usque+ad+mare+qc

• From sea to sea (Motto of Canada)

usquĕ, adv. [us- for ubs-, from ubi with locative s; and que for qued, old abl. of quis; v. Corss. Ausspr. 2, 471; 838; cf.: quisque, usquam].

Lit., all the way to or from any limit of space, time, etc. (cf.: fine, tenus); of place, all the way, right on, without interruption, continuously, constantly.

With prepositions.

With ab:

qui a fundamento mihi usque movisti mare,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 55:

usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

Cic. Clu. 68, 192:

ex omnibus spectaculis usque a Capitolio plausus excitatus,

id. Sest. 58, 124:

usque a rubro mari,

Nep. Hann. 2, 1.— Poet.:

Dardaniam Siculo prospexit ab usque Pachyno,

Verg. A. 7, 289 (sometimes as one word, v. abusque).—

With ex:

usque ex ultimā Syriā atque Aegypto navigare,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 60, § 157. —

With ad:

usque a Dianio ad Sinopen navigaverunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

id. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

usque ad Iconium,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 4:

ab Atticā ad Thessaliam usque,

Plin. 4, 12, 21, § 63:

usque ad Numantiam misit,

Cic. Dejot. 7, 19:

usque ad castra hostium accessit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 51 ( poet. and post-Aug. ad usque; often as one word, v. adusque).—

With in and acc.:

cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam legatos misissent,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35:

portūs usque in sinūs oppidis et ad urbis crepidines infusi,

id. Rep. 3, 31, 43.—

With trans:

trans Alpes usque transfertur,

Cic. Quint. 3, 12.—

With sub and acc.:

admōrunt oculis usque sub ora faces,

Ov. Ib. 240 (236).—

With adverbs of place:

quod eos usque istinc exauditos putem,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 4.—

Esp., with quaque (less correctly as one word, usquequaque; v. II. A. 3. e. and II. B. 3. infra), everywhere: non usque quaque idoneum invenias locum, ubi, etc., Afran. ap. Non. p. 518, 6 (Com. Rel. v. 198 Rib.):

immo vero, quom usquequaque umbra'st, tamen Sol semper hic est,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 79:

mari terrāque illas usque quaque quaeritat,

id. Poen. prol. 105:

aut undique religionem tolle, aut usque quaque conserva,

Cic. Phil. 2, 43, 110:

effugere non est, Flacce, basiatores. Instant... occurrunt, et hinc et illinc, usquequaque, quacunque,

Mart. 11, 98, 3; cf.:

QVAQVE VSQVE,

Inscr. Grut. 611, 13.—

With acc. of the place whither, all the way to, as far as, to.

With names of towns (class.; acc. to Reisig. Vorles. p. 216, usque ad Numantiam means all the way to the town, i. e. to its walls or gates: usque Numantiam, all the way to or into it, implying entrance of the town; cf.

the passages cited infra): theatrum ita resonans, ut usque Romam significationes vocesque referantur,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 14, § 42:

Miletum usque? obsecro,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 21.—

With other names than those of towns (post-Aug.):

ab hac (sc. Siciliā) Cretam usque Siculum (mare) vocat,

Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75:

imperium usque extremos Orientis terminos prolatum,

Just. 7, 1, 4:

terminos usque Libyae,

id. 1, 1, 5:

ab Atticā Thessaliam usque,

Plin. 4, 12, 21, § 63:

ab eo usque Jovem,

id. 2, 22, 20, § 84:

horrendus ab astris Descendit vos usque fragor,

Stat. Th. 11, 89.—

Meton.

Of time, all the time, continually, perpetually, all the while from or to a period, as long or as far as, until.

With prepositions.

With ab:

mihi magna cum eo jam inde usque a pueritiā Fuit semper familiaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9:

primus esses memoriter Progeniem nostram usque ab avo proferens,

id. Phorm. 2, 3, 48:

augures omnes usque a Romulo,

Cic. Vatin. 8, 20:

opinio jam usque ab heroicis ducta temporibus,

from as far back as the heroic ages, id. Div. 1, 1, 1:

usque a Thale Milesio,

id. N. D. 1, 33, 91:

bona paterna et avita et usque a nobis repetita,

id. Cael. 14, 34.—

With ad:

usque a mane ad vesperum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97:

a mane ad noctem usque in foro dego diem,

id. Most. 3, 1, 3:

inde usque ad diurnam stellam crastinam potabimus,

id. Men. 1, 2, 62; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

ille nihil difficilius esse dicebat, quam amicitiam usque ad extremum vitae diem permanere,

id. Lael. 10, 33:

deinceps retro usque ad Romulum,

as far as, up to, id. Rep. 1, 37, 58.—

With acc. (post-Aug.):

paucae, aegre se defen dentes, usque tempora Alexandri Magni duraverunt,

Just. 2, 4, 32:

a rege Romulo usque Caesarem Augustum,

Flor. 1, prooem. 1 (al. usque in).—

With adverbs.

With inde:

pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque repetens, etc.,

Cic. Arch. 1, 1.—

With antehac:

ut animus in spe usque antehac attentus fuit, Ita, etc.,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 3.—

With adhuc:

quod occultatum'st usque adhuc nunc non potest,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 10:

qui me tam leni passus animost usque adhuc facere, etc.,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 27:

cessatum usque adhuc est,

until now, hitherto, id. Ad. 4, 4, 23:

qui mos usque adhuc est retentus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 20, 35:

usque adhuc certe animum meum probastis,

Suet. Dom. 18; v. adhuc, II. A.—

With eo:

tamen usque eo se tenuit, quoad, etc.,

Cic. Dejot. 4, 11:

usque eo animadverti eum jocari,

id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; v. 2. eo, II. C.—

With quaque, continually, always:

Chrusalus mihi usque quaque loquitur nec recte,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 83: usque quaque sapere oportet, Poët. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 16, 1; so,

usque quaque,

Cat. 39, 2; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 2; 1, 7, 5; Gell. 16, 3, 1:

usquequaque, de hoc cum dicemus,

whenever, Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1.—

Opp. nusquam: atque hoc non alienum est, quod ad multa pertineat, ne aut nusquam aut usquequaque dicatur, hic admonere,

Cic. Inv. 2, 21, 63.—

With dum:

usque dum regnum optinebit Juppiter,

Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 28: conplebo familiam adeo usque satietatem dum capiet pater, id. Am. 1, 2, 9:

usque id egi dudum, dum loquitur pater,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 30; Cato, R. R. 156:

mihi quidem usque curae erit, quid agas, dum, quid egeris, sciero,

Cic. Fam. 12, 19, 3; id. Verr. 2, 1, 5, § 12; 2, 1, 6, § 16; Hor. C. 3, 30, 7; cf. dum, I. B. 1. b. —

With interea:

nam usque dum ille vitam colet Inopem... Interea usque illi de me supplicium dabo,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 84 sqq.—

With donec:

ibo odorans quasi canis venaticus Usque donec persecutus volpem ero vestigiis,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 114. —

With quoad:

usque illum, quoad ei nuntiatum esset consules descendisse, omnibus exclusis commentatum, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 22, 87:

dandum ordeum, usque quoad erunt lactentes,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 12.—

With adeo:

usque adeo in periculo fuisse, quoad, etc.,

Cic. Sest. 38, 82; cf. Cato, R. R. 67:

instare usque adeo, donec se adjurat,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 40; id. Rud. 3, 5, 32: usque adeo, dum, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 10, 3, 5; cf. Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 10 sub f. supra.—

With nunc (post-class.):

nunc usque,

to this day, Amm. 14, 2, 12:

usque nunc,

Hier. Ep. 3, 87.—

In other relations.

Of extent or degree, even to, quite up to, or as far as.

Absol.:

ego vapulando, ille verberando, usque ambo defessi sumus,

Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 5 Fleck. (al. verberando usque, ambo:

incerta est distinctio, Don. ad loc.): poenasque dedit usque superque (= usque eo quod satis esset),

Hor. S. 1, 2, 65.—

With ad:

usque ad ravim poscam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:

usque ad necem,

Ter. And. 1, 2, 28:

hoc malum usque ad bestias perveniat,

Cic. Rep. 1, 43, 67:

usque ad eum finem, dum, etc.,

id. Verr. 1, 6, 16; v. dum: assenserunt consules designati, omnes etiam consulares usque ad Pompeium, up to, i. e. except Pompey, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 20.—

With adeo:

undique totis Usque adeo turbatur agris,

to so great an extent, Verg. E. 1, 12.—

With terminal adverbs:

Anco regi familiaris est factus (sc. L. Tarquinius) usque eo, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 2, 20, 35; v. eo, under is fin.:

usque quo non vis subici mihi?

how long? Vulg. Exod. 10, 3; cf. quousque.—

Right on, always, without stop, continuously, constantly, incessantly: Ep. Ne abeas, priusquam ego ad te venero. Ap. Usque opperiar, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 122:

Ctesipho me pugnis miserum Usque occidit,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 20:

an usque In nostrum jacies verba superba caput?

Prop. 2, 8, 16:

cantantes licet usque, minus via laedit, eamus,

Verg. E. 9, 64; cf.:

nec vidisse semel satis est, juvat usque morari,

id. A. 6, 487:

naturam expelles furcā, tamen usque recurret,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 24.—Repeated:

allatres licet usque nos et usque,

Mart. 5, 60, 1:

ergo, qui prius usque et usque et usque Furum scindere podices solebam,

Auct. Priap. 78.—

Esp.: usque quāque (less correctly as one word, usquequaque), in every thing, on every occasion:

nolite usque quaque idem quaerere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 5, § 10:

an hoc usque quaque, aliter in vitā?

id. Fin. 5, 30, 91 Madv. ad loc.:

et id usquequaque quantum sit appareat,

in each particular, id. Or. 22, 73; Plin. Ep. 7, 12, 5:

religionum usque quaque contemptor, praeter unius Deae Syriae,

Suet. Ner. 56 init.

fundāmentum, i, n. [id.], a foundation, ground-work, basis (class.; mostly in plur.; cf. basis).

Lit.

Sing. (rare):

quin cum fundamento (aedes) Perierint,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 69:

substruere fundamentum,

id. ib. 1, 2, 40.—

Plur.:

operum fastigia spectantur, latent fundamenta, Quint. prooem. § 4: agere fundamenta,

Cic. Mil. 27, 75:

maximorum operum,

id. Marc. 8, 25:

prima urbi jacere,

Liv. 1, 12, 4 (cf. under II. b the passage from Cic. Fl. 2, 4):

novae domus jacere,

Suet. Calig. 22; cf. id. Aug. 28:

alta theatri locare,

Verg. A. 1, 428:

altae Carthaginis locare,

id. ib. 4, 266; Plin. 36, 14, 21, § 95:

fodere delubro,

id. 28, 2, 4, § 15:

subdere per solidum,

Tac. A. 4, 62:

urbis quatit Neptunus,

Verg. A. 2, 611:

saxa turris, quibus fundamenta continebantur, convellunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 11, 3:

villa a fundamentis inchoata,

Suet. Caes. 46:

Albam a fundamentis proruere,

utterly, Liv. 26, 13, 16:

urbs a fundamentis diruta,

id. 42, 63, 11; 42, 67, 9.—

Transf., the bottom, = fundus:

qui a fundamento mihi usque movisti mare,

id. ib. 2, 6, 55.—

Trop. (syn.: sedes, initium).

Sing.:

meo judicio pietas fundamentum est omnium virtutum,

Cic. Planc. 12, 29; cf.:

fundamentum justitiae est fides,

id. Off. 1, 7, 23:

narratio est quaedam quasi sedes et fundamentum constituendae fidei,

id. Part. 9, 31:

eloquentiae,

id. de Or. 3, 37, 151:

philosophiae,

id. Div. 2, 1, 2:

initium ac fundamentum defensionis,

id. Clu. 10, 30:

horum criminum,

id. Cael. 13, 30:

quod fundamentum hujus quaestionis est, id videtis,

id. N. D. 1, 17, 44:

disciplina nixa fundamento veritatis,

Gell. 14, 1, 20:

fundamentum et causa imperii,

Sen. Ep. 87, 41:

caput et fundamentum intellegitur totius testamenti heredis institutio,

Gai. Inst. 2, 229.—

Piur.:

illic radices, illic fundamenta sunt,

Quint. 10, 3, 3:

quibus initiis ac fundamentis hae tantae summis in rebus laudes excitatae sunt,

Cic. Sest. 2, 5:

libertatis,

id. Balb. 13, 31:

virtutum,

id. Fin. 2, 22, 72; cf.:

consulatus tui,

id. Pis. 4, 9:

senectus, quae fundamentis adolescentiae constituta est,

id. de Sen. 18, 62:

ad evertenda fundamenta rei publicae,

id. Cat. 4, 6, 13:

actionum,

id. Phil. 4, 1, 1:

jacere pacis fundamenta,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1;

so with jacio: rei publicae,

id. Fam. 12, 25, 2:

civitatis,

id. N. D. 3, 2, 5; id. Ac. 2, 12, 37; id. Sull. 10, 30; Curt. 5, 1, 29; Lact. 7, 1, 1:

defensionis,

Cic. Mur. 6, 14:

salutis suae,

id. Fam. 10, 29:

non praeterit me quam magnarum rerum fundamenta ponam senex,

Sen. Q. N. 3 praef. 1:

vitae,

id. Ep. 13, 16:

impudentiae, Quint 12, 6, 2: futuri oratoris,

id. ib. 1, 4, 5; for which also with the dat. (cf. supra I. the passage from Liv. 1, 12, 4):

cui causae,

Cic. Fl. 2, 4:

verecundiae,

id. Rep. 4, 4 Mos.:

imperii,

Plin. 15, 18, 20, § 78.

ad, prep. with acc. (from the fourth century after Christ written also at; Etrusc. suf. -a; Osc. az; Umbr. and Old Lat. ar, as [p. 27] in Eug. Tab., in S. C. de Bacch., as arveho for adveho; arfuerunt, arfuisse, for adfuerunt, etc.; arbiter for adbiter; so, ar me advenias, Plant. Truc. 2, 2, 17; cf. Prisc. 559 P.; Vel. Long. 2232 P.; Fabretti, Glos. Ital. col. 5) [cf. Sanscr. adhi; Goth. and Eng. at; Celt. pref. ar, as armor, i.e. ad mare; Rom. a].

As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.

In space.

Direction toward, to, toward, and first,

Horizontally:

fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

the hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship, Lucr. 4, 390: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, Plin. 2, 13, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, etc.:

Asia jacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquiionem,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Mull.;

and in Plin. very freq.: Creta ad austrum... ad septentrionem versa, 4, 20: ad Atticam vergente, 4, 21 al.—Also trop.: animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 81.—

In a direction upwards (esp. in the poets, very freq.): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. ap. Non. 116, 30 (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 50 ed. Vahl.); cf.:

duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,

Verg. A. 1, 93: molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. ap. Prisc. 1325 P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 104 Mull. (Ann. v. 520 ed. Vahl.) (cf. with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, or Ann. v. 422):

ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum, of Aetna,

Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 2, 191; 2, 325: sidera sola micant;

ad quae sua bracchia tendens, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 188:

altitudo pertingit ad caelum,

Vulg. Dan. 4, 17.—

Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in):

tardiore semper ad terras omnium quae geruntur in caelo effectu cadente quam visu,

Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216.

The point or goal at which any thing arrives.

Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this prep.): cum stupro redire ad suos popularis, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.):

ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12: ad terras decidat aether, Lucan. 2, 58. —Hence,

With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, etc., when the verb is compounded with ad the prep. is not always repeated, but the constr. with the dat. or acc. employed; cf. Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 n. (In the ante-class. per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit, Cic. Sex. Rosc. 8:

ad Sullam adire,

id. ib. 25:

ad se adferre,

id. Verr. 4, 50:

reticulum ad naris sibi admovebat,

id. ib. 5, 27:

ad laborem adhortantur,

id. de Sen. 14:

T. Vectium ad se arcessit,

id. Verr. 5, 114; but the poets of the Aug. per., and the historians, esp. Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the acc. is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the dat. is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)—

Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very freq.):

oratus sum venire ad te huc,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 1, 12: spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, id. Stich. fin.:

eamus ad me,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64:

ancillas traduce huc ad vos,

id. Heaut. 4, 4, 22:

transeundumst tibi ad Menedemum,

id. 4, 4, 17: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias,

Cic. Att. 3, 3; 16, 10 al.—

Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum or aedem (cf.:

Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt,

Cic. Verr. 4, 4; id. Phil. 2, 35:

in aedem Veneris,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 120;

in aedem Concordiae,

Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 21;

2, 6, 12): ad Dianae,

to the temple of, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43:

ad Opis,

Cic. Att. 8, 1, 14:

ad Castoris,

id. Quint. 17:

ad Juturnae,

id. Clu. 101:

ad Vestae,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 35 al.: cf. Rudd. II. p. 41, n. 4, and p. 334.—

With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, etc., it is used for the simple dat. (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, etc.), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem:

postea ad pistores dabo,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 119:

praecipe quae ad patrem vis nuntiari,

id. Capt. 2, 2, 109:

in servitutem pauperem ad divitem dare,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 48:

nam ad me Publ. Valerius scripsit,

Cic. Fam. 14, 2 med.:

de meis rebus ad Lollium perscripsi,

id. ib. 5, 3:

velim domum ad te scribas, ut mihi tui libri pateant,

id. Att. 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 4, 16:

ad primam (sc. epistulam) tibi hoc scribo,

in answer to your first, id. ib. 3, 15, 2:

ad Q. Fulvium Cons. Hirpini et Lucani dediderunt sese,

Liv. 27, 15, 1; cf. id. 28, 22, 5.—Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one (Greek, prosphônein):

has res ad te scriptas, Luci, misimus, Aeli,

Lucil. Sat. 1, ap. Auct. Her. 4, 12:

quae institueram, ad te mittam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5: ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem;

and soon after: mihi explices velim, maneasne in sententia, ut mittam ad eum quae scripsi,

Cic. Att. 13, 18; cf. ib. 16; Plin. 1, 19.—So in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, etc.—In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. —

With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple acc.; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of:

miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum,

Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; id. Fam. 3, 81:

ad Veios,

Liv. 5, 19; 14, 18; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 7; id. B. C. 3, 40 al.—Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it:

ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt,

Sall. J. 81, 2; so Curt. 3, 1, 22; 4, 9, 9;

or when it is joined with usque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87; id. Deiot, 7, 19.— (When an adjective is added, the simple acc. is used poet., as well as with ad:

magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas,

Prop. 3, 21, 1; the simple acc., Ov. H. 2, 83: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas).—

With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus:

nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit?

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

Lernaeas pugnet ad hydras,

Prop. 3, 19, 9: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

Belgarum copias ad se venire vidit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 70:

ipse ad hostem vehitur,

Nep. Dat. 4, 5; id. Dion. 5, 4: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), Liv. 1, 5, 7, and 44, 3, 10:

aliquem ad hostem ducere,

Tac. A. 2, 52:

clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt,

Verg. A. 2, 443:

munio me ad haec tempora,

Cic. Fam. 9, 18:

ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65; 7, 41;

so with nouns: medicamentum ad aquam intercutem,

Cic. Off. 3, 24:

remedium ad tertianam,

Petr. Sat. 18:

munimen ad imbris,

Verg. G. 2, 352:

farina cum melle ad tussim siccam efficasissima est,

Plin. 20, 22, 89, § 243:

ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces,

Liv. 1, 9; 1, 19 (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand).—

The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare:

nunc tu abi ad forum ad herum,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100; cf.:

vocatis classico ad concilium militibus ad tribunos,

Liv. 5 47.—(The distinction between ad and in is given by Diom. 409 P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; cf. also Sen. Ep. 73, 14, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)—

The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque, Quint. 10, 7, 16: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. ap. Non. 207, 20 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 30): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 153 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.):

via pejor ad usque Baii moenia,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 96; 1, 1, 97:

rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

Lucr. 1, 355; 1, 969:

cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 10:

ut quantum posset, agmen ad mare extenderet,

Curt. 3, 9, 10:

laeva pars ad pectus est nuda,

id. 6, 5, 27 al. —Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one:

ut ad Aethiopas usque peteretur,

Plin. 36, 6, 9, § 51 (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia); so,

vestis ad Seras peti,

id. 12, 1, 1.— Trop.:

si quid poscam, usque ad ravim poscam,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:

deverberasse usque ad necem,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 13;

without usque: hic ad incitas redactus,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 136; 4, 2, 52; id. Poen. 4, 2, 85; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil. ap. Non. 123, 20:

virgis ad necem caedi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; so Hor. S. 1, 2, 42; Liv. 24, 38, 9; Tac. A. 11, 37; Suet. Ner. 26; id. Dom. 8 al.

Nearness or proximity in gen. = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very freq.; not rare later, esp. in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 33 (Ann. v. 363 ed. Vahl.):

ut in servitute hic ad suum maneat patrem,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 98;

3, 5, 41: sol quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium,

stands like a creditor continually at the door, id. Most. 3, 2, 81 (cf. with same force, Att. ap. Non. 522, 25;

apud ipsum astas): ad foris adsistere,

Cic. Verr. 1, 66; id. Arch. 24:

astiterunt ad januam,

Vulg. Act. 10, 17:

non adest ad exercitum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6; cf. ib. prol. 133:

aderant ad spectaculum istud,

Vulg. Luc. 23, 48: has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ap. Non. 288, 31:

et nec opinanti Mors ad caput adstitit,

Lucr. 3, 959:

quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset,

at hand, Liv. 9, 19, 6:

haec arma habere ad manum,

Quint. 12, 5, 1:

dominum esse ad villam,

Cic. Sull. 20; so id. Verr. 2, 21:

errantem ad flumina,

Verg. E. 6, 64; Tib. 1, 10, 38; Plin. 7, 2, § 12; Vitr. 7, 14; 7, 12; and ellipt. (cf. supra, 2. g):

pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret!

Cic. Phil. 1, 17.—Even of persons:

qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat (for apud),

Caes. B. G. 6, 38; so id. ib. 1, 31; 3, 9; 5, 53; 7, 5; id. B. C. 3, 60:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luent,

among, Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

neque segnius ad hostes bellum apparatur,

Liv. 7, 7, 4: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, etc., for which Liv. also uses the gen.:

si Trasimeni quam Trebiae, si Cannarum quam Trasimeni pugna nobilior esset, 23, 43, 4.—Sometimes used to form the name of a place, although written separately, e. g. ad Murcim,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 154:

villa ad Gallinas, a villa on the Flaminian Way,

Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 37: ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph:

“Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent... solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent,”

Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 8.—So sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest:

pons, qui erat ad Genavam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

ad Tibur mortem patri minatus est,

Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10:

conchas ad Caietam legunt,

id. Or. 2, 6:

ad forum esse,

to be at the market, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 136; id. Most. 3, 2, 158; cf. Ter. Ph. 4, 2, 8; id. And. 1, 5, 19.—Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left:

ad dextram,

Att. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 225; Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44; Cic. Univ. 13; Caes. B. C. 1, 69:

ad laevam,

Enn. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 51; Att. ib. p. 217: ad sinistram, Ter. [p. 28] Ad. 4, 2, 43 al.:

ad dextram... ad laevam,

Liv. 40, 6;

and with an ordinal number: cum plebes ad tertium milliarium consedisset,

at the third milestone, Cic. Brut. 14, 54, esp. freq. with lapis:

sepultus ad quintum lapidem,

Nep. Att. 22, 4; so Liv. 3, 69 al.; Tac. H. 3, 18; 4, 60 (with apud, Ann. 1, 45; 3, 45; 15, 60) al.; cf. Rudd. II. p. 287.

In time, analogous to the relations given in A.

Direction toward, i. e. approach to a definite point of time, about, toward:

domum reductus ad vesperum,

toward evening, Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

cum ad hiemem me ex Cilicia recepissem,

toward winter, id. Fam. 3, 7.—

The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to:

ego ad illud frugi usque et probus fui,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

philosophia jacuit usque ad hanc aetatem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. de Sen. 14:

quid si hic manebo potius ad meridiem,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 55; so id. Men. 5, 7, 33; id. Ps. 1, 5, 116; id. As. 2, 1, 5:

ad multam noctem,

Cic. de Sen. 14:

Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit,

id. ib. 2; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1:

Alexandream se proficisci velle dixit (Aratus) remque integram ad reditum suum jussit esse,

id. Off. 2, 23, 82:

bestiae ex se natos amant ad quoddam tempus,

id. Lael. 8; so id. de Sen. 6; id. Somn. Sc. 1 al. —And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8:

usque ab aurora ad hoc diei,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8.—

Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by:

praesto fuit ad horam destinatam,

at the appointed hour, Cic. Tusc. 5, 22:

admonuit ut pecuniam ad diem solverent,

on the day of payment, id. Att. 16, 16 A:

nostra ad diem dictam fient,

id. Fam. 16, 10, 4; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5: ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak, id. Div. 1, 28, 59; so id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 1, 4, 3; id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; id. Brut. 97, 313:

ad id tempus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 24; Sall. J. 70, 5; Tac. A. 15, 60; Suet. Aug. 87; Domit. 17, 21 al.

The relations of number.

An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. Gr. epi, pros with acc. and the Fr. pres de, a peu pres, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102):

ad quadraginta eam posse emi minas,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 111:

nummorum Philippum ad tria milia,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 115; sometimes with quasi added:

quasi ad quadraginta minas,

as it were about, id. Most. 3, 1, 95; so Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:

sane frequentes fuimus omnino ad ducentos,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

cum annos ad quadraginta natus esset,

id. Clu. 40, 110:

ad hominum milia decem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

oppida numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,

id. ib. 1, 5.—In the histt. and post-Aug. authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to Gr. usage, by which amphi, peri, and eis with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn. ap. Non. 80, 4:

occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor,

Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

ad duorum milium numero ceciderunt,

id. B. C. 3, 53:

ad duo milia et trecenti occisi,

Liv. 10, 17, 8; so id. 27, 12, 16; Suet. Caes. 20; cf. Rudd. II. p. 334.—

The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare):

ranam luridam conicere in aquam usque quo ad tertiam partem decoxeris,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26; cf. App. Herb. 41:

aedem Junonis ad partem dimidiam detegit,

even to the half, Liv. 42, 3, 2:

miles (viaticum) ad assem perdiderat,

to a farthing, to the last farthing, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27; Plin. Ep. 1, 15:

quid ad denarium solveretur,

Cic. Quint. 4.—The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means lit. all to one, i. e. all together, all without exception; Gr. hoi kath hena pantes (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ap. Non. 394, 22:

de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt,

Cic. Lael. 23:

ad unum omnes cum ipso duce occisi sunt,

Curt. 4, 1, 22 al.:

naves Rhodias afflixit ita, ut ad unam omnes constratae eliderentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, Cic. Fam. 12, 14 (cf. in Gr. hoi kath hena; in Hebr., Exod. 14, 28).— Ad unum without omnes:

ego eam sententiam dixi, cui sunt assensi ad unum,

Cic. Fam. 10, 16:

Juppiter omnipotens si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,

Verg. A. 5, 687.

In the manifold relations of one object to another.

That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.

With verbs:

ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius,

in respect to all other things we grow wiser by age, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 45:

numquam ita quisquam bene ad vitam fuat,

id. ib. 5, 4, 1:

nil ibi libatum de toto corpore (mortui) cernas ad speciem, nil ad pondus,

that nothing is lost in form or weight, Lucr. 3, 214; cf. id. 5, 570; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 58; id. Mur. 13, 29: illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition (i. e. not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris, Cic. Rep. 1, 28:

nil est ad nos,

is nothing to us, concerns us not, Lucr. 3, 830; 3, 845:

nil ad me attinet,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 54:

nihil ad rem pertinet,

Cic. Caecin. 58;

and in the same sense elliptically: nihil ad Epicurum,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. Pis. 68:

Quid ad praetorem?

id. Verr. 1, 116 (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).—

With adjectives:

ad has res perspicax,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

virum ad cetera egregium,

Liv. 37, 7, 15:

auxiliaribus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 25:

ejus frater aliquantum ad rem est avidior,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51; cf. id. And. 1, 2, 21; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

ut sit potior, qui prior ad dandum est,

id. Phorm. 3, 2, 48:

difficilis (res) ad credendum,

Lucr. 2, 1027:

ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior,

Cic. N. D. 2, 62; so id. Leg. 2, 13, 33; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; id. Font. 15; id. Cat. 1, 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 25, 113; 1, 32, 146; 2, 49, 200; id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 16, 13; Tac. A. 12, 54 al.—

With nouns:

prius quam tuum, ut sese habeat, animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

before he knew your feeling in regard to the marriage, Ter. And. 2, 3, 4 (cf. Gr. hopôs echei tis pros ti):

mentis ad omnia caecitas,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

magna vis est fortunae in utramque partem vel ad secundas res vel ad adversas,

id. Off. 2, 6; so id. Par. 1:

ad cetera paene gemelli,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—So with acc. of gerund instead of the gen. from the same vb.:

facultas ad scribendum, instead of scribendi,

Cic. Font. 6;

facultas ad agendum,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 2: cf. Rudd. II. p. 245.—

In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, i. e. which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater;

jungunt enim sibi et illa propter quae intelleguntur,

Charis. 129 P.; cf. Prisc. 580 ib.—

With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., both prop. and fig., according to, agreeably to, after (Gr. kata, pros):

columnas ad perpendiculum exigere,

Cic. Mur. 77:

taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 12: facta sunt ad certam formam. Lucr. 2, 379:

ad amussim non est numerus,

Varr. 2, 1, 26:

ad imaginem facere,

Vulg. Gen. 1, 26:

ad cursus lunae describit annum,

Liv. 1, 19:

omnia ad diem facta sunt,

Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

id. B. C. 3, 48; Vulg. Gen. 1, 26; id. Jac. 3, 9:

ad aequos flexus,

at equal angles, Lucr. 4, 323: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe, id. 4, 361:

turres ad altitudiem valli,

Caes. B. G. 5, 42; Liv. 39, 6:

ad eandem crassitudinem structi,

id. 44, 11:

ad speciem cancellorum scenicorum,

with the appearance of, like, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 8:

stagnum maris instar, circumseptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem,

Suet. Ner. 31:

lascivum pecus ludens ad cantum,

Liv. Andron. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1:

canere ad tibiam,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 2: canere ad tibicinem, id. ib. 1, 2 (cf.:

in numerum ludere,

Verg. E. 6, 28; id. G. 4, 175):

quod ad Aristophanis lucernam lucubravi,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 9 Mull.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (v. unguis), Hor. A. P. 294:

ad unguem factus homo,

a perfect gentleman, id. S. 1, 5, 32 (cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 86):

ad istorum normam sapientes,

Cic. Lael. 5, 18; id. Mur. 3:

Cyrus non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperii,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

exercemur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 161: so,

ad simulacrum,

Liv. 40, 6:

ad Punica ingenia,

id. 21, 22:

ad L. Crassi eloquentiam,

Cic. Var. Fragm. 8:

omnia fient ad verum,

Juv. 6, 324:

quid aut ad naturam aut contra sit,

Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

ad hunc modum institutus est,

id. Tusc. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 31; 3, 13:

ad eundem istunc modum,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 70:

quem ad modum, q. v.: ad istam faciem est morbus, qui me macerat,

of that kind, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73; id. Merc. 2, 3, 90; cf.

91: cujus ad arbitrium copia materiai cogitur,

Lucr. 2, 281:

ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt,

to their will and pleasure, Cic. Or. 8, 24; id. Quint. 71:

ad P. Lentuli auctoritatem Roma contendit,

id. Rab. Post. 21:

aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 51:

rebus ad voluntatem nostram fluentibus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26:

rem ad illorum libidinem judicarunt,

id. Font. 36:

ad vulgi opinionem,

id. Off. 3, 21.—So in later Lat. with instar:

ad instar castrorum,

Just. 36, 3, 2:

scoparum,

App. M. 9, p. 232:

speculi,

id. ib. 2, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, id. de Mundo, p. 72.—Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used absol. in this sense (so also very rarely kata with acc., Xen. Hell. 2, 3; Luc. Dial. Deor. 8): convertier ad nos, as we (are turned), Lucr. 4, 317:

ad navis feratur,

like ships, id. 4, 897 Munro. —With noun:

ad specus angustiac vallium,

like caves, Caes. B. C. 3, 49.—Hence,

With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.

The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of:

cetera pars animae paret et ad numen mentis momenque movetur,

Lucr. 3, 144:

ad horum preces in Boeotiam duxit,

on their entreaty, Liv. 42, 67, 12: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he, etc., Tac. Ann. 12, 37.—

The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing,

is done,

is designed, or,

is fitted or adapted (very freq.), to, for, in order to.

Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. ap. Charis. p. 175 P. (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 80):

venimus coctum ad nuptias,

in order to cook for the wedding, Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:

omnis ad perniciem instructa domus,

id. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 41; Liv. 1, 54:

cum fingis falsas causas ad discordiam,

in order to produce dissension, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

utrum ille, qui postulat legatum ad tantum bellum, quem velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos eduxerint,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:

ego vitam quoad putabo tua interesse, aut ad spem servandam esse, retinebo,

for hope, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4; id. Fam. 5, 17:

haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant,

Sall. C. 13, 4:

ad speciem atque ad usurpationem vetustatis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 12, 31; Suet. Caes. 67:

paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,

for appearance, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; so id. ib. 2, 41; id. B. G. 1, 51.—

Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum. Ter. And. 1, 1, 30:

ingenio egregie ad miseriam natus sum,

id. Heaut. 3, 1, 11;

(in the same sense: in rem,

Hor. C. 1, 27, 1, and the dat., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6):

ad cursum equum, ad arandum bovem, ad indagandum canem,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40:

ad frena leones,

Verg. A. 10, 253:

delecto ad naves milite,

marines, Liv. 22, 19 Weissenb.:

servos ad remum,

rowers, id. 34, 6; and:

servos ad militiam emendos,

id. 22, 61, 2:

comparasti ad lecticam homines,

Cat. 10, 16:

Lygdamus ad cyathos,

Prop. 4, 8, 37; cf.:

puer ad cyathum statuetur,

Hor. C. 1, 29, 8.—

Quae oportet Signa esse [p. 29] ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him, Ter. And. 3, 2, 2:

haec sunt ad virtutem omnia,

id. Heaut. 1, 2, 33:

causa ad objurgandum,

id. And. 1, 1, 123:

argumentum ad scribendum,

Cic. Att. 9, 7 (in both examples instead of the gen. of gerund., cf. Rudd. II. p. 245):

vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

Cato R. R. 125:

nulla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, quantum scriptio,

Cic. Brut. 24:

reliquis rebus, quae sunt ad incendia,

Caes. B. C. 3, 101 al. —So with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the dat.:

homines ad hanc rem idoneos,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:

calcei habiles et apti ad pedem,

Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231:

orator aptus tamen ad dicendum,

id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5:

sus est ad vescendum hominibus apta,

id. N. D. 2, 64, 160:

homo ad nullam rem utilis,

id. Off. 3, 6:

ad segetes ingeniosus ager,

Ov. F. 4, 684.—(Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. v. Zumpt, § 666; Rudd. II. p. 261.)—

Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with:

ad sapientiam hujus ille (Thales) nimius nugator fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25; id. Trin. 3, 2, 100:

ne comparandus hic quidem ad illum'st,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 14; 2, 3, 69:

terra ad universi caeli complexum,

compared with the whole extent of the heavens, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido,

Liv. 22, 22, 15:

at nihil ad nostram hanc,

nothing in comparison with, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 70; so Cic. Deiot. 8, 24; and id. de Or. 2, 6, 25.

Adverbial phrases with ad.

Ad omnia, withal, to crown all:

ingentem vim peditum equitumque venire: ex India elephantos: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc.,

Liv. 35, 32, 4.—

Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, esp. from the time of Livy, and in authors after the Aug. per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition, epi toutois:

nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, etc.: praeterea omnes undique parricidae, etc.: ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat: postremo omnes, quos, etc.,

Sall. C. 14, 2 and 3:

his opinionibus inflato animo, ad hoc vitio quoque ingenii vehemens,

Liv. 6, 11, 6; 42, 1, 1; Tac. H. 1, 6; Suet. Aug. 22 al.—

Ad id quod, beside that (very rare):

ad id quod sua sponte satis conlectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

Liv. 3, 62, 1; so 44, 37, 12.—

Ad tempus.

At a definite, fixed time, Cic. Att. 13, 45; Liv. 38, 25, 3.—

At a fit, appropriate time, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; Liv. 1, 7, 13.—

For some time, for a short time, Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27; id. Lael. 15, 53; Liv. 21, 25, 14.—

According to circumstances, Cic. Planc. 30, 74; id. Cael. 6, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9.—

Ad praesens (for the most part only in post-Aug. writers).

For the moment, for a short time, Cic. Fam. 12, 8; Plin. 8, 22, 34; Tac. A. 4, 21.—

At present, now, Tac. A. 16, 5; id. H. 1, 44.—So, ad praesentiam, Tac. A. 11, 8.—

Ad locum, on the spot:

ut ad locum miles esset paratus,

Liv. 27, 27, 2.—

Ad verbum, word for word, literally, Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. de Or. 1, 34, 157; id. Ac. 2, 44, 135 al.—

Ad summam.

On the whole, generally, in general, Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3; id. Att. 14, 1; Suet. Aug. 71.—

In a word, in short, Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106. —

Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.

At the end, finally, at last.

Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top, etc.:

missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat,

Liv. 21, 8, 10.—

Of time = telos de, at last, finally:

ibi ad postremum cedit miles,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 52; so id. Poen. 4, 2, 22; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 7, 53; Liv. 30, 15, 4 al.— Hence,

of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire;

ad extremum agere cum dignitate,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142.—

In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3; cf.:

consilii scelerati, sed non ad ultimum dementis,

id. 28, 28, 8.—

Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far? Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Verr. 5, 75.—

Quem ad modum, v. sub h. v.

Ad (v. ab, ex, in, etc.) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns:

traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas? corporis credo,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37 (ubi v. Kuhner).—

Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive:

quam ad,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 39:

senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4:

ripam ad Araxis,

Tac. Ann. 12, 51;

or between subst. and adj.: augendam ad invidiam,

id. ib. 12, 8.—

The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, poet., aque) is denied by Moser, Cic. Rep. 2, 15, p. 248, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in acc. with later usage, is restored by Hand in App. M. 10, p. 247, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 9, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).

In composition.

Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco.—But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.—

Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.

Local.

To, toward: affero, accurro, accipio ( to one's self).—

At, by: astare, adesse.—

On, upon, against: accumbo, attero.—

Up (cf. de- = down, as in deicio, decido): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.—

Fig.

To: adjudico, adsentior.—

At or on: admiror, adludo.—

Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.—

Denoting addition, increase (cf. ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.—

Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.—

Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134.

ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

AF VOBEIS,

Inscr. Orell. 3114;

AF MVRO,

ib. 6601;

AF CAPVA,

ib. 3308;

AF SOLO,

ib. 589;

AF LYCO,

ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

abs chorago,

Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

abs quivis,

Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

abs terra,

Cato, R. R. 51;

and in compounds: aps-cessero,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).

In space, and,

Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.

Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

fuga ab urbe turpissima,

Cic. Att. 7, 21:

ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.

Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

profecti a domo,

Liv. 40, 33, 2;

of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

Liv. 8, 22, 6;

of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

id. 24, 40, 2.

Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

id. Att. 7, 24:

cum a vobis discessero,

id. Sen. 22:

multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

so a fratre,

id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

a Pontio,

Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

ab ea,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.

Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.

Of separation:

ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

Sall. C. 40, 5:

absint lacerti ab stabulis,

Verg. G. 4, 14.—

Of distance:

quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

tam prope ab domo detineri,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

id. 37, 38, 5). —

To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

erat a septentrionibus collis,

on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).

Fig.

In time.

From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

Juv. 1,40:

mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

ab eo magistratu,

after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

Liv. 30, 36, 1:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85;

and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

id. ib. 60:

protinus ab adoptione,

Vell. 2, 104, 3:

Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.

With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

ab hora tertia bibebatur,

from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

vixit ab omni aeternitate,

from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

Nep. Att. 5, 3:

in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.

Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

a pueritia,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

jam inde ab adulescentia,

Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

ab adulescentia,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

jam a prima adulescentia,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

ab ineunte adulescentia,

id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

a primis temporibus aetatis,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

a teneris unguiculis,

from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

usque a toga pura,

id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

jam inde ab incunabulis,

Liv. 4, 36, 5:

a prima lanugine,

Suet. Oth. 12:

viridi ab aevo,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

rarely of animals: ab infantia,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

a pausillo puero,

id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

a puero,

Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

a pueris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

ab adulescente,

id. Quint. 3, 12:

ab infante,

Col. 1, 8, 2:

a parva virgine,

Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

a parvis,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

a parvulo,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

ab parvulis,

Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

ab tenero,

Col. 5, 6, 20;

and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.

In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.

In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

condicionem quam ab te peto,

id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

si quid ab illo acceperis,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab defensione desistere,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

quid hoc ab illo differt,

from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

alieno a te animo fuit,

id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

subdole ab re consulit,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

haut est ab re aucupis,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).

In partic.

To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

id. ib. 1, 3:

disputata ab eo,

id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

ita generati a natura sumus,

id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

salvebis a meo Cicerone,

i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

ne vir ab hoste cadat,

Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

si calor est a sole,

id. N. D. 2, 52:

ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

metu poenae a Romanis,

Liv. 32, 23, 9:

bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

id. 3, 22, 2:

ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

lassus ab equo indomito,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

Prop. 5, 1, 126:

tempus a nostris triste malis,

time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

si postulatur a populo,

if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

deseror conjuge,

Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

and in prose,

Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.

With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

pastores a Pergamide,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

Turnus ab Aricia,

Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.

In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)

With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

da, puere, ab summo,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

coepere a fame mala,

Liv. 4, 12, 7:

cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.

With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

a foliis et stercore purgato,

Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

Liv. 21, 11, 5:

expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

Sall. C. 32:

ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

Liv. 21, 35, 12:

ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

Cic. Sest. 64, 133.

With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

el metul a Chryside,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

ab Hannibale metuens,

Liv. 23, 36; and:

metus a praetore,

id. 23, 15, 7;

v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.

With verbs of fastening and holding:

funiculus a puppi religatus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.

Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.

Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 22.

Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

a frigore laborantibus,

Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

laborare ab re frumentaria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.

Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

ab ingenio improbus,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

a me pudica'st,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

orba ab optimatibus contio,

Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

locus copiosus a frumento,

Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

id. Brut. 16, 63:

ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

so often in poets ab arte=arte,

artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.

In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

ab honore,

id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.

Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

ab illo injuria,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

fulgor ab auro,

Lucr. 2, 5:

dulces a fontibus undae,

Verg. G. 2, 243.

In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

nonnuill ab novissimis,

id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).

In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

ab eo qui sunt,

id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).

To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

a manu servus,

a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).

The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

a peregre,

Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

a foris,

Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

ab intus,

ib. ib. 7, 15:

ab invicem,

App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

a longe,

Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

a modo,

ib. ib. 23, 39;

Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

a sursum,

ib. Marc. 15, 38.

Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

id. Sen. 6:

a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—

Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—

It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

a vitae periculo,

Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6, 12:

a minus bono,

Sall. C. 2, 6:

a satis miti principio,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—

The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

aque Chao,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

aque mero,

Ov. M. 3, 631:

aque viro,

id. H. 6, 156:

aque suis,

id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

a meque,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

abs teque,

id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

a teque,

id. ib. 8, 11, §

7: a primaque adulescentia,

id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —

A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.

In composition ab,

Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—

It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

con-tĭnĕo, tĭnŭi, tentum, 2, v. a. and n. [teneo].

Act., to hold or keep together.

In gen. (rare).

Lit. (syn.:

coërceo, conjungo): contine quaeso caput,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 6, 26:

quod omnem continet amplexu terram,

Lucr. 5, 319; cf.:

mundus omnia conplexu suo coërcet et continet,

Cic. N. D. 2, 22, 58:

vitem levi nodo,

Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 187:

magni refert primordia saepe cum quibus... contineantur,

Lucr. 1, 818; 1, 908; 2, 761;

2, 1008: pars oppidi, mari dijuncta angusto, ponte adjungitur et continetur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 52, § 117.—

Of places, to bound, limit, enclose (very rare in act.):

reliquum spatium mons continet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 38:

Oceanus ponto qua continet orbem,

Tib. 4, 1, 147; but more freq. in pass., to be comprised, enclosed, surrounded, encompassed, environed by:

qui vicus altissimis montibus undique continetur,

Caes. B. G. 3, 1; so,

undique loci naturā Helvetii,

id. ib. 1, 2:

mare montibus angustis,

id. ib. 4, 23:

una pars Galliae Garumnā flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum,

id. ib. 1, 1.—

Trop.:

omnes artes quasi cognatione quādam inter se continentur,

hang together, Cic. Arch. 1, 2.—Far more freq. in all periods and species of composition.,

With partic. access. ideas.

With the access. idea of firmness, quiet, permanence, etc., to hold or keep together, to keep, hold fast, preserve, retain (syn. servo).

Lit.:

(alvus) arcet et continet... quod recepit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136:

merces (opp. partiri),

id. Vatin. 5, 12; cf.

exercitum (opp. dividere),

Liv. 28, 2, 16:

arida continent odorem diutius,

Plin. 21, 7, 18, § 39.—

Trop.:

nec ulla res vehementius rem publicam continet quam fides,

Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84:

Remos reliquosque Belgas in officio,

Caes. B. G. 3, 11:

in officio Dumnorigem,

id. ib. 5, 7:

te in exercitatione,

Cic. Fam. 7, 19 fin.:

te in tuis perenuibus studiis,

id. Brut. 97, 332:

ceteros in armis (plaga),

Liv. 9, 41, 15:

alicujus hospitio,

Nep. Lys. 1, 5.—

With the access. idea of hindering, preventing motion, to keep, keep still, detain, restrain, repress, enclose.

Lit.: milites [p. 449] sub pellibus, Caes. B. G. 3, 29; cf.:

pecudem sub tecto,

Col. 7, 10, 3:

exercitum castris,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48; 2, 11; Liv. 31, 26, 6; 28, 9, 14 al.; cf.:

nostros in castris (tempestates),

Caes. B. G. 4, 34; 6, 36; and:

copias in castris,

id. B. C. 1, 66; 3, 30; Auct. B. Afr. 1; 7; Liv. 36, 17, 9:

Pompeium quam angustissime,

Caes. B. C. 3, 45:

aliquem limine,

Liv. 34, 1, 5:

ora frenis,

Phaedr. 3, 6, 7:

ventos carcere,

Ov. M. 11, 432:

animam in dicendo,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261 et saep.:

se ruri,

to stay, remain, Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 17; cf.:

se domi,

Suet. Caes. 81:

suo se loco,

Caes. B. G. 4, 34:

oppido sese,

id. ib. 2, 30:

castris se continere,

id. B. C. 3, 37:

se vallo,

id. B. G. 5, 44:

se finibus Romanis,

Liv. 39, 17, 4; 34, 58, 3:

moenibus sese,

id. 42, 7, 4:

agrorum suorum terminis se,

id. 38, 40, 2:

se moenibus,

Ov. M. 13, 208:

sese intra silvas,

Caes. B. G. 2, 18:

suos intra munitionem,

id. ib. 5, 57;

5, 58: milites intra castrorum vallum,

id. B. C. 3, 76; Liv. 31, 34, 9;

Auct. B. Afr. 24: intra castra militem,

Tac. H. 4, 19:

praesidibus provinciarum propagavit imperium, ut a peritis et assuetis socii continerentur,

Suet. Aug. 23 et saep.:

an te auspicium commoratum est? an tempestas continet?

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 67.—

Trop., to hold back, detain, repress, hold in check, curb, check, stay, stop, tame, subdue, etc. (syn. cohibeo):

adpetitiones animi,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 9, 22:

omnis cupiditates,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 11, § 32:

modeste insolentiam suam,

id. Agr. 1, 6, 18:

risum,

id. Fin. 4, 25, 71 et saep.:

formido mortales omnes,

Lucr. 1, 151:

Etruriam non tam armis quam judiciorum terrore,

Liv. 29, 36, 10:

oppida magis metu quam fide,

id. 30, 20, 5; cf.:

quosdam continet metus,

Quint. 1, 3, 6:

solo metu,

id. 12, 7, 2 et saep.:

animum a consuetā libidine,

Sall. J. 15, 3:

temeritatem ab omni lapsu (with cohibere),

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 45:

suos a proelio,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15:

manum juventus Metu deorum,

Hor. C. 1, 35, 37 al.:

se ab adsentiendo,

Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 104; so,

se ab exemplis,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 62:

temperans, qui se in aliquā libidine continuerit,

id. Par. 3, 1, 21:

se male continet amens,

Ov. M. 4, 351:

male me, quin vera faterer, Continui,

id. ib. 7, 729:

nequeo continere quin loquar,

Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 28.—

Mid.: contineri, quin complectar, non queo,

restrain myself, refrain, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 128; cf.:

vix me contineo, quin, etc.,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 20:

jam nequeo contineri,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 60; cf.:

vix contineor,

Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 9:

quae vera audivi, taceo et contineo optime,

keep it to myself, conceal it, id. Eun. 1, 2, 23:

ea quae continet, neque adhuc protulit, explicet nobis,

Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 206:

dicta,

id. ib. 2, 55, 222.—

With the access. idea of containing, to comprise, contain, involve, comprehend something in itself (syn. complector):

(aqua gelum) quod continet in se, mittit,

Lucr. 6, 877; cf.:

ut omnia, quae aluntur et crescunt, contineant in se vim caloris,

Cic. N. D. 2, 9, 23; so,

in se,

Quint. 1, 6, 31; 2, 10, 2:

Quattuor aeternus genitalia corpora mundus Continet,

Ov. M. 15, 240:

rem militarem,

Liv. 5, 52, 16:

panis innumeras paene continet medicinas,

Plin. 22, 25, 68, § 138:

(linea) centum continet (pedes),

Quint. 1, 10, 44:

Idus Martiae magnum mendum continent,

Cic. Att. 14, 22, 2:

paucas species (vox),

Quint. 11, 3, 18:

tales res, quales hic liber continet,

Cic. Or. 43, 148; Plin. Ep. 5, 9, 1:

narrationes, quae summam criminis contineant,

Quint. 4, 2, 10:

fabula stultorum regum et populorum continet aestus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

liber primus ea continebit, quae, etc., Quint. prooem. § 21: tertia epistula continebat, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 9, 28, 5.—With subj.-clause:

quando ipsos loqui deceat, quartus liber continet,

Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Esp. freq.,

In pass.: contineri aliquā re, to be contained in something, be composed of, consist of or in, to rest upon, to be supported by, etc.:

terreno corpore,

Lucr. 1, 1085:

non venis et nervis et ossibus continentur (dii),

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:

artem negabat esse ullam, nisi quae cognitis penitusque perspectis... rebus contineretur,

id. de Or. 1, 20, 92:

forma honestatis, quae tota quattuor his virtutibus... continetur,

id. Fin. 2, 15, 48:

versus paucis (pedibus) continetur,

Quint. 9, 4, 60: quae philosophorum libris continentur, id. prooem. § 11; cf. id. 5, 10, 111 et saep.: artes, quae conjecturā continentur et sunt opinabiles, Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24:

foedere,

Liv. 41, 23, 9:

actu,

Quint. 2, 18, 5; 12, 9, 1; 3, 7, 28.—Rarely with in and abl.:

forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur,

Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 2; cf.:

quibus (legibus) in singulis civitatibus res publica continetur,

id. Off. 3, 5, 23.—

Neutr., to hold together in itself, to hang together (in the verb. finit. very rare; but freq. as P. a.; cf. also the deriv. continuus):

per hortum utroque commeatus continet,

Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 43.—Hence,

contĭnens, entis, P. a.

(Acc. to II.) Holding or hanging together (freq. and class.).

Bordering upon, neighboring, contiguous, lying near, adjacent (syn.: junctus, adjunctus, contiguus); constr. with dat., cum, or absol.

Prop.:

aër mari,

Cic. N. D. 2, 45, 117:

continentia atque adjuncta praedia huic fundo,

id. Caecin. 4, 11:

(mare) dissimile est proximo ei continenti,

id. Ac. 2, 33, 105 al.:

Cappadociae pars ea, quae cum Cilicià continens est,

id. Fam. 15, 2, 2:

(Morini) continentes silvas ac paludes habebant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28; cf. so absol.:

parum locuples continente ripā,

Hor. C. 2, 18, 22; cf.:

pars eorum, qui propiores erant continenti litori,

Liv. 44, 28, 12.— Subst.: contĭnentĭa, ĭum, n. (sc. loca), adjoining places, the neighborhood:

Cherronesum et continentia usque Atho montem,

Plin. 18, 25, 57, § 215 al.:

urbis,

the suburbs, Dig. 50, 16, 147.—

Trop., in time, following, next:

continentibus diebus,

Caes. B. C. 3, 84;

and of other abstract things: motus sensui junctus et continens,

Cic. N. D. 1, 11, 26:

timori perpetuo ipsum malum continens fuit,

followed at its heels, Liv. 5, 39, 8.—

Holding together, cohering in itself, connected, continuous, uninterrupted.

Prop.:

continens agmen migrantium,

Liv. 1, 29, 4:

agmen,

id. 2, 50, 7; 8, 8, 13 al.:

ruinae,

id. 21, 8, 5; terra, the mainland, continent, Varr. ap. Charis. p. 100 P.; Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. p. 274, 6; Nep. Them. 3, 2; and in the same sense far more freq. subst.: contĭnens, entis, f. (rarely masc., Curt. 4, 2, 1 Zumpt, dub.; abl. in e and i equally used;

v. the 4th and 5th books of Caes. B. G.),

Caes. B. G. 4, 27; 4, 28; 4, 31; 4, 36 bis et saep.; Nep. Milt. 7, 3; Liv. 35, 43, 4; Plin. 5, 31, 34, § 128; Suet Aug. 65; id. Tib. 40 et saep.—

Trop., in time, continual, consecutive, uninterrupted:

labor omnium dierum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 63; Liv. 42, 54, 3:

bella,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:

imperium usque ad nos,

Liv. 7, 30, 8:

imber per noctem totam,

id. 23, 44, 6:

biduo,

Suet. Calig. 19:

febres sine intermissione,

Cels. 3, 5 fin.:

e continenti genere,

in continuous descent, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61:

spiritus,

id. de Or. 3, 57, 216 et saep.: ex continenti (sc. tempore), instantly, immediately, = continuo, statim, Just. 1, 9; so,

in continenti,

Dig. 44, 5, 1.—

(Acc. to I. B. 2. b.) That restrains his passions, continent, moderate, temperate, enkratês (rare, but in good prose):

continentior in vitā hominum quam in pecuniā,

Caes. B. C. 1, 23:

cum reges tam sint continentes, multo magis consularis esse oportere,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 1:

puer,

id. Att. 6, 6, 3:

Epaminondas,

Nep. Epam. 3, 2 al. — Sup., Cic. Par. 1, 1, 7; Suet. Aug. 71.—

(Acc. to I. B. 3.) In rhet., subst.: contĭnens, entis, n., that on which something rests or depends, the chief point, hinge:

causae,

Cic. Part. Or. 29, 103; id. Top. 25, 95:

intuendum videtur, quid sit quaestio, ratio, judicatio, continens, vel ut alii vocant, firmamentum,

Quint. 3, 11, 1; cf. id. ib. § 18 sqq.— Adv.: contĭnen-ter.

(Acc. to A. 2.)

In space, in unbroken succession, in a row. continenter sedetis, Cat. 37, 6.—More freq. and class.,

In time, continuously, without interruption:

totā nocte ierunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 26:

jam amplius horis sex pugnaretur,

id. ib. 3, 5:

biduum lapidibus pluit,

Liv. 25, 7, 7:

usque ad ipsum negotium,

Cic. Inv. 1, 26, 37:

ferri imagines,

id. N. D. 1, 39, 109.—

(Acc. to B.) Temperately, moderately (rare):

vivere,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 106; in sup.:

vivere,

Aug. Ep. 199; id. Conf. 6, 12.—Hence also,

contentus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B. 2. b.); medial., satisfying one's self with, contented, satisfied, content (freq. in all periods and species of composition); constr. in gen. with the abl.; more rarely absol.; after the Aug. per. very freq. with the inf.

With abl.: his versibus, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 264, 3:

suis rebus,

Cic. Par. 6, 3, 51:

paucis,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 16:

illā (sorte),

id. ib. 1, 1, 3:

viverem uti contentus eo quod mī ipse parasset,

id. ib. 1, 4, 108; cf. Suet. Aug. 82:

solā Dianā,

Verg. A. 11, 582.—

Absol.:

cum ipsum audires sine comparatione, non modo contentus esses, sed melius non quaereres,

Cic. Brut. 35, 134; so comp., Plaut. Poen. 2, 15.—

With inf.:

indagare,

Ov. M. 1, 461:

edidicisse,

id. ib. 2, 638:

retinere titulum provinciae,

Vell. 2, 49:

hostes sustinuisse,

id. 2, 112:

indicare,

Quint. 4, 2, 128:

ostendere,

id. 5, 10, 31:

id consequi, quod imiteris,

id. 10, 2, 7 et saep.— Adv.: contentē (ante-and post-class., and rare), in a restrained manner, closely:

arte contenteque habere aliquem,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 63:

parce contenteque vivere,

Pacat. Pan. Theod. 13.

fīnis, is (abl. regularly fine;

fini,

Lucr. 1, 978;

also fine,

ib. 976;

and adverb. fini, ea fini, qua fini,

Cato, R. R. 21, 3; 28, 2; 154; Gell. 1, 3, 30; 7, 3, 29; Dig. 16, 2, 19), m. (f. mostly ante- and post-class. and poet., and only in sing., Att., Caecil., Varr., Sisenn. ap. Non. 205, 6 sq.; Lucr. 1, 107; 551; 555; 561 sq.; cf. Lachm. p. 43; Verg. A. 2, 554; 5, 328; 384; 12, 793 al.;

rarely in class. prose,

Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 55; id. Fam. 12, 1, 1; id. Att. 9, 10, 4; Liv. 4, 2, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.; 9, 26, 9; 22, 57, 5; Plin. 30, 10, 24, § 82; 33, 1, 1, § 3; 33, 6, 31, § 98 al.; plur. f. only Varr. L. L. 5, 1, 13; v. Neue, Formenl. 1, 703) [for fidnis, root bhid-, fid-, v. findo; for the suffix, cf.: pa-nis, ig-nis, etc.], a boundary, limit, border, = terminus, horos.

Lit.:

accessit propius et jam ingrediens intra finem ejus loci, quem oleae terminabant, etc.,

Cic. Caecin. 8, 22:

fere ad extremum finem provinciae Galliae,

Liv. 40, 16, 5; cf. id. 33, 37, 6:

Philaenōn arae, quem locum Aegyptum vorsus finem imperii habuere Carthaginienses,

Sall. J. 19, 3:

quem ad finem porrecta ac loca aperta pertinebant, cedentes (hostes) insequi,

as far as, Caes. B. G. 2, 19, 5:

quibus venientibus ad finem legatio Veientium obviam fuit,

Liv. 4, 58, 1; cf.:

nulla legatio ad finem praesto fuerat,

id. 38, 15, 10; 10, 35, 1:

haud procul Argivorum fine positis castris,

id. 28, 5, 5; cf. id. 35, 27, 9 Drak.—In plur.:

vicini nostri hic ambigunt de finibus,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 93:

nec Mamilia lege singuli, sed ex his tres arbitri fines regemus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 21, 55 (v. rego, I. B.):

in finibus Lycaoniae, mihi litterae redditae sunt,

id. Fam. 15, 1, 2: Q. Fabius Labeo arbiter Nolanis et Neapolitanis de finibus a senatu datus... fines [p. 752] terminare, id. Off. 1, 10, 33; cf.:

SEX. ATILIVS INTER ATESTINOS ET VEICETINOS FINIS TERMINOSQVE STATVI IVSIT,

Inscr. Orell. 3110:

fines proferre, propagare,

Cic. Rep. 3, 12; id. Mur. 9, 22:

inter eos fines, quos feci,

Liv. 1, 18, 9:

atque hominum finem Gades Calpenque secutus,

Sil. 1, 141.—

Transf.

In plur., borders, and hence territory, land, country enclosed within boundaries:

propere de finibus suis exercitus deducerent,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 60:

per agrum Sequanorum iter in Santonum fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 1; cf.:

si suas copias Aedui in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint,

id. ib. 2, 5, 3:

civitatum fines incolere,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

ego his finibus ejectus sum, quos, etc.,

Sall. J. 14, 8:

neque flumen neque mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret,

id. ib. 79, 3:

Multum interest, alienos populare fines an tuos uri exscindive videas,

Liv. 28, 44, 2:

veteres nullum animal sacrum in finibus suis esse patiebantur, sed abigebant ad fines deorum, quibus sacrum esset,

where these gods were worshipped, Macr. S. 3, 7, 6.—

Fine or fini alicujus rei, up to, as far as, a certain point (very rare):

matresfamiliae de muro pectoris fine prominentes passis manibus obtestabantur Romanos, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 7, 47, 5 Oud. N. cr. (al. pectore nudo); so,

fine inguinum ingrediuntur mare,

Sall. H. Fragm. 3, 38 Gerl. (in Arus. Mess. p. 231 ed. Lind.):

fine genūs vestem ritu succincta Dianae,

Ov. M. 10, 536:

per mare umbilici fine ingressi, Auct. B. Afr. 85, 1: amphoras nolito implere nimium ansarum infimarum fini,

Cato, R. R. 113, 2: Asiam orientis fine a Macedonibus perdomitam, Justin. 30, 4.

Trop., a limit, bound:

Crassus mihi visus est oratoris facultatem non illius artis terminis, sed ingenii sui finibus, immensis paene, describere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 49, 214; cf.:

certos mihi fines terminosque constituam, extra quos egredi non possim,

id. Quint. 10, 35:

finem et modum transire,

to go beyond all bounds and measure, id. Off. 1, 29, 102; cf.:

transcendere fines Juris,

Lucr. 3, 60:

modum aliquem et finem orationi facere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 118:

est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines, Quos ultraque citraque nequit consistere rectum,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 106:

intra Naturae fines vivere,

id. ib. 50:

(dixit) mulierem quinque pueros enixam... eumque esse finem multijugae hominum partionis,

Gell. 10, 2, 1:

consulta, quibus sedecim stipendiorum finem expresserant,

term, limit, Tac. A. 1, 78:

his finibus luxuriam coercere,

Gell. 2, 24, 15.—Hence, the starting-point in a race:

Inde, ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes Prosiluere suis (of vessels),

Verg. A. 5, 139.—

Transf., like telos.

An end:

in hoc (aequo judicio) uno denique falsae infamiae finis aliquis atque exitus reperiatur,

Cic. Clu. 3, 7:

dicendi finem facere,

id. Sest. 65, 136; cf.:

si placet, in hunc diem hactenus... finem disputandi facere,

id. Rep. 2, 44 fin.:

scribendi,

id. de Or. 2, 55, 224:

maledictis,

Ter. Heaut. prol. 34:

injuriis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33, 1:

vitae finem afferre alicui,

Cic. Phil. 6, 1, 2; cf.:

quando finem habet motus, vivendi finem habeat necesse est,

id. Rep. 6, 25:

finem judiciariae controversiae constituere,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 5:

oratio lecta ad eum finem, quem, etc.,

as far as, id. de Or. 1, 34, 154:

ludus repertus, et longorum operum finis,

Hor. A. P. 406:

imperium sine fine,

everlasting, Verg. A. 1, 279:

pigetque actorum sine fine mihi,

Ov. M. 2, 387:

poscens sine fine oscula,

id. ib. 4, 334 al.—Adverb.: ad eum finem, until that:

amor bestiarum in educandis custodiendisque iis, quae procreaverunt, usque ad eum finem, dum possint se ipsa defendere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51, 129:

mansit in condicione usque ad eum finem, dum judices rejecti sunt,

id. Verr. 1, 6, 16: quem ad finem, till when? how long? quamdiu furor iste tuus eludet? quem ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia? id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

piratam vivum tenuisti: quem ad finem? dum cum imperio fuisti,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 29, § 75; id. Mur. 5, 11; id. Fam. 9, 26, 1; cf.: Lu. Sequere... In. Sequor:

sed finem fore quem dicam nescio (i. e. sequendi),

Plaut. Trin. prol. 2.—

In partic.

The end of life, latter end, death (not till after the Aug. per.):

comperit invidiam supremo fine domari,

i. e. after death, Hor. Ep. 2, 11, 12: tu ne quaesieris, quem mihi, quem tibi Finem di dederint, id. C. 1, 11, 2:

nec quicquam jam de fine, si fata poscerent, recusans,

Vell. 2, 123, 2; Sen. Ep. 30, 3; Val. Max. 3, 3, 4 ext.:

septem a Neronis fine menses sunt,

Tac. H. 1, 37:

Augusti,

id. A. 1, 4; 1, 16; 2, 39:

voluntarius,

id. ib. 4, 19; 15, 63 et saep.—

The end, extremity of an ascending series, i. e. the highest point, greatest degree, summit: sentis credo, me jam diu, quod telos Graeci dicunt, id dicere tum extremum, tum ultimum, tum summum:

licebit etiam finem pro extremo aut ultimo dicere,

Cic. Fin. 3, 7, 26; cf. id. ib. 1, 4, 11; and:

ad finem bonorum, quo referuntur et cujus causa sunt facienda omnia,

the chief good, id. Leg. 1, 20, 52:

fines bonorum et malorum,

id. Fin. 1, 17, 55; hence the title of Cicero's treatise De Finibus, analog. to the Gr. peri telôn; cf. id. Att. 13, 21, 4, with ib. 19, 4:

honorum populi finis est consulatus,

id. Planc. 25, 60:

quemque sperandi sibi, eundem bene dicendi finem proponerent,

id. Tusc. 2, 1, 3:

duodecim tabulae, finis aequi juris,

Tac. A. 3, 27. —

An end, purpose, aim, object (but an end subjectively regarded, as an intention, or design, is propositum, consilium, mens, etc.):

omnes artes habere finem aliquem propositum, ad quem tendunt,

Quint. 2, 17, 22:

laudis et gloriae,

id. 8, 3, 11:

domus finis est usus,

Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

officium ejus facultatis videtur esse, dicere apposite ad persuasionem: finis, persuadere dictione,

id. Inv. 1, 5, 6; cf. id. ib. 2, 51, 156; id. Part. Or. 4, 11; id. de Or. 1, 42, 188; 2, 34, 145; Quint. 2, 15, 6:

quem finem vel quid summum et ultimum habeat rhetorice,

id. ib. 38:

volgaris liberalitas referenda est ad illum Ennii finem, Nihilo minus ipsi lucet, etc.,

Cic. Off. 1, 16, 52:

ad finem vitae,

Quint. 2, 17, 41:

medicinae,

id. ib. 25; 2, 21, 3.—

An intention, design, end in view (very rare; cf. g supra):

quod ad eum finem memoravimus, ut, etc.,

Tac. A. 14, 64.—

In rhet. lang., i. q. finitio and definitio, qs. an explanatory limiting, a definition, explanation (perh. not in Cic., but repeatedly in Quint.):

dicuntur argumenta ex finitione seu fine,

Quint. 5, 10, 54:

est frequentissimus finis, rhetoricen esse vim persuadendi,

id. 2, 15, 3; id. ib. 11 sq.; 4, 4, 3 Spald. N. cr. —

In the later jurid. Lat., a measure, amount:

placuit, ut fructus hypothecarum usuris compensaret, fini legitimae usurae,

Dig. 20, 1, 1:

finem pretii, deminuere vel excedere,

ib. 21, 2, 66:

ad finem peculii legata praestare,

ib. 49, 17, 17.

turbo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. ( fut. perf. turbassit, for turbaverit, Cic. Leg. 3, 4; al. turbassitur) [turba], to disturb, agitate, confuse, disorder; to throw into disorder or confusion (freq. and class.; syn.: confundo, misceo, agito).

Lit.:

ventorum vi agitari atque turbari mare,

Cic. Clu. 49, 138:

aequora ventis,

Lucr. 2, 1:

hibernum mare,

Hor. Epod. 15, 8; Ov. M. 7, 154; 14, 545 al.:

eversae turbant convivia mensae,

id. ib. 12, 222; cf. in a poet. transf.:

ancipiti quoniam bello turbatur utrimque,

Lucr. 6, 377:

ne comae turbarentur, quas componi vetuit,

Quint. 11, 3, 148:

ne turbet toga mota capillos,

Ov. Am. 3, 2, 75:

capillos,

id. M. 8, 859; id. Am. 3, 14, 33; cf.

in a Greek construction: turbata capillos,

id. M. 4, 474:

ceram,

the seal, Quint. 12, 8, 13:

uvae recentes alvum turbant,

Plin. 23, 1, 6, § 10.— Absol.:

instat, turbatque ruitque,

Ov. M. 12, 134.—Reflex.:

cum mare turbaret (sc. se),

Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 7 Schneid. ad loc. (al. turbaretur).—

In partic.

Milit. t. t., to throw into disorder, break the line of battle, disorganize:

equitatus turbaverat ordines,

Liv. 3, 70, 9:

aciem peditum,

id. 30, 18, 10.— Absol.:

equites eruptione factā in agmen modice primo impetu turbavere,

Liv. 38, 13, 12:

turbantibus invicem copiis,

Flor. 4, 2, 49:

hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, sistet,

Verg. A. 6, 857.—

Of water, to trouble, make thick or turbid:

lacus,

Ov. M. 6, 364:

fons quem nulla volucris turbarat,

id. ib. 3, 410:

flumen imbre,

id. ib. 13, 889:

limo aquam,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 60:

aquas lacrimis,

Ov. M. 3, 475; cf.:

pulvis sputo turbatus,

Petr. 131.—

Trop.:

non modo illa permiscuit, sed etiam delectum atque ordinem turbavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123:

qui omnia inflma summis paria fecit, turbavit, miscuit,

id. Leg. 3, 9, 19:

Aristoteles quoque multa turbat, a magistro Platone non dissentiens,

id. N. D. 1, 13, 33:

quantas res turbo!

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 1:

quas meus filius turbas turbet,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 1; cf.:

quae meus filius turbavit,

id. ib. 5, 1, 5; id. Cas. 5, 2, 6:

ne quid ille turbet vide,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7, § 24:

haec, quae in re publicā turbantur,

id. ib. 3, 9, 3:

cum dies alicui nobilium dicta novis semper certaminibus contiones turbaret,

Liv. 3, 66, 2: ne incertā prole auspicia turbarentur, id. 4, 6, 2:

milites nihil in commune turbantes,

Tac. H. 1, 85:

turbantur (testes),

Quint. 5, 7, 11; cf. id. 4, 5, 6; 5, 14, 29; 10, 7, 6:

spem pacis,

Liv. 2, 16, 5.— Absol.: Ph. Ea nos perturbat. Pa. Dum ne reducam, turbent porro, quam velint, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 12 (cf. I. B. 1. supra):

repente turbare Fortuna coepit,

Tac. A. 4, 1:

si una alterave civitas turbet,

id. ib. 3, 47: M. Servilius postquam, ut coeperat, omnibus in rebus turbarat, i. e. had deranged all his affairs, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 2.— Impers. pass.:

nescio quid absente nobis turbatum'st domi,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7:

totis Usque adeo turbatur agris,

Verg. E. 1, 12:

si in Hispaniā turbatum esset,

Cic. Sull. 20, 57.—Hence, turbātus, a, um, P. a., troubled, disturbed, disordered, agitated, excited.

Lit.:

turbatius mare ingressus,

more stormy, Suet. Calig. 23:

turbatius caelum,

id. Tib. 69.—

Trop.:

hostes inopinato malo turbati,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12:

oculis simul ac mente turbatus,

Liv. 7, 26, 5:

turbatus religione simul ac periculo,

Suet. Ner. 19; cf.:

turbatus animi,

Sil. 14, 678:

placare voluntates turbatas,

Cic. Planc. 4, 11: seditionibus omnia turbata sunt, Sall. Or. Phil. contr. Lepid. 1:

turbata cum Romanis pax,

Just. 18, 2, 10:

omnia soluta, turbata atque etiam in contrarium versa,

Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 7; cf.:

quae si confusa, turbata, permixta sunt, etc.,

id. ib. 9, 5, 3.—Hence, adv.: turbātē, confusedly, disorderly:

aguntur omnia raptim atque turbate,

in confusion, Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 1.

turbo, ĭnis, m. (collat. form tur-ben, ĭnis, n., Tib. 1, 5, 3; id. ap. Charis. p. 118 P.; gen. turbonis, Caes. ib.) [1. turbo], that which spins or twirls round (cf. vertex).

A whirlwind, hurricane, tornado: ventus circumactus et eundem ambiens locum et se ipse vertigine concitans turbo est. Qui si pugnacior est ac diutius volutatur, inflammatur, et efficit, quem prêstêra Graeci vocant:

hic est igneus turbo,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 3:

falsum est faces et trabes turbine exprimi,

id. ib. 7, 5, 1; 2, 22, 2; id. Ep. 109, 18:

procellae, turbines,

Cic. N. D. 3, 20, 51; cf.: saevi exsistunt turbines, Pac. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39, 157 (Trag. Rel. p. 111 Rib.); Enn. ap. Schol. Vat. ad Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 4 (Ann. v. 553 Vahl.):

venti vis rapido percurrens turbine campos,

Lucr. 1, 273; cf. id. 1, 279; 1, 294; 5, 217; Ov. M. 6, 310:

senatus decrevit, ut Minerva, quam turbo dejecerat, restitueretur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 25, 1:

turbo aut subita tempestas,

id. Cael. 32, 79:

pulvis collectus turbine,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 31:

venti rotanti turbine portant,

Lucr. 1, 294:

ita turbine nigro Ferret hiemps,

Verg. G. 1, 320:

venti ruunt et terras turbine perflant,

id. A. 1, 83:

accendi turbine quodam aëris,

Sen. Q. N. 7, 4, 1.—In apposition with ventus:

exoritur ventus turbo,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 47:

circumstabant navem turbines venti,

id. Trin. 4, 1, 16.—

Trop., whirlwind, storm, etc.:

qui in maximis turbinibus ac fluctibus rei publicae navem gubernassem,

Cic. Pis. 9, 20:

tu, procella patriae, turbo ac tempestas pacis atque otii,

id. Dom. 53, 137:

ego te in medio versantem turbine leti Eripui,

Cat. 64, 149:

cum illi soli essent duo rei publicae turbines,

Cic. Sest. 11, 25:

miserae mentis,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 28:

miserarum rerum,

id. M. 7, 614:

nescio quo miserae turbine mentis agor,

id. Am. 2, 9, 28:

Gradivi,

i. e. tumult of war, Sil. 11, 101:

virtutem turbine nullo Fortuna excutiet tibi,

Luc. 2, 243:

horum mala, turbo quīs rerum imminet,

Sen. Agam. 196.—

Lit., a spinning-top, whipping-top, Verg. A. 7, 378 sq.; Tib. 1, 5, 3.—

Transf., of things that have the shape or whirling motion of a top, as a reel, whirl, spindle, etc., Cic. Fat. 18, 42; Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 449; Hor. Epod. 17, 7; Cat. 64, 315; Ov. M. 1, 336; Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 47; 9, 36, 61, § 130; 27, 4, 5, § 14; 36, 13, 19, § 90; 37, 4, 15, § 56.—

A whirling motion, a whirl, twirl, twist, rotation, revolution, a round, circle (mostly poet.):

cum caeli turbine ferri,

Lucr. 5, 624:

lunae,

id. 5, 632:

ignium,

id. 6, 640; cf. Verg. A. 3, 573:

teli (contorti),

id. ib. 6, 594; cf. id. ib. 11, 284; Luc. 3, 465; Sil. 4, 542:

saxi,

whirling force, circular hurling, Verg. A. 12, 531:

serpentis,

i. e. the coiling, Sil. 3, 191:

Aegaeus,

whirlpool, vortex, Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 287; so, rapax, Stat [p. 1918] Th. 4, 813:

verterit hunc (servum in emancipatione) dominus, momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama,

i. e. of whirling round, Pers. 5, 78: militiae turbine factus eques, i. e. through the round of military gradation or promotion, Ov. Am. 3, 15, 6:

vulgi,

i. e. a throng, crowd, Claud. II. Cons. Stil. 200.

Turbo, ōnis, m., the name of a gladiator, Hor. S. 2, 3, 310.

turbo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. ( fut. perf. turbassit, for turbaverit, Cic. Leg. 3, 4; al. turbassitur) [turba], to disturb, agitate, confuse, disorder; to throw into disorder or confusion (freq. and class.; syn.: confundo, misceo, agito).

Lit.:

ventorum vi agitari atque turbari mare,

Cic. Clu. 49, 138:

aequora ventis,

Lucr. 2, 1:

hibernum mare,

Hor. Epod. 15, 8; Ov. M. 7, 154; 14, 545 al.:

eversae turbant convivia mensae,

id. ib. 12, 222; cf. in a poet. transf.:

ancipiti quoniam bello turbatur utrimque,

Lucr. 6, 377:

ne comae turbarentur, quas componi vetuit,

Quint. 11, 3, 148:

ne turbet toga mota capillos,

Ov. Am. 3, 2, 75:

capillos,

id. M. 8, 859; id. Am. 3, 14, 33; cf.

in a Greek construction: turbata capillos,

id. M. 4, 474:

ceram,

the seal, Quint. 12, 8, 13:

uvae recentes alvum turbant,

Plin. 23, 1, 6, § 10.— Absol.:

instat, turbatque ruitque,

Ov. M. 12, 134.—Reflex.:

cum mare turbaret (sc. se),

Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 7 Schneid. ad loc. (al. turbaretur).—

In partic.

Milit. t. t., to throw into disorder, break the line of battle, disorganize:

equitatus turbaverat ordines,

Liv. 3, 70, 9:

aciem peditum,

id. 30, 18, 10.— Absol.:

equites eruptione factā in agmen modice primo impetu turbavere,

Liv. 38, 13, 12:

turbantibus invicem copiis,

Flor. 4, 2, 49:

hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, sistet,

Verg. A. 6, 857.—

Of water, to trouble, make thick or turbid:

lacus,

Ov. M. 6, 364:

fons quem nulla volucris turbarat,

id. ib. 3, 410:

flumen imbre,

id. ib. 13, 889:

limo aquam,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 60:

aquas lacrimis,

Ov. M. 3, 475; cf.:

pulvis sputo turbatus,

Petr. 131.—

Trop.:

non modo illa permiscuit, sed etiam delectum atque ordinem turbavit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123:

qui omnia inflma summis paria fecit, turbavit, miscuit,

id. Leg. 3, 9, 19:

Aristoteles quoque multa turbat, a magistro Platone non dissentiens,

id. N. D. 1, 13, 33:

quantas res turbo!

Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 1:

quas meus filius turbas turbet,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 1; cf.:

quae meus filius turbavit,

id. ib. 5, 1, 5; id. Cas. 5, 2, 6:

ne quid ille turbet vide,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7, § 24:

haec, quae in re publicā turbantur,

id. ib. 3, 9, 3:

cum dies alicui nobilium dicta novis semper certaminibus contiones turbaret,

Liv. 3, 66, 2: ne incertā prole auspicia turbarentur, id. 4, 6, 2:

milites nihil in commune turbantes,

Tac. H. 1, 85:

turbantur (testes),

Quint. 5, 7, 11; cf. id. 4, 5, 6; 5, 14, 29; 10, 7, 6:

spem pacis,

Liv. 2, 16, 5.— Absol.: Ph. Ea nos perturbat. Pa. Dum ne reducam, turbent porro, quam velint, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 12 (cf. I. B. 1. supra):

repente turbare Fortuna coepit,

Tac. A. 4, 1:

si una alterave civitas turbet,

id. ib. 3, 47: M. Servilius postquam, ut coeperat, omnibus in rebus turbarat, i. e. had deranged all his affairs, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 2.— Impers. pass.:

nescio quid absente nobis turbatum'st domi,

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7:

totis Usque adeo turbatur agris,

Verg. E. 1, 12:

si in Hispaniā turbatum esset,

Cic. Sull. 20, 57.—Hence, turbātus, a, um, P. a., troubled, disturbed, disordered, agitated, excited.

Lit.:

turbatius mare ingressus,

more stormy, Suet. Calig. 23:

turbatius caelum,

id. Tib. 69.—

Trop.:

hostes inopinato malo turbati,

Caes. B. C. 2, 12:

oculis simul ac mente turbatus,

Liv. 7, 26, 5:

turbatus religione simul ac periculo,

Suet. Ner. 19; cf.:

turbatus animi,

Sil. 14, 678:

placare voluntates turbatas,

Cic. Planc. 4, 11: seditionibus omnia turbata sunt, Sall. Or. Phil. contr. Lepid. 1:

turbata cum Romanis pax,

Just. 18, 2, 10:

omnia soluta, turbata atque etiam in contrarium versa,

Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 7; cf.:

quae si confusa, turbata, permixta sunt, etc.,

id. ib. 9, 5, 3.—Hence, adv.: turbātē, confusedly, disorderly:

aguntur omnia raptim atque turbate,

in confusion, Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 1.

turbo, ĭnis, m. (collat. form tur-ben, ĭnis, n., Tib. 1, 5, 3; id. ap. Charis. p. 118 P.; gen. turbonis, Caes. ib.) [1. turbo], that which spins or twirls round (cf. vertex).

A whirlwind, hurricane, tornado: ventus circumactus et eundem ambiens locum et se ipse vertigine concitans turbo est. Qui si pugnacior est ac diutius volutatur, inflammatur, et efficit, quem prêstêra Graeci vocant:

hic est igneus turbo,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 3:

falsum est faces et trabes turbine exprimi,

id. ib. 7, 5, 1; 2, 22, 2; id. Ep. 109, 18:

procellae, turbines,

Cic. N. D. 3, 20, 51; cf.: saevi exsistunt turbines, Pac. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39, 157 (Trag. Rel. p. 111 Rib.); Enn. ap. Schol. Vat. ad Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 4 (Ann. v. 553 Vahl.):

venti vis rapido percurrens turbine campos,

Lucr. 1, 273; cf. id. 1, 279; 1, 294; 5, 217; Ov. M. 6, 310:

senatus decrevit, ut Minerva, quam turbo dejecerat, restitueretur,

Cic. Fam. 12, 25, 1:

turbo aut subita tempestas,

id. Cael. 32, 79:

pulvis collectus turbine,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 31:

venti rotanti turbine portant,

Lucr. 1, 294:

ita turbine nigro Ferret hiemps,

Verg. G. 1, 320:

venti ruunt et terras turbine perflant,

id. A. 1, 83:

accendi turbine quodam aëris,

Sen. Q. N. 7, 4, 1.—In apposition with ventus:

exoritur ventus turbo,

Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 47:

circumstabant navem turbines venti,

id. Trin. 4, 1, 16.—

Trop., whirlwind, storm, etc.:

qui in maximis turbinibus ac fluctibus rei publicae navem gubernassem,

Cic. Pis. 9, 20:

tu, procella patriae, turbo ac tempestas pacis atque otii,

id. Dom. 53, 137:

ego te in medio versantem turbine leti Eripui,

Cat. 64, 149:

cum illi soli essent duo rei publicae turbines,

Cic. Sest. 11, 25:

miserae mentis,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 28:

miserarum rerum,

id. M. 7, 614:

nescio quo miserae turbine mentis agor,

id. Am. 2, 9, 28:

Gradivi,

i. e. tumult of war, Sil. 11, 101:

virtutem turbine nullo Fortuna excutiet tibi,

Luc. 2, 243:

horum mala, turbo quīs rerum imminet,

Sen. Agam. 196.—

Lit., a spinning-top, whipping-top, Verg. A. 7, 378 sq.; Tib. 1, 5, 3.—

Transf., of things that have the shape or whirling motion of a top, as a reel, whirl, spindle, etc., Cic. Fat. 18, 42; Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 449; Hor. Epod. 17, 7; Cat. 64, 315; Ov. M. 1, 336; Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 47; 9, 36, 61, § 130; 27, 4, 5, § 14; 36, 13, 19, § 90; 37, 4, 15, § 56.—

A whirling motion, a whirl, twirl, twist, rotation, revolution, a round, circle (mostly poet.):

cum caeli turbine ferri,

Lucr. 5, 624:

lunae,

id. 5, 632:

ignium,

id. 6, 640; cf. Verg. A. 3, 573:

teli (contorti),

id. ib. 6, 594; cf. id. ib. 11, 284; Luc. 3, 465; Sil. 4, 542:

saxi,

whirling force, circular hurling, Verg. A. 12, 531:

serpentis,

i. e. the coiling, Sil. 3, 191:

Aegaeus,

whirlpool, vortex, Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 287; so, rapax, Stat [p. 1918] Th. 4, 813:

verterit hunc (servum in emancipatione) dominus, momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama,

i. e. of whirling round, Pers. 5, 78: militiae turbine factus eques, i. e. through the round of military gradation or promotion, Ov. Am. 3, 15, 6:

vulgi,

i. e. a throng, crowd, Claud. II. Cons. Stil. 200.

Turbo, ōnis, m., the name of a gladiator, Hor. S. 2, 3, 310.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.

infĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. infer:

ubi super inferque vicinus permittet,

Cato, R. R. 149), adj. [cf. Sanscr. adh-aras, adh-amas, the lower, lowest; and Lat. infra], that is below, underneath, lower; opp. superus.

In gen.: inferus an superus tibi fert Deus funera, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.; cf.:

Di Deaeque superi atque inferi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36; Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6; cf.

also: ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videantur deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

loca,

the lower parts, id. Arat. 474:

fulmina,

that come out of the ground, Plin. 2, 52, 53, § 138: aqua, that falls down, rain-water, Varr. ap. Non. 1, 221: mare inferum, the Lower, i. e. the Tuscan Sea (opp. mare superum, the Upper or Adriatic Sea), Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 75; Cic. Att. 9, 3, 1; id. de Or. 3, 19 et saep. also without mare:

navigatio infero,

upon the Tuscan Sea, id. Att. 9, 5, 1.—

In partic., underground, belonging to the Lower World: infĕri, ōrum, m. ( gen. inferūm for inferorum, Varr. ap. Macr. S. 1, 16; Sen. de Ira, 2, 35), the inhabitants of the infernal regions, the dead:

triceps apud inferos Cerberus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

si ab inferis exsistat rex Hiero,

were to rise from the dead, Liv. 26, 32:

si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus,

to be raised from the dead, Cic. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

inferorum animas elicere,

id. Vatin. 6, 14:

ad inferos poenas parricidii luere,

in the infernal regions, id. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ab inferis excitare aliquem,

i. e. to quote the words of one deceased, id. Or. 25, 85; id. Brut. 93, 322.

Comp.: infĕrĭor, ius, lower in situation or place.

Lit.:

spatium,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46, 3:

locus,

id. ib. 2, 25:

pars,

id. ib. 7, 35: ex inferiore loco dicere, from below (opp. ex superiore loco, from the tribunal), Cic. Att. 2, 24, 3; cf.

superus, II. A.: onerosa suo pondere in inferius feruntur,

downwards, Ov. M. 15, 241:

scriptura,

Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117.— Plur. subst.: infĕrĭōres, um, m., the people of the lower part of the city, Auct. B. Alex. 6, 3. —

Trop.

Subsequent, later, latter, in time or succession:

erant inferiores quam illorum aetas, qui, etc.,

lived later, were younger, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 2; cf.:

aetate inferiores paulo quam Iulius, etc.,

id. Brut. 49, 182; and:

inferioris aetatis esse,

id. ib. 64, 228:

inferiores quinque dies,

the latter, Varr. L. L. 6, § 13 Müll. —

Inferior in quality, rank, or number.

With abl. specif.:

voluptatibus erant inferiores, nec pecuniis ferme superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34:

inferior fortunā,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 2:

dignitate, auctoritate, existimatione, gratia non inferior, quam qui umquam fuerunt amplissimi,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 6:

inferiores animo,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24:

quemadmodum causa inferior, dicendo fieri superior posset,

Cic. Brut. 8:

erat multo inferior navium numero Brutus,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57. — With abl.:

ut humanos casus virtute inferiores putes,

Cic. Lael. 2.—

With in and abl.:

in jure civili non inferior, quam magister fuit,

Cic. Brut. 48, 179.—

Absol.:

inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. §

71: invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209; cf.:

indignum est, a pari vinci aut superiore, indignius ab inferiore atque humiliore,

id. Quint. 31:

supplices inferioresque,

id. Font. 11:

ordines,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46:

crudelis in inferiores,

Auct. Her. 4, 40:

non inferiora secutus,

naught inferior, Verg. A. 6, 170.

Sup. in two forms: infĭmus (or infŭmus) and īmus.

Form infimus (infumus), a, um, lowest, last (= imus;

but where the lowest of several objects is referred to, infimus is used,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103; 2, 6, 17; v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

stabiliendi causa singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 7:

ab infimis radicibus montis,

id. B. C. 1, 41, 3; 1, 42, 2:

cum scripsissem haec infima,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6:

ab infima ara,

from the lowest part of the altar, id. Div. 1, 33; cf.:

sub infimo colle,

the foot, Caes. B. G. 7, 79. — Subst.: infĭmum, i, n., the lowest part, bottom, in the phrase:

ab infimo,

from below, at the bottom, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 140:

collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 1 (for which, ab imo;

v. below, B. 1.): stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti,

id. ib. 7, 73, 3; cf. Sen. Q. N. 3, 30, 4; 6, 4, 1; so,

ad infimum,

at the bottom, Caes. B. G. 7, 73, 3:

collis passus circiter CC. infimus apertus,

at the bottom, id. ib. 2, 18, 2.—

Trop., lowest, meanest, basest in quality or rank:

infima faex populi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6; cf.:

condicio servorum,

id. Off. 1, 13:

infimo loco natus,

id. Fl. 11:

summos cum infimis pari jure retinebat,

id. Off. 2, 12:

humilitas natalium,

Plin. 18, 6, 7, § 37:

preces,

the most humble, Liv. 8, 2; 29, 30. — Hence, infĭmē, adv., only trop., at the bottom (late Lat.):

quid summe est, quid infime,

Aug. Ep. 18, 2. —

Form imus, a, um, the lowest, deepest, last ( = infimus; but when opp. to summus, to express a whole from end to end, imus is used; v. Suet. Aug. 79; Quint. 2, 13, 9; Liv. 24, 34, 9; Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 588).

Lit.:

ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

terra ima sede semper haeret,

id. Rep. 6, 18:

fundo in imo,

at the very bottom, Verg. A. 6, 581: vox, the deepest bass (opp. vox summa, the treble), Hor. S. 1, 3, 7; Quint. 11, 3, 15:

conviva,

that reclines at the bottom, Hor. S. 2, 8, 40; Mart. 6, 74:

ad imam quercum,

at the foot of the oak, Phaedr. 2, 4, 3:

in aure ima,

at the bottom of the ear, Plin. 11, 45, 103, § 205. — As substt.

Plur.: īmi, ōrum, m., the lowest, most humble:

aequalis ad maximos imosque pervenit clementiae tuae admiratio,

Sen. Clem. 1, 1, 9:

pacis et armorum superis imisque deorum Arbiter,

Ov. F. 5, 665. —

īmum, i, n., the bottom, depth, low [p. 945] est part. Lit.:

ab imo ad summum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 308:

locus erat paulatim ab imo acclivis,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 1 (for which, ab infimo; v. above, A. 1.); so,

tigna paulum ab imo praeacuta,

id. ib. 4, 17:

suspirare ab imo,

to fetch a deep sigh, Ov. A. A. 3, 675:

(aures) instabiles imo facit,

at the bottom. at their roots, id. M. 11, 177:

aquae perspicuae imo,

down to the bottom, id. ib. 5, 588. — Plur.:

ima summis mutare,

to turn the lowest into the highest, Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; Vell. 2, 2:

ima,

the under world, Ov. M. 10, 47.—With gen.:

ima maris,

the bottom of the sea, Plin. 32, 6, 21, § 64:

ima montis,

the foot of a mountain, id. 4, 11, 18, § 40.—

Trop., with respect to time or order, the last (mostly poet.):

mensis,

Ov. F. 2, 52.—Hence, subst.: īmum, i, n., the last, the end:

nihil nostrā intersit an ab summo an ab imo nomina dicere incipiamus,

Auct. Her. 3, 18, 30:

si quid inexpertum scaenae committis... servetur ad imum,

till the last, to the end, Hor. A. P. 126:

dormiet in lucem... ad imum Threx erit,

at last, id. Ep. 1, 18, 35.