vehemens

imprŏbus ( inpr-), a, um, adj. [2. inprobus], not according to the standard.

Lit.

Below the standard, i. e. of bad quality, bad, poor, inferior (rare;

mostly post-Aug.): merces,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 43:

opera araneorum et textura inproba,

id. Stich. 2, 2, 24:

panis,

Mart. 10, 5, 5:

improbiores postes,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 139:

tua sum opera et propter te inprobior,

id. Bacch. 5, 2, 84.—

Above or beyond the standard, i. e. enormous, monstrous, excessive:

genua,

Col. 6, 1, 3:

arva,

Val. Fl. 1, 510; 2, 631 (cf. Forbig. ad Verg. G. 1, 119; Orell. ad Hor. C. 3, 9, 22):

Chilones a labris improbioribus,

Charis. p. 78 P.:

mons,

Verg. A. 12, 687:

tegmina plantae,

Val. Fl. 6, 702:

improbo somno, quem nec tertia saepe rumpit hora,

Mart. 12, 18, 13:

villus barbarum in capris,

Plin. 12, 17, 37, § 73:

reptatus (vitium),

id. 14, 1, 3, § 13; Stat. Th. 6, 838:

imber improbior,

Sen. Q. N. 4, 4 fin. (in Sall. ap. Non. 366, 13; Hist. Fragm. 4, 40 Dietsch, the true read. is in prora).—

Transf., of mind and character.

Restless, indomitable, persistent (cf.:

pervicax, perstans, vehemens, acer): labor omnia vincit improbus,

Verg. G. 1, 146:

tum cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce,

id. ib. 1, 388:

quatit improbus hastam,

id. A. 11, 767; cf. Hor. C. 3, 9, 23; Mart. 1, 105, 2; Ov. Tr. 1, 11, 41.—

Morally bad; wicked, reprobate, abandoned, vile, base, impious, ungodly, unjust, dishonest; bold, shameless, impudent; violent, fierce, outrageous (syn.: malus, malignus, pravus, depravatus, nequam).

Of living beings: NI TESTIMONIVM FARIATVR IMPROBVS INTESTABILISQVE ESTO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 15, 13 fin.:

qui improbi essent et scelesti,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 137:

nequam et improbus,

Cic. Deiot. 7, 21:

illud vero improbi esse hominis et perfidiosi,

id. de Or. 2, 73, 297: Cresphontes, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38 (Trag. v. 156 Vahl.):

populum aut inflammare in improbos aut incitatum in bonos mitigare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 46, 202:

longe post natos homines improbisssimus,

id. Brut. 62, 224:

cum in me tam improbus fuit,

id. Att. 9, 15, 5:

ab ingenio est improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

ut alias res est impense improbus,

id. Ep. 4, 1, 39:

negat improbus et te Neglegit, aut horret,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 63:

anus,

id. S. 2, 5, 84:

cum eum, qui sit improbus, latronem dicimus,

Quint. 8, 4, 1; 1, 8, 21:

(anguis) piscibus atram inprobus ingluviem explet,

voracious, Verg. G. 3, 431:

lupus,

id. A. 9, 62:

Jovis ales,

id. ib. 12, 250:

annis,

by his youth, Juv. 3, 282:

Fortuna arridens infantibus,

mischievous, id. 6, 605. — Comp.:

inprobior satiram scribente cinaedo,

Juv. 4, 106. —

With gen.: conubii, Stat. Th. [p. 909] 7, 300. —

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

improbo Iracundior Hadria,

Hor. C. 3, 9, 22:

lavit improba taeter Ora (leonis) cruor,

Verg. A. 10, 727:

perfricare faciem et quasi improbam facere,

shameless, impudent, Quint. 11, 3, 160; cf.:

oris improbi homo,

Suet. Gramm. 15:

divitiae,

Hor. C. 3, 24, 62:

improba non fuerit si mea charta, dato,

Mart. 8, 24, 2:

satureia,

exciting lust, id. 3, 75, 4:

ingenio improbo,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 16:

facta,

id. Truc. 2, 7, 4:

dicta,

licentious, Ov. F. 5, 686:

verba,

id. A. A. 3, 796; cf.

carmina,

id. Tr. 2, 441:

legis improbissimae poena,

Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 2:

testamentum,

illegal, id. Verr. 2, 1, 42, § 107:

mala et improba defensio,

id. ib. 2, 2, 41, §

101: amor,

Verg. A. 4, 412; Hor. S. 1, 3, 24 (cf.:

improbus, turpis, Schol. Cruq. ad loc.): spes,

Quint. 12, 1, 13:

improba ventris rabies,

Verg. A. 2, 356:

quo apertior adulatio, quo improbior, hoc citius expugnat,

Sen. Q. N. 4 praef. med.:

improba quamvis gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna,

Juv. 13, 3.— Adv., in two forms, imprŏbē (class.) and improbĭter (perh. only once in Petr. 66).

Beyond measure, immoderately, enormously (very rare):

ad eos, quibus intestinum improbe prominet,

Marc. Emp. 31 med.:

de quodam procerae staturae improbiusque nato,

i. e. uncommonly well furnished, Suet. Vesp. 23:

Chilones improbius labrati,

Charis. p. 78 P. —

(Acc. to II.) Badly, wrongly, improperly:

multa scelerate, multa audacter, multa improbe fecisti,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 104:

facere aliquid,

Quint. 1, 3, 13:

quibus improbe datum est,

Cic. Off. 2, 22, 79:

quid ego miror, si quid ab improbis de me improbe dicitur?

id. Sull. 10, 30:

praeda improbe parta,

id. Fin. 1, 16, 51:

aliquid petere,

Quint. 6, 3, 95:

non improbe litigabunt,

id. 12, 7, 5:

ignorantia et inscitia improbe dicentium, quae non intellegunt,

incorrectly, Gell. 15, 5, 1;

so with indocte,

id. 15, 9, 4.— Comp.:

estne aliquid, quod improbius fieri possit?

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 140:

decerpere oscula,

Cat. 68, 126. — Sup.:

quas (res) improbissime fecit,

Cic. Caecin. 9, 23:

respondere,

id. Pis. 6, 13.

lēnis, e, adj. [cf. lentus], soft, smooth, mild, gentle, easy, calm.

Lit.:

sensus judicat dulce, amarum: lene, asperum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 12, 36; id. N. D. 2, 58, 146:

vehemens fricatio spissat, lenis mollit,

Plin. 28, 4, 14, § 53:

vinum hoc asperum est: aliud lenius, sodes, vide,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 48:

lenibus venenis uti,

Cic. Att. 2, 21, 1:

lenissimus ventus,

id. ib. 7, 2, 1:

motus laterum,

moderate, gentle, Quint. 11, 3, 92; 161:

leni igni sucus coquitur,

Plin. 21, 18, 73, § 122.—Of the Nile:

postea lenis,

Plin. 5, 9, 10, § 54:

tormentum,

Hor. C. 3, 21, 13:

volatus,

Ov. M. 12, 527:

somnus,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 21.—Of heights, gently or gradually rising:

clivus,

Liv. 6, 24; cf. id. 29, 33.— Comp.:

jugum paulo leniore fastigio ab ea parte quae, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 24;

so fastigium,

Plin. 16, 36, 64, § 158.—

Trop., gentle, moderate, mild, lenient, calm.

In gen.:

servitutem lenem reddere,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 5:

Ecce me. Opusne (erit tibi) leni? leniorem dices quam mutumst mare,

id. Mil. 3, 1, 70:

homo lenis et facilis,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 9:

populus Romanus in hostes lenissimus,

id. Rosc. Am. 53, 154:

lenissima verba,

id. Fam. 5, 15, 1:

lenissimum ingenium,

id. Brut. 56, 204: lenior sententia, Caes. B. C. 1, 2: lene consilium dare, Hor C. 3, 4, 41.—

With inf.:

non lenis precibus fata recludere Mercurius,

Hor. C. 1, 24, 17.—

In partic.

Of speech, mild, gentle:

oratio placida, submissa, lenis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 43, 183:

lenis et fluens contextus orationis,

Quint. 9, 4, 127:

leniores epilogi,

id. 6, 1, 50.—

In gram.: spiritus, the spiritus lenis, the smooth or soft breathing (opp. the spiritus asper), Prisc. p. 572 P.— Hence, adv. in two forms.

lēne (only poet.), softly, mildly, gently:

sectus humum rivo, lene sonantis aquae,

Ov. F. 2, 704:

clivi lene jacentes,

gently rising, Calp. Ecl. 7, 25:

lene fluens fons,

Nemes. Ecl. 4, 47:

lene Notus spirat,

Avien. Descript. Orb. 857.—

lēnĭter (class.), softly, mildly, gently.

Lit.:

leniter arridens,

Cic. Rep. 6, 12, 12:

leniter atterens Caudam,

Hor. C. 2, 19, 30:

ventus leniter pluvius,

Plin. 18, 34, 77, § 337:

leniter ire per excubias custodum,

Ov. Am. 1, 6, 7: collis leniter acclivis, gradually or gently rising, Caes. B. G. 7, 19; so,

editus collis,

Liv. 2, 50.— Comp.:

torrens lenius decurrit,

Ov. M. 3, 568.—

Trop., quietly, calmly, gently, moderately, leniently.

In gen.:

tentem leniter an minaciter?

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 20:

petere quippiam ab aliquo dictis bonis,

id. Am. prol. 25:

ferre aliquid,

Ov. H. 5, 7:

traducere aevum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 97:

nimis leniter latam suam injuriam ratus,

Liv. 29, 9 (al. leviter).— Sup.:

lenissime sentire,

Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 9.—

In partic.

Of speech:

multa leniter, multa aspere dicta sunt,

Cic. Brut. 44, 164:

agit versum Roscius quam leniter, quam remisse, quam non actuose,

id. de Or. 3, 26, 102.— Comp.:

qui jamdiu multo dicis remissius et lenius quam solebas,

Cic. de Or. 1, 60, 255.—

Moderately, i. e. very little, not at all:

hoc leniter laudabitis,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 40; 3, 3, 9:

leniter qui saeviunt sapiunt magis,

id. Bacch. 3, 3, 4.—

In a bad sense, remissly, indolently:

si cunctetur atque agat lenius,

too slowly, Caes. B. C. 1, 1.

lenis, is, m., a kind of vessel, Afran. and Laber. ap. Non. 544, 31.

ōrātĭo, ōnis, f. [oro], a speaking, speech, discourse, language

In gen., the connection of words to express thought:

non est autem in verbo modus hic, sed in oratione, id est, in continuatione verborum,

Cic. 3, 42, 167.

Speech, the power or faculty of speech, the habit or use of language:

quae (ferae) sunt rationis et orationis expertes,

Cic. Off. 1, 16, 50:

natura vi rationis hominem conciliat homini et ad orationis et ad vitae societatem,

id. ib. 1, 4, 12.—

Speech, language, utterance; opp. to fact, action, etc.:

lenitudo orationis, mollitudo corporis,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 16, 46:

idque videns Epicurus re tollit, oratione relinquit deos,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

qui sunt leves locutores... eorum orationem bene existimatum est in ore nasci, non in pectore,

Gell. 1, 15, 1:

nam quid te igitur rettulit beneficum esse oratione, si ad rem auxilium emortuum est,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 19:

ut in vitā, sic in oratione, nihil est difficilius quam quid deceat videre,

Cic. Or. 21, 70: qualis homo ipse esset, talem ejus esse orationem;

orationi autem facta similia, factis vitam,

id. Tusc. 5, 16, 47:

partes igitur orationis secundum dialecticos duae, nomen et verbum,

parts of speech, Prisc. 2, 4, 15.—

Hence, a mode of speaking; a kind, manner, style of speech; language:

quin tu istanc orationem hinc veterem atque antiquam amoves. Nam proletario sermone nunc utere,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 155: nam opulenti cum loquuntur pariter atque ignobiles, eadem dicta eademque oratio aequa non aeque valet, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4, 3: quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit, id. ap. Non. p. 512, 8:

aliam nunc mihi orationem despoliato praedicas,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 52: Creta est profecto horum hominum oratio, quam orationem [p. 1275] hanc aures dulce devorant, id. Poen. 5, 2, 9:

(Andria et Perinthia) non ita sunt dissimili argumento, sed tamen Dissimili oratione,

Ter. And. prol. 11.—Esp. (in gram.): oratio obliqua, indirect speech, the use of dependent clauses in citing the language of others:

quam (orationem) obliquam Pompeius Trogus exposuit (opp. to conciones directae),

Just. 38, 3, 11.—Hence,

Mode of speech, language, use of language, style:

mollis est enim oratio philosophorum,

Cic. Or. 19, 64:

(fabulae) tenui oratione et scripturā levi,

Ter. Phorm. prol. 5:

ut Stoicorum est astrictior oratio aliquantoque contractior, quam aures populi requirunt, sic illorum (Peripateticorum) liberior et latior, quam patitur consuetudo judiciorum et fori,

Cic. Brut. 31, 120:

orationem Latinam efficies profecto legendis nostris pleniorem,

id. Off. 1, 1, 2; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 1.—

Esp., the language of any people or nation:

Timaeus in historiis quas oratione Graecā composuit,

Gell. 11, 1, 1:

semper cum Graecis Latina (exempla) conjunxi... ut par sis in utriusque orationis facultate,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 1.—

In partic., formal language, artificial discourse, set speech (opp. to sermo, ordinary speech, conversational language):

mollis est oratio philosophorum et umbratilis, nec verbis instructa popularibus nec vincta numeris, sed soluta liberius: itaque sermo potiusquam oratio dicitur. Quamquam enim omnis locutio oratio est, tamen unius oratoris locutio hoc proprio dignata nomine est,

Cic. Or. 19, 64; cf.:

et quoniam magna vis orationis est eaque duplex, altera contentionis, altera sermonis, contentio disceptationibus tribuatur judiciorum, contionum, senatus, sermo in circulis, disputationibus, congressionibus familiarium versetur, sequatur etiam convivia,

id. Off. 1, 37, 132.—Hence,

A set speech, harangue, discourse, oration:

(oratio) ut gravis, ut suavis, ut erudita sit, ut liberalis, ut polita, ut sensus, ut doloris habeat quantum opus sit, non est singulorum articulorum: in toto spectantur haec corpore, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 25, 96; cf.

the context: illam orationem disertam sibi et oratoriam videri, fortem et virilem non videri,

id. ib. 1, 54, 231:

hanc habere orationem mecum principio institit,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 21:

pleraeque scribuntur orationes habitae jam, non ut habeantur,

Cic. Brut. 24, 91:

non est haec oratio habenda apud imperitam multitudinem,

id. Mur. 29, 61:

ignarus faciundae ac poliendae orationis,

id. de Or. 1, 14, 63:

in orationibus hisce ipsis judiciorum, contionum, senatus,

id. ib. 1, 16, 73:

quanta illa, di immortales, fuit gravitas, quanta in oratione majestas! sed adfuistis, et est in manibus oratio,

id. Lael. 25, 96:

qui orationem adversus rem publicam habuissent, eorum bona in publicum adducebat,

Caes. B. C. 2, 18, 5:

ab adulescentiā confecit orationes,

Nep. Cat. 3, 3:

Catonis aliae acerbae orationes extant, etc.,

Liv. 39, 42, 6:

oratio plebi acceptior,

id. 3, 69:

accurata et polita,

Cic. Brut. 95, 326:

longa,

Liv. 34, 5:

acris et vehemens,

Quint. 5, 13, 25:

admirabilis,

Cic. de Or. 3, 25, 94:

angusta et concisa, opp. collata et diffusa,

id. Or. 56, 187:

aspera, tristis, horrida, neque perfecta neque conclusa, opp. laevis et structa et terminata,

id. ib. 5, 20:

circumcisa et brevis,

Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 4:

rotunda et undique circumcisa,

Quint. 8, 5, 27:

cohaerens,

Cic. de Or. 3, 44, 173:

concinna,

id. ib. 3, 25, 98:

stabilis, opp. volubilis,

id. Or. 56, 187.—

Transf.

The power of oratory, eloquence:

tantam vim habet illa, quae recte a bono poëtā dicta est, flexamina atque omnium regina rerum oratio, ut non modo inclinantem excipere aut stantem inclinare, sed etiam adversantem ac repugnantem ut imperator fortis ac bonus capere possit,

Cic. de Or. 2, 44, 187:

satis in eo fuisse orationis atque ingenii,

id. Brut. 45, 165:

non enim verendum est ne te in tam bonā causā deficiat oratio,

Lact. 2, 3.—

Prose (opp. to poetry):

et in poëmatis et in oratione,

Cic. Or. 21, 70.—

(In gram.) A sentence, a clause expressing a complete sense:

oratio est ordinatio dictionum congrua sententiam perfectam demonstrans,

Prisc. 2, 4, 15:

oratio dicitur liber rhetoricus, necnon unaquaeque dictio hoc saepe nomine nuncupatur cum plenam ostendit sententiam,

id. ib.: defectio litterae, et syllabae, et dictionis, et orationis, id. 17, 1, 5.—

(Under the empire.) An imperial message, rescript:

orationes ad senatum missae,

Suet. Ner. 15:

oratio principis per quaestorem ejus audita est,

Tac. A. 16, 27:

orationesque in senatu recitaret etiam quaestoris vice,

Suet. Tit. 6; cf. id. Aug. 65.—

A prayer, an address to the Deity (eccl. Lat.):

respice ad orationem servi tui,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 8, 28:

per orationes Dominum rogantes,

id. 2 Macc. 10, 16:

pernoctans in oratione Dei,

id. Luc. 6, 12.—Also absol., prayer, the habit or practice of prayer:

perseverantes in oratione,

Vulg. Act. 1, 14:

orationi instate,

id. Col. 4, 2; cf. Gell. 13, 22, 1.

pugnax, ācis, adj. [pugno], fond of fighting, combative, warlike, martial.

Lit.:

centuriones pugnaces,

Cic. Phil. 8, 9, 26:

acer et pugnax,

id. Rep. 5, 8, 10 (from Non. 337, 31):

Minerva,

Ov. Tr. 3, 9, 7:

Achivi,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 27:

filius Thetidis,

id. ib. 4, 6, 8:

gens,

Tac. Agr. 17:

hastas,

Prop. 3, 7 (4, 8), 25:

pugnacissimus quique,

Tac. H. 4, 60:

gentes pugnacissimae,

Curt. 3, 9, 3: hac legione noli pugnacius quidquam putare, Asin. Pol. ap. Cic. Fam, 10, 31, 5:

aries,

Col. 7, 3, 6; cf.:

galli gallinacei pugnacissimi duo,

Petr. 86:

ensis,

Ov. Tr. 5, 7, 48.— Poet., with inf.:

tenui pugnax instare veruto,

Sil. 3, 363.—

Trop., of a speech or of the speaker, combative, quarrelsome, contentious:

oratio pugnacior (opp. pacatior),

Cic. Brut. 31, 121:

oratio pugnax et contentiosa,

Plin. Ep. 2, 19, 5:

exordium dicendi vehemens et pugnax, non saepe esse debeat,

Cic. de Or. 2, 78, 317.—

Transf., in gen., obstinate, refractory, pertinacious:

Graecus nimis pugnax esse noluit,

Cic. Pis. 28, 70: non est pugnax in vitiis, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 13, 1.—Of things, concrete and abstract; with dat.:

ignis aquae pugnax,

Ov. M. 1, 432; Plin. 15, 3, 4, § 13:

musta,

harsh, id. 14, 20, 25, § 125:

quid ferri duritiā pugnacius?

id. 36, 16, 25, § 127.—Hence, adv.: pugnācĭter, contentiously, violently, obstinately:

certare cum aliis pugnaciter,

Cic. Ac. 2, 20, 65:

dicere,

Quint. 9, 4, 126:

ferire,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 2, 11.— Comp.:

alia pugnacius dicenda,

Quint. 9, 4, 130.— Sup.:

pugnacissime defendere sententiam,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 9.

sal, sălis ( neutr. collat. form of the nom. sălĕ, Enn. ap. Gell. 2, 26, or Ann. v. 378 Vahl.; Varr. ap. Non. 223, 17; also, in the regular form sometimes neutr. in sing., v. infra, I.; but plur. always sales, m.; cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 697 sq.; dat. plur.: infusis salis, Fabian. ap. Charis. p. 82 P.), m. [root sal-, to stream, flow; cf. hals; perh. also found in insula, salix].

Lit., salt.

Masc.: ex sale, qui apud Carthaginienses fit, Cato ap. Prisc. p. 659 P.:

salem candidum sic facito,

id. R. R. 88; Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 8; Col. 6, 17, 7; 8, 6 Schneid. N. cr.; 12, 6, 2; 12, 21, 2 al.; Plin. 31, 7, 39, § 73; Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 95; id. Curc. 4, 4, 6; id. Pers. 3, 3, 25; Sall. Fragm. ap. Charis. p. 82 P., and ap. Prisc. p. 644 ib.; Hor. S. 1, 5, 46 et saep.—Prov.:

salem cum pane edit,

Plin. 31, 8, 41, § 89.—

Neutr.: nunc vides in conviviis ita poni et sal et mel, Varr. ap. Charis. p. 82 P.; so, aliud, Fabian. ib. p. 82 P.;

tritum,

Veg. 2, 24, 4 al.; v. also infra, II.—

Doubtful gen.:

multos modios salis,

Cic. Lael. 19, 67:

(caseum) parco sale reponunt,

Verg. G. 3, 403; Caes. B. C. 2, 37:

salis vendendi arbitrium,

Liv. 29, 6; 45, 29; Hor. S. 1, 3, 14; 2, 2, 17; 2, 4, 74; Col. 7, 8, 5; Cels. 2, 24; Plin. 31, 7, 42, § 91.—

Plur.:

quin aspergi solent sales: melior fossilis quam marinus,

Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 6; Col. 7, 4, 8; 8, 6, 1; Pall. 9, 2 Mai; id. Nov. 19; Fabian. ap. Charis. p. 82 P.; Ov. M. 15, 286.—

Meton.

Poet., the salt water, brine, sea.

Sing., Enn. 1. 1.:

supra rorem salis edita pars est remorum,

Lucr. 4, 438:

et sale tabentes artus in litore ponunt,

Verg. A. 1, 173; 1, 35; 3, 385; 5, 848; 5, 866; 6, 697; 10, 214; Ov. P. 1, 1, 70; Val. Fl. 4, 722.—

Plur.:

sales amari,

Ov. M. 15, 286:

aequorei,

Luc. 10, 257.—

A speck on precious stones shaped like a grain of salt. — Sing.:

sal,

Plin. 37, 6, 22, § 83; 37, 8, 37, § 117; 37, 2, 10, § 28.— Plur.:

sales,

Plin. 37, 2, 8, § 22.—

Trop.

Intellectual acuteness, good sense, shrewdness, cunning, wit, facetiousness, sarcasm, a witticism, witty saying (class. in sing. and plur.;

syn.: lepos, facetiae, festivitas): (sal) adeo necessarium elementum est, ut transierit intellectus ad voluptates animi quoque. Nam ita sales appellantur, omnisque vitae lepos et summa hilaritas laborumque requies non alio magis vocabulo constat,

Plin. 31, 7, 41, § 88.

Sing.:

qui habet salem, quod in te est,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 10; cf.:

nulla venustas, Nulla in tam magno est corpore mica salis,

Cat. 86, 4:

Caesar inusitatum nostris oratoribus leporem quendam et salem est consecutus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 23, 98; cf. id. N. D. 2, 29, 74:

sale vero et facetiis Caesar vicit omnis,

id. Off. 1, 37, 133:

(litterae) tum humanitatis sparsae sale,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

qui (versus) dum denique habent salem ac leporem,

Cat. 16, 7:

P. Scipio omnes sale facetiisque superabat,

Cic. Brut. 34, 128; cf.:

argutiae facetissimi salis,

Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 117:

salis satis est, sannionum parum, Cic Fam. 9, 16, 10: in quo mihi videtur specimen fuisse humanitatis, salis, suavitatis, leporis,

id. Tusc. 5, 19, 55:

(Lucilius) sale multo Urbem defricuit,

Hor. S. 1, 10, 3; cf.

of the same: acerbitas et abundantia salis,

Quint. 10, 1, 94:

hic delectatur iambis, Ille Bioneïs sermonibus et sale nigro,

i. e. biting wit, sarcasm, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 60; Cat. 13, 5:

qui plurimum in scribendo et salis haberet et fellis nec candoris minus,

Plin. Ep. 3, 21, 1. —

Neutr. (ante-class.): quicquid loquitur, sal merum est, Afran. ap. Prisc. p. 659 P.; so, (puella) Charitôn mia, tota merum sal, Lucr. 4, 1162.—

Plur.:

Romani veteres atque urbani sales,

Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 2:

vestri proavi Plautinos Laudavere sales,

Hor. A. P. 271; Sen. Vit. Beat. 27, 2:

periculosi sales,

id. Tranq. 1, 4:

libaboque tuos, scite Menandre, sales,

Prop. 3 (4), 21, 28:

huic generi orationis aspergentur etiam sales, qui in dicendo minimum quantum valent: quorum duo genera sunt, unum facetiarum, alterum dicacitatis,

Cic. Or. 26, 87; cf. Quint. 6, 3, 15; 10, 1, 117:

(Ciceronem) in salibus aliquando frigidum,

id. 12, 10, 12:

a salibus suffusis felle refugi,

Ov. Tr. 2, 565:

protervi sales,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 6:

salibus vehemens intra pomoeria natis,

Juv. 9, 11.—

(Borrowed from the use of salt as a relish.) Good taste, elegance:

tectum antiquitus constitutum plus salis quam sumptūs habebat,

Nep. Att. 13, 2.—

Sharpness, pungency, stimulus, incentive:

quae (sc. calor, sanguis) aviditatem naturali sale augent,

Plin. 10, 72, 93, § 198.

stŭdĭum, ii, n. [studeo], a busying one's self about or application to a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion, endeavor, study: stu [p. 1769] dium est animi assidua et vehemens ad aliquam rem applicata magnā cum voluntate occupatio, ut philosophiae, poëticae, geometriae, litterarum, Cic. Inv. 1, 25, 36.—

In gen.

Absol., Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 900 P. (Praecepta, v. 4 Vahl.):

tantum studium tamque multam operam in aliquā re ponere,

Cic. Fin. 1, 1, 1:

aliquid curare studio maximo,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 45:

aliquem retrahere ab studio,

Ter. Phorm. prol. 2; cf. id. ib. 18:

studium semper assit, cunctatio absit,

Cic. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid summo studio curāque discere,

id. Fam. 4, 3, 3; so (with cura, industria, labor, diligentia, etc.) id. ib. 2, 6, 3;

10, 1, 3: alacritate ac studio uti,

Caes. B. G. 4, 24:

studio incendi,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 17, 48; id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 1:

suo quisque studio maxime ducitur,

id. Fin. 5, 2, 5; cf.:

quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum Milia,

Hor. S. 2, 1, 27; Sall. C. 3, 3:

sunt pueritiae certa studia, sunt ineuntis adulescentiae... sunt extrema quaedam studia senectutis,

Cic. Sen. 20, 76 et saep.:

non studio accusare sed officio defendere,

with zeal, from inclination, id. Rosc. Am. 32, 91; cf.:

laedere gaudes, et hoc studio pravus facis,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 79.—In late Lat. studio often means simply voluntarily, on purpose, intentionally:

non studio sed fortuitu,

Dig. 40, 5, 13.—

With gen.: studiumque iteris reprime, Att. ap. Non. 485, 8 (Trag. Rel. v. 627 Rib.):

in pugnae studio quod dedita mens est,

Lucr. 3, 647:

Carthaginienses ad studium fallendi studio quaestus vocabantur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95:

efferor studio patres vestros videndi,

id. Sen. 23, 83:

quid ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi semper aliquid atque discendi?

id. Lael. 27, 104; so,

discendi,

id. Rep. 1, 8, 13; 1, 22, 36 al.:

doctrinae,

id. Rosc. Am. 16, 46; id. Balb. 1, 3:

dicendi,

id. de Or. 2, 1, 1:

scribendi,

id. Arch. 3, 4:

nandi,

Tac. H. 4, 12:

scribendi,

Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 5: vitae studium, way of life, Afran. ap. Non. 498, 15:

studium armorum a manibus ad oculos translatum,

Plin. Pan. 13, 5.—

With ad (usu. to avoid multiplying genitives):

ea res studia hominum adcendit ad consulatum mandandum Ciceroni,

Sall. C. 23, 5:

studium ad frugalitatem multitudines provocavit,

Just. 20, 4, 7.—

In partic.

Zeal for any one; good-will, affection, attachment, devotion, favor, kindness, etc. (cf.:

officium, favor): tibi profiteor atque polliceor eximium et singulare meum studium in omni genere officii,

Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

studium et favor,

id. Rosc. Com. 10, 29; Suet. Vit. 15:

studio ac suffragio suo viam sibi ad beneficium impetrandum munire,

Cic. Agr. 2, 7, 17:

Pompeius significat studium erga me non mediocre,

id. Att. 2, 19, 4:

suum infelix erga populum Romanum studium,

Liv. 3, 56, 9; cf.:

omne suum erga meam dignitatem studium,

Cic. Dom. 56, 142:

studium in aliquem habere,

id. Inv. 2, 34, 104:

Gaditani ab omni studio sensuque Poenorum mentes suas ad nostrum imperium nomenque flexerunt,

id. Balb. 17, 39:

studium suum in rempublicam,

Sall. C. 49, 5:

studium in populum Romanum,

Tac. A. 4, 55:

studiis odiisque carens,

Luc. 2, 377:

putabatur et Marius studia volgi amissurus,

Sall. J. 84, 3:

aliquid studio partium facere,

party spirit, partisanship, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13, § 35:

for which simply studium: quo minus cupiditatis ac studii visa est oratio habere, eo plus auctoritatis habuit,

Liv. 24, 28:

senatus, in quo ipso erant studia,

party efforts, Tac. A. 14, 42:

ultio senatum in studia diduxerat,

id. H. 4, 6.—

Application to learning or studying, study; in the plur., studies (very freq.; also in Cic.; cf.:

studeo and studiosus): pabulum studii atque doctrinae,

Cic. Sen. 14, 49:

(eum) non solum naturā et moribus, verum etiam studio et doctrinā esse sapientem,

id. Lael. 2, 6:

semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines et tua ista studia placuerunt,

id. Rep. 1, 17, 29:

studia exercere,

id. Fam. 9, 8, 2:

studia Graecorum,

id. Rep. 1, 18, 30:

illum se et hominibus Pythagoreis et studiis illis dedisse,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

relinque te studiis,

Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 7:

studia ad voluptatem exercere,

id. ib. 6, 8, 6:

famam ex studiis petere,

id. ib. 6, 11, 3; Tac. A. 16, 4; Sen. Cons. ad Polyb. 18 (36), 1: studia graviora iracundis omittenda sunt, id. Ira, 3, 9, 1; cf.:

studiis annos septem dedit,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 82:

si non Intendes animum studiis,

id. ib. 1, 2, 36: o seri studiorum! i. e. opsimatheis, id. S. 1, 10, 21.—Hence,

Transf.

The fruits of study, works (post-class.):

flagitante vulgo ut omnia sua studia publicaret,

Tac. A. 16, 4.—

A place for study, a study, school (late Lat.):

philosophum (se egit) in omnibus studiis, templis, locis,

Capitol. M. Aurel. 26; Cod. Th. 14, 9, 3.

sup-planto ( subpl-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [planta], to trip up one ' s heels, to throw down, huposkelizô.

Lit.:

supplantare dictum est pedem supponere, Lucilius: supplantare aiunt Graeci,

Non. 36, 3: qui stadium currit, supplantare eum, quīcum certet nullo modo debet, * Cic. Off. 3, 10, 42:

athleta supplantatus,

Sen. Ep. 13, 2. —

Transf., in gen., to throw down, throw to the ground, overthrow:

vitem,

Col. Arb. 7, 4:

vites in terram,

Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 212:

uvas,

id. 17, 22, 35, § 192:

fulturas (vehemens aquae vis),

Vitr. 10, 22.— Poet.: tenero supplantat verba palato, trips up, i. e. distorts, minces, Pers. 1, 35:

judicium,

to overturn, Quint. Decl. 7.