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1 Audubon, John James
(1785-1851) Одюбон, Джон ДжеймсХудожник-самоучка, натуралист, орнитолог, охотник. Уроженец острова Санто-Доминго (Гаити), в США с 1803. Провел много лет в отдаленных уголках Северной Америки. Изучал и рисовал убитых им на охоте птиц. В 1827-38 опубликовал прославившую его работу "Птицы Америки" ["The Birds of America"] - около 400 гравюр и комментарии к ним (т.н. "Орнитологическая биография" ["Ornithological Biography"] в 5 томах; 1831-39), написанные в соавторстве с шотландским натуралистом У. Макгиливреем [MacGillivray, William]. После успеха этого труда начал работать над книгой о млекопитающих, "Живородящие четвероногие Северной Америки" ["The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America"]. В 1900 избран в Галерею славы [ Hall of Fame], великолепные рисунки и живопись Одюбона считаются предметом национальной гордости американцев. В его честь названо Национальное общество Одюбона [ National Audubon Society]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Audubon, John James
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2 JJA
1) Юридический термин: Juvenile Justice Authority3) Фирменный знак: Jerry Jackson & Associates4) Имена и фамилии: John James Audubon (1785-1851) -
3 Audubon
◙ n. אודובון, שם משפחה; ג'ון ג'יימס אודובון (1785-1851), חוקר טבע ועופות אמריקאי שחקר וכתב אודות ציפורי ועופות צפון אמריקה* * *◙ הקירמא ןופצ תופועו ירופיצ תודוא בתכו רקחש יאקירמא תופועו עבט רקוח,(1581-5871) ןובודוא סמיי'ג ןו'ג ;החפשמ םש,ןובודוא◄ -
4 John James Audubon
◙ n. ג'ון ג'יימס אודובון (1785-1851), חוקר טבע ועופות אמריקאי שחקר וכתב אודות ציפורים ועופות בצפון אמריקה* * *◙ הקירמא ןופצב תופועו םירופיצ תודוא בתכו רקחש יאקירמא תופועו עבט רקוח,(1581-5871) ןובודוא סמיי'ג ןו'ג◄ -
5 Audubon
n. Audubon, familienaam; John James Audubon (1785-1851), Amerikaanse onderzoeker van de natuur die publicaties betreffende vogels in Noord-Amerika uitgaf -
6 John James Audubon
n. (1785-1851) Amerikaanse natuuronderzoeker die vogels uit Noord Amerika bestudeerde en beschreef -
7 Audubon, John James
Одабон, Джон Джеймс (1785—1851), натуралист и художник. Его лучшей работой считаются цветные иллюстрации к многотомному изданию «Птицы Америки» [‘The Birds of America']США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Audubon, John James
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8 Shreve, Henry Miller
Шрив, Генри Миллер (1785—1851), капитан речного флота, именем которого назван г. Шривпорт. Расчистил от брёвен и деревьев завал длиной в 92 мили на р. Ред-Ривер, сделав реку судоходнойСША. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Shreve, Henry Miller
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9 Cubitt, William
[br]b. 1785 Dilham, Norfolk, Englandd. 13 October 1861 Clapham Common, Surrey, England[br]English civil engineer and contractor.[br]The son of a miller, he received a rudimentary education in the village school. At an early age he was helping his father in the mill, and in 1800 he was apprenticed to a cabinet maker. After four years he returned to work with his father, but, preferring to leave the parental home, he not long afterwards joined a firm of agricultural-machinery makers in Swanton in Norfolk. There he acquired a reputation for making accurate patterns for the iron caster and demonstrated a talent for mechanical invention, patenting a self-regulating windmill sail in 1807. He then set up on his own as a millwright, but he found he could better himself by joining the engineering works of Ransomes of Ipswich in 1812. He was soon appointed their Chief Engineer, and after nine years he became a partner in the firm until he moved to London in 1826. Around 1818 he invented the treadmill, with the aim of putting prisoners to useful work in grinding corn and other applications. It was rapidly adopted by the principal prisons, more as a means of punishment than an instrument of useful work.From 1814 Cubitt had been gaining experience in civil engineering, and upon his removal to London his career in this field began to take off. He was engaged on many canal-building projects, including the Oxford and Liverpool Junction canals. He accomplished some notable dock works, such as the Bute docks at Cardiff, the Middlesborough docks and the coal drops on the river Tees. He improved navigation on the river Severn and compiled valuable reports on a number of other leading rivers.The railway construction boom of the 1840s provided him with fresh opportunities. He engineered the South Eastern Railway (SER) with its daringly constructed line below the cliffs between Folkestone and Dover; the railway was completed in 1843, using massive charges of explosive to blast a way through the cliffs. Cubitt was Consulting Engineer to the Great Northern Railway and tried, with less than his usual success, to get the atmospheric system to work on the Croydon Railway.When the SER began a steamer service between Folkestone and Boulogne, Cubitt was engaged to improve the port facilities there and went on to act as Consulting Engineer to the Boulogne and Amiens Railway. Other commissions on the European continent included surveying the line between Paris and Lyons, advising the Hanoverian government on the harbour and docks at Hamburg and directing the water-supply works for Berlin.Cubitt was actively involved in the erection of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851; in recognition of this work Queen Victoria knighted him at Windsor Castle on 23 December 1851.Cubitt's son Joseph (1811–72) was also a notable civil engineer, with many railway and harbour works to his credit.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1851. FRS 1830. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1850 and 1851.Further ReadingObituary, 1862, Minutes of 'the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 21:552– 8.LRD -
10 Sauerbrun, Charles de, Baron von Drais
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 1785d. 1851[br]German popularizer of the first form of manumotive vehicle, the hobby-horse.[br]An engineer and agriculturalist who had to travel long distances over rough country, he evolved an improved design of velocipede. The original device appears to have been first shown in the gardens of the Palais Royal by the comte de Sivrac in 1791, a small wooden "horse" fitted with two wheels and propelled by the rider's legs thrusting alternately against the ground. It was not possible to turn the front wheel to steer the machine, a small variation from the straight being obtained by the rider leaning sideways. It is not known if de Sivrac was the inventor of the machine: it is likely that it had been in existence, probably as a child's toy, for a number of years. Its original name was the celerifière, but it was renamed the velocifère in 1793. The Baron's Draisienne was an improvement on this primitive machine; it had a triangulated wooden frame, an upholstered seat, a rear luggage seat and an armrest which took the thrust of the rider as he or she pushed against the ground. Furthermore, it was steerable. In some models there was a cordoperated brake and a prop stand, and the seat height could be adjusted. At least one machine was fitted with a milometer. Drais began limited manufacture and launched a long marketing and patenting campaign, part of which involved sending advertising letters to leading figures, including a number of kings.The Draisienne was first shown in public in April 1817: a ladies' version became available in 1819. Von Drais took out a patent in Baden on 12 January 1818 and followed with a French patent on 17 February. Three-and four-wheeled versions became available so the two men could take the ladies for a jaunt.Drais left his agricultural and forestry work and devoted his full time to the "Running Machine" business. Soon copies were being made and sold in Italy, Germany and Austria. In London, a Denis Johnson took out a patent in December 1818 for a "pedestrian curricle" which was soon nicknamed the dandy horse.[br]Further ReadingC.A.Caunter, 1955, Cycles: History and Development, London: Science Museum and HMSO.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Sauerbrun, Charles de, Baron von Drais
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11 Scheutz, George
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 23 September 1785 Jonkoping, Swedend. 27 May 1873 Stockholm, Sweden[br]Swedish lawyer, journalist and self-taught engineer who, with his son Edvard Raphael Scheutz (b. 13 September 1821 Stockholm, Sweden; d. 28 January 1881 Stockholm, Sweden) constructed a version of the Babbage Difference Engine.[br]After early education at the Jonkoping elementary school and the Weixo Gymnasium, George Scheutz entered the University of Lund, gaining a degree in law in 1805. Following five years' legal work, he moved to Stockholm in 1811 to work at the Supreme Court and, in 1814, as a military auditor. In 1816, he resigned, bought a printing business and became editor of a succession of industrial and technical journals, during which time he made inventions relating to the press. It was in 1830 that he learned from the Edinburgh Review of Babbage's ideas for a difference engine and started to make one from wood, pasteboard and wire. In 1837 his 15-yearold student son, Edvard Raphael Scheutz, offered to make it in metal, and by 1840 they had a working machine with two five-digit registers, which they increased the following year and then added a printer. Obtaining a government grant in 1851, by 1853 they had a fully working machine, now known as Swedish Difference Engine No. 1, which with an experienced operator could generate 120 lines of tables per hour and was used to calculate the logarithms of the numbers 1 to 10,000 in under eighty hours. This was exhibited in London and then at the Paris Great Exhibition, where it won the Gold Medal. It was subsequently sold to the Dudley Observatory in Albany, New York, for US$5,000 and is now in a Chicago museum.In England, the British Registrar-General, wishing to produce new tables for insurance companies, and supported by the Astronomer Royal, arranged for government finance for construction of a second machine (Swedish Difference Engine No. 2). Comprising over 1,000 working parts and weighing 1,000 lb (450 kg), this machine was used to calculate over 600 tables. It is now in the Science Museum.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, Paris Exhibition Medal of Honour (jointly with Edvard) 1856. Annual pension of 1,200 marks per annum awarded by King Carl XV 1860.Bibliography1825, "Kranpunpar. George Scheutz's patent of 14 Nov 1825", Journal for Manufacturer och Hushallning 8.1855, with E.S.Scheutz, Machine à calcul qui présente les résultats en les imprimantellemême, Stockholm.Further ReadingR.C.Archibald, 1947, "P.G.Scheutz, publicist, author, scientific mechanic and Edvard Scheutz, engineer. Biography and Bibliography", MTAC 238.U.C.Merzbach, 1977, "George Scheutz and the first printing calculator", SmithsonianStudies in History and Technology 36:73.M.Lindgren, 1990, Glory and Failure (the Difference Engines of Johan Muller, Charles Babbage and George \& Edvard Scheutz), Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.KF
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