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61 Smeaton, John
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 8 June 1724 Austhorpe, near Leeds, Yorkshire, Englandd. 28 October 1792 Austhorpe, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England[br]English mechanical and civil engineer.[br]As a boy, Smeaton showed mechanical ability, making for himself a number of tools and models. This practical skill was backed by a sound education, probably at Leeds Grammar School. At the age of 16 he entered his father's office; he seemed set to follow his father's profession in the law. In 1742 he went to London to continue his legal studies, but he preferred instead, with his father's reluctant permission, to set up as a scientific instrument maker and dealer and opened a shop of his own in 1748. About this time he began attending meetings of the Royal Society and presented several papers on instruments and mechanical subjects, being elected a Fellow in 1753. His interests were turning towards engineering but were informed by scientific principles grounded in careful and accurate observation.In 1755 the second Eddystone lighthouse, on a reef some 14 miles (23 km) off the English coast at Plymouth, was destroyed by fire. The President of the Royal Society was consulted as to a suitable engineer to undertake the task of constructing a new one, and he unhesitatingly suggested Smeaton. Work began in 1756 and was completed in three years to produce the first great wave-swept stone lighthouse. It was constructed of Portland stone blocks, shaped and pegged both together and to the base rock, and bonded by hydraulic cement, scientifically developed by Smeaton. It withstood the storms of the English Channel for over a century, but by 1876 erosion of the rock had weakened the structure and a replacement had to be built. The upper portion of Smeaton's lighthouse was re-erected on a suitable base on Plymouth Hoe, leaving the original base portion on the reef as a memorial to the engineer.The Eddystone lighthouse made Smeaton's reputation and from then on he was constantly in demand as a consultant in all kinds of engineering projects. He carried out a number himself, notably the 38 mile (61 km) long Forth and Clyde canal with thirty-nine locks, begun in 1768 but for financial reasons not completed until 1790. In 1774 he took charge of the Ramsgate Harbour works.On the mechanical side, Smeaton undertook a systematic study of water-and windmills, to determine the design and construction to achieve the greatest power output. This work issued forth as the paper "An experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind to turn mills" and exerted a considerable influence on mill design during the early part of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1753 and 1790 Smeaton constructed no fewer than forty-four mills.Meanwhile, in 1756 he had returned to Austhorpe, which continued to be his home base for the rest of his life. In 1767, as a result of the disappointing performance of an engine he had been involved with at New River Head, Islington, London, Smeaton began his important study of the steam-engine. Smeaton was the first to apply scientific principles to the steam-engine and achieved the most notable improvements in its efficiency since its invention by Newcomen, until its radical overhaul by James Watt. To compare the performance of engines quantitatively, he introduced the concept of "duty", i.e. the weight of water that could be raised 1 ft (30 cm) while burning one bushel (84 lb or 38 kg) of coal. The first engine to embody his improvements was erected at Long Benton colliery in Northumberland in 1772, with a duty of 9.45 million pounds, compared to the best figure obtained previously of 7.44 million pounds. One source of heat loss he attributed to inaccurate boring of the cylinder, which he was able to improve through his close association with Carron Ironworks near Falkirk, Scotland.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1753.Bibliography1759, "An experimental enquiry concerning the natural powers of water and wind to turn mills", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.Towards the end of his life, Smeaton intended to write accounts of his many works but only completed A Narrative of the Eddystone Lighthouse, 1791, London.Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1874, Lives of the Engineers: Smeaton and Rennie, London. A.W.Skempton, (ed.), 1981, John Smeaton FRS, London: Thomas Telford. L.T.C.Rolt and J.S.Allen, 1977, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen, 2nd edn, Hartington: Moorland Publishing, esp. pp. 108–18 (gives a good description of his work on the steam-engine).LRD -
62 активный ветер, вызывающий эрозию
Makarov: erosion windУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > активный ветер, вызывающий эрозию
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63 ветер, вызывающий эрозию
Ecology: erosion windУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > ветер, вызывающий эрозию
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64 защита от ветровой эрозии
1) Ecology: wind protection2) Makarov: protection from erosionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > защита от ветровой эрозии
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65 защитная (лесная) полоса
General subject: shelterbelt (A windbreak or shelterbelt is a plantation usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. They are commonly p)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > защитная (лесная) полоса
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66 карман выветривания
Agriculture: erosion pocket, wind scour pocketУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > карман выветривания
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67 ток
3) Medicine: flow5) French: toque (женская шляпа без полей)6) Engineering: amperage, current or voltage, growing floor (солодовни), stream7) Agriculture: barn-floor, channel erosion, field floor, thrashing floor (площадка для молотьбы), thrashing-floor, threshing floor8) Mathematics: streamline (жидкости)9) Railway term: current rate10) Architecture: thrashing-floor (место молотьбы), threshing-floor (место молотьбы)11) Metallurgy: wind12) Electronics: juice13) Information technology: cur ( электрический), curr (электрический), current (электрический)14) Oil: running, earth currents15) Special term: lek16) Polymers: current (электрический)17) Automation: (электрический) current18) Cables: current (электрический)19) Makarov: corn floor, cornfloor, curtage, synaptic current20) Ornithology: display21) Hi-Fi. current (поток электронов в проводнике. Например, усилитель мощности направляет электрический ток через кабели, соединяющие его с акустической системой, на звуковые катушки, чем приводит в движение диффузоры головок акустической системы) -
68 אבן-נחל
rillstone, ventifact, stone whose surface has been worn down by erosion caused by wind-driven sand (Geology) -
69 Auskolkung
f <tech.allg> (Vertiefungsbildung durch Wind, Wasser, Verschleiß) ■ erosionf <wz.masch> (Krater in der Werkzeug-Spanfläche) ■ craterf <wz.masch> (Vorgang; Kraterbildung in der Spanfläche) ■ crater wear; pitting; surface cratering -
70 부식
n. implantation, act of implanting; something which is implanted; erosion, decay, corrosion, gradual wearing away of the Earth by wind or water -
71 erosie
n. erosion, gradual wearing away of the Earth by wind or water; disintegration; deterioration -
72 почва
жен.1) soil, ground, earthистощать почву — to exhaust/emaciate/impoverish the soil
тощая почва — meagre/poor soil
2) перен. ground, basis, footingзондировать почву — to explore/test the ground
на почве — (чего-л.) owing (to), because (of)
подготавливать почву — перен. to pave the way (for)
прощупывать почву — to get the lay of the land, to sound out the possibilities
••выбивать почву из-под ног — to cut the ground from the under smb./smb.'s feet, to take the wind out of smb.'s sails
иметь под собой почву — to be grounded in fact, to be well-grounded
не иметь под собой почвы — to be groundless/ungrounded
почва уплывает из-под ног — the ground is giving way under smb.
терять почву под ногами — to have/feel the ground slipping away from under one's feet
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73 датчик
1. м. брит. амер. transducer; gauge, pick-off; pickup2. м. transmitter3. м. measuring element, sensor, detector -
74 восстановление растительного покрова
восстановление растительного покрова
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
revegetation
Planting of new trees and, particularly, of native plants in disturbed sites where the vegetation cover has been destroyed, to stabilize the land surface from wind and water erosion and to reclame the land for other uses. Revegetation practices are employed in mined lands, roadsides, parks, wetlands, utility corridors, riparian areas, etc. (Source: REVEGa / CORBIT)
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > восстановление растительного покрова
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75 чрезмерный выпас
чрезмерный выпас
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
overgrazing
Intensive grazing by animals, for example cattle, sheep or goats, on an area of pasture. It has become a serious threat to the world's rangelands and grasslands. Several factors have led to overgrazing, which leads to the soil being degraded and becoming liable to erosion by wind and rain, and even to desertification. The main pressures leading to widespread overgrazing have been the need to increase the size and numbers of herds to produce more food for an increasing human population, and the transformation of traditional pasture land into plantations to grow cash crops. Throughout the dry tropics, where traditionally herds ranged over vast areas, intensive livestock-rearing schemes have taken over, mostly to provide meat for the export market. Well-digging operations have also led to heavy concentrations of animals in small areas. (Source: WRIGHT)
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > чрезмерный выпас
См. также в других словарях:
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