irish King's Bench Reportsсборник ирландских решений Суда королевской скамьи, составители Хадсон и Брук (1827-1837) -
12 Sailor King
['seɪlə,kɪŋ]ист.Коро́ль Моря́к (прозвище короля Вильгельма IV [William IV], кот. в 1779 поступил во флот мичманом, а в 1827 стал лорд-адмиралом [ Lord High Admiral] - правил с 1830 по 1837)English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > Sailor King
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13 Deutschrömer
pl1) немецкие художники, жившие и работавшие в 1-й половине XIX в. в Риме. Часть их группировалась вокруг Й.А.Коха (Joseph Anton Koch) – Асмус Якоб Карстенс (Asmus Jakob Carstens), Готтлиб Шик (Gottlieb Schick), часть принадлежала к Назарейцам → Nazarener2) представители немецкого нового идеализма 2-й половины XIX в., искавшие связь с классическим искусством Италии – Ансельм Фейербах, Адольф фон Хильдебранд, Ганс фон Маре (Hans von Marées, 1837-1887) и швейцарец Арнольд Бёклин (Böcklin Arnold, 1827-1901). Их искусство отражало некий мифический мир, далёкий от окружающей его прусской действительности, содержало трагическое ощущение его обречённости → Römischer Kreis, Feuerbach Anselm, Hildebrand Adolf von, Schack-Galerie -
14 MacNeill, Sir John Benjamin
[br]b. 1793 (?) Mount Pleasant, near Dundalk, Louth, Irelandd. 2 March 1880[br]Irish railway engineer and educator.[br]Sir John MacNeill became a pupil of Thomas Telford and served under him as Superintendent of the Southern Division of the Holyhead Road from London to Shrewsbury. In this capacity he invented a "Road Indicator" or dynamometer. Like other Telford followers, he viewed the advent of railways with some antipathy, but after the death of Telford in 1834 he quickly became involved in railway construction and in 1837 he was retained by the Irish Railway Commissioners to build railways in the north of Ireland (Vignoles received the commission for the south). Much of his subsequent career was devoted to schemes for Irish railways, both those envisaged by the Commissioners and other private lines with more immediately commercial objectives. He was knighted in 1844 on the completion of the Dublin \& Drogheda Railway along the east coast of Ireland. In 1845 MacNeill lodged plans for over 800 miles (1,300 km) of Irish railways. Not all of these were built, many falling victim to Irish poverty in the years after the Famine, but he maintained a large staff and became financially embarrassed. His other schemes included the Grangemouth Docks in Scotland, the Liverpool \& Bury Railway, and the Belfast Waterworks, the latter completed in 1843 and subsequently extended by Bateman.MacNeill was an engineer of originality, being the person who introduced iron-lattice bridges into Britain, employing the theoretical and experimental work of Fairbairn and Eaton Hodgkinson (the Boyne Bridge at Drogheda had two such spans of 250ft (76m) each). He also devised the Irish railway gauge of 5 ft 2 in. (1.57 m). Consulted by the Board of Trinity College, Dublin, regarding a School of Engineering in 1842, he was made an Honorary LLD of the University and appointed the first Professor of Civil Engineering, but he relinquished the chair to his assistant, Samuel Downing, in 1846. MacNeill was a large and genial man, but not, we are told, "of methodical and business habit": he relied heavily on his subordinates. Blindness obliged him to retire from practice several years before his death. He was an early member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, joining in 1827, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1838.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1838.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers73:361–71.ABBiographical history of technology > MacNeill, Sir John Benjamin
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15 Soemmerring, Samuel Thomas von
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 28 January 1755 Torun, Poland (later Thorn, Prussia)d. 2 March 1830 Frankfurt, Germany[br]German physician who devised an early form of electric telegraph.[br]Soemmerring appears to have been a distinguished anatomist and physiologist who in 1805 became a member of the Munich Academy of Sciences. Whilst experimenting with electric currents in acid solutions in 1809, he observed the bubbles of gases produced by the dissociation process. Using this effect at the receiver, he devised a telegraph consisting of twenty-six parallel wires (one for each letter of the alphabet) and was able to transmit messages over a distance of 2 miles (3 km), but the idea was not commercially viable. In 1812, with the help of Schilling, he experimented with soluble indiarubber as a possible cable insulator.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight of the Order of St Anne of Russia 1818. Hon. Member of St Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences 1819. FRS 1827.BibliographySoemmerring's "electrolytic" telegraph was described in a paper read before the Munich Academy of Sciences on 29 August 1809.Further ReadingJ.J.Fahie, 1884, A History of Electric Telegraphy to the Year 1837, London: E\&F Spon. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.See also: Morse, Samuel Finley BreezeKFBiographical history of technology > Soemmerring, Samuel Thomas von
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16 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR
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