-
21 august
nounAugust, derlast/next August — letzten/nächsten August
the first of/on the first of August or on August [the] first — der erste/am ersten August
1[st] August — (as date on document) 1. August
every August — jeden August; jedes Jahr im August
from August to October — von August bis Oktober
* * *['o:ɡəst](the eighth month of the year.) der August* * *[ˈɔ:gəst, AM ˈɑ:-]* * *['ɔːgəst]nAugust m → also academic.ru/65974/September">SeptemberSee:→ also September* * *august [ɔːˈɡʌst] adj (adv augustly)1. ehrwürdig (Persönlichkeit etc), (auch Versammlung etc) erlaucht2. eindrucksvoll, großartig (Vorstellung etc)* * *nounAugust, derlast/next August — letzten/nächsten August
the first of/on the first of August or on August [the] first — der erste/am ersten August
1[st] August — (as date on document) 1. August
every August — jeden August; jedes Jahr im August
* * *n.August m. -
22 for
1. preposition1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle vonwhat is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?
2) (in defence, support, or favour of) fürbe for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun
it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt
3) (to the benefit of) für4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zuthey invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen
what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?
be saving up for something — auf etwas (Akk.) sparen
a request for help — eine Bitte um Hilfe
take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen
work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten
run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.
set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen
that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich
9) (as regards)be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein
have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben
enough... for — genug... für
too... for — zu... für
there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun
cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund
11) (to affect, as if affecting) fürthings don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus
it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut
it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen
12) (as being) fürwhat do you take me for? — wofür hältst du mich?
I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil
13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegenfamous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas
jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien
were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage
15) (in spite of)for all... — trotz...
for all that,... — trotzdem...
16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)
but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...
17) (so far as concerns)for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...
for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...
18) (considering the usual nature of) fürnot bad for a first attempt — nicht schlecht für den ersten Versuch
19) (during) seitwe've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen
we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang
sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen
walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen
21)2. conjunctionbe for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)
* * *[fo:] 1. preposition1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) für3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) für4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) nach6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) für7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) für8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?)9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) dafür10) (because of: for this reason.) wegen, aus11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) für13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) für14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) für15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) trotz2. conjunction(because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) denn* * *[fɔ:ʳ, fəʳ, AM fɔ:r, fɚ]II. prepI bought a new collar \for my dog ich habe ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund gekauftthis is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dichthere are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staatto vote \for sb/sth für jdn/etw stimmenthey voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in einem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen▪ to be \for sb/sth für jdn/etw seinhis followers are still \for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immerto be \for a good cause für einen guten Zweck seinto be all \for sth ganz für etw akk seinto be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wirdare you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hatyou're not making it easy \for me to tell you the truth du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Wahrheit zu sagenthe coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu starkluckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stellethe admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogenis this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?I feel sorry \for her sie tut mir leidto feel nothing but contempt \for sb/sth nichts als Verachtung für jdn/etw empfinden▪ to be concerned \for sb/sth um jdn/etw besorgt seinto feel \for sb mit jdm fühlenas \for me was mich betrifft [o angeht]Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monatshow are you doing \for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?\for my part was mich betrifft\for all I know möglicherweise\for all I know, he could have left the country möglicherweise hat er schon das Land verlassento be responsible \for sth für etw akk verantwortlich seinthe summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer▪ to be too big/fast \for sb/sth zu groß/schnell für jdn/etw seinshe's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr reifthe weather is warm \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ist das Wetter mildhe's quite thoughtful \for a child of 8 für einen Achtjährigen ist er ziemlich rücksichtsvoll6. (to get, have)oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werdeneven though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es nur wegen des Geldes tut, wir brauchen ihnshe's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin istdemand \for money Bedarf m an Geldto send \for the doctor den Arzt holento apply \for a job sich akk um eine Stelle bewerbento have a need \for sth etw brauchento look \for a way to do sth nach einer Möglichkeit suchen, etw zu tunto ask \for sth um etw akk bittenhe's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspielernext time you see them, say hi \for me grüß sie von mir, wenn du sie wieder siehstthe messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war in Vertretung seines Chefs dortto do sth \for sb etw für jdn tunto do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun▪ to do sth \for sb/sth etw für jdn/etw tunthey had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch zusätzliche Arbeiten für ihren Chef erledigenI have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machenshe is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin an der Fernuniversitätto work \for sb/sth bei jdm/etw [o für jdn/etw] arbeitenwhat's that \for? wofür ist das?that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost entfernenthat's not \for eating das ist nicht zum Essena course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger\for your information zu Ihrer Information\for the record der Ordnung halberthe spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, der Präsident sei bei guter Gesundheitfor rent/sale zu vermieten/verkaufenbikes \for rent Räder zu vermietento be not \for sale unverkäuflich seinto wait \for sb/sth auf jdn/etw wartento wait \for sb to do sth darauf warten, dass jd etw tut▪ to do sth \for sth/sb etw für etw/jdn tunwhat did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?what do you use these enormous scissors \for? wozu brauchst du diese riesige Schere?he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herzyou need to move closer \for me to hear you du musst ein bisschen näher herkommen, damit ich dich hören kannI don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein FleischI could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner VerspätungBob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain nach seinen drei Wochen Spanien sah Bob viel besser aushow are you? — fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? — gut, und jetzt wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch viel besser!if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ( form) ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier\for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw datto be arrested \for murder wegen Mordes verhaftet werdento be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt seinto love sb \for sth jdn für etw akk liebenshe loves him just \for being himself sie liebt ihn einfach dafür, dass er so ist, wie er istthis train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birminghamhe made \for home in a hurry er eilte schnell nach Hausejust follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadtto go \for sb [with one's fists] [mit den Fäusten] auf jdn losgehento run \for sb/sth zu jdm/etw laufenI had to run \for the bus ich musste laufen, um den Bus noch zu kriegen13. (meaning)to be \for sth für etw akk stehenA is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehenwhat does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚Vegetarier‘ auf Spanisch?she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahltthat's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?a cheque \for £100 eine Scheck über 100 Pfundnot \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der WeltI wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehento do sth \for nothing etw umsonst machento buy/sell sth \for 100 euro/a lot of money etw für 100 Euro/viel Geld kaufen/verkaufenyou can buy a bestseller \for about £6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Pfundto trade sth \for sth etw gegen etw akk [ein]tauschenI'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafenhe was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnismy father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren\for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen\for a bit/while ein bisschen/eine Weileplay here \for a while! spiel doch mal ein bisschen hier!I'm just going out \for a while ich gehe mal kurz raus fam\for eternity/ever bis in alle Ewigkeitthis pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewig\for the moment im Augenblick\for a time eine Zeit lang\for a long time seit LangemI hadn't seen him \for such a long time that I didn't recognize him ich hatte ihn schon so lange nicht mehr gesehen, dass ich ihn nicht erkannte\for some time seit Längerem\for the time being für den Augenblick, vorübergehend16. (a distance of)\for a kilometre/mile einen Kilometer/eine Meilehe always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstückhe booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhrthey set their wedding date \for September 15 sie setzten ihre Hochzeit für den 15. September festI need some money \for tonight ich brauche etwas Geld für heute Abendwhat did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?he arrived at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 er kam um acht zu dem für halb neun verabredeten Abendessento invite sb \for dinner/lunch jdn zum Abendessen/Mittagessen einladen\for the first time zum ersten Mal\for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal\for the first/second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf, ungeachtet +gen geh\for all that trotz alledem\for all his effort, the experiment was a failure das Experiment war trotz all seiner Anstrengungen ein Fehlschlagthere is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school in unserer Schule kommt auf 25 Schüler ein Lehrer\for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life mit jeder Zigarette, die du rauchst, verkürzt sich dein Leben um einen Tagto repeat sth word \for word etw Wort für Wort wiederholen20. (the duty of)▪ to [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache sein, etw zu tunit's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hatthe decision is not \for him to make die Entscheidung liegt nicht bei ihmshe thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie hielt es für gelogen, sagte aber nichtsI \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem Gezänk22.I've got homework \for Africa ich habe noch jede Menge Hausaufgaben famyou're in \for it! jetzt bist du dran! fam▶ \for crying out loud um Himmels willen▶ an eye \for an eye Auge um Auge▶ that's Jane/Mark/etc. \for you so ist Jane/Mark/etc. eben!, das sieht Jane/Mark/etc. mal wieder ähnlich!, das ist wieder mal typisch für Jane/Mark/etc.!that's children \for you! so sind Kinder eben!there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! famthere's manners \for you! das sind [mir] ja schöne Manieren! iron fam* * *I [fɔː(r)]1. prepclothes for children — Kleidung f für Kinder, Kinderkleidung f
what for? — wofür?, wozu?
what is this knife for? — wozu dient dieses Messer?
what did you do that for? —
a room for working in/sewing — ein Zimmer zum Arbeiten/Nähen
a bag for carrying books (in) — eine Tasche, um Bücher zu tragen
fit for nothing —
ready for anything —
this will do for a hammer — das kann man als Hammer nehmen
to leave for the USA — in die USA or nach Amerika abreisen
he swam for the shore — er schwamm auf die Küste zu, er schwamm in Richtung Küste
2)it's not for you to ask questions — Sie haben kein Recht, Fragen zu stellenit's not for me to say — es steht mir nicht zu, mich dazu zu äußern
3)(= representing, instead of)
I'll speak to her for you if you like —I need someone to make up my mind for me — ich brauche jemanden, der die Entscheidung für mich trifft
agent for Renault — Vertreter(in) m(f) für Renault
she works for a bank (in the bank) — sie arbeitet bei or in einer Bank; (outside the bank) sie arbeitet für eine Bank
4) (= in defence, in favour of) fürI'm all for it — ich bin ganz or sehr dafür
I'm all for helping him —
5)(= with regard to)
anxious for sb — um jdn besorgtas for him/that — was ihn/das betrifft
warm/cold for the time of year — warm/kalt für die Jahreszeit
it's all right or all very well for you (to talk) — Sie haben gut reden
6) (= because of) aushe did it for fear of being left — er tat es aus Angst, zurückgelassen zu werden
he is famous for his jokes/his big nose — er ist für seine Witze bekannt/wegen seiner großen Nase berühmt
to go to prison for theft — wegen Diebstahls ins Gefängnis wandern
do it for me — tu es für mich
7) (= in spite of) trotz (+gen or (inf) +dat)for all that, you should have warned me — Sie hätten mich trotz allem warnen sollen
8) (= in exchange) fürto pay four euros for a ticket — vier Euro für eine Fahrkarte zahlen
he'll do it for ten pounds —
9)(= in contrast)
for every job that is created, two are lost — für jede Stelle, die neu geschaffen wird, gehen zwei verloren10) (in time) seit; (with future tense) fürI had/have known her for years — ich kannte/kenne sie schon seit Jahren
then I did not see her for two years — dann habe ich sie zwei Jahre lang nicht gesehen
he won't be back for a week — er wird erst in einer Woche zurück sein
can you get it done for Monday/this time next week? — können Sie es bis or für Montag/bis in einer Woche fertig haben?
for a while/time — (für) eine Weile/einige Zeit
11)the road is lined with trees for two miles — die Straße ist auf or über zwei Meilen mit Bäumen gesäumt12)to pray for peace — für den or um Frieden betenSee:→ vbs13) (after n: indicating liking, aptitude etc) fürhis knack for saying the wrong thing — sein Talent, das Falsche zu sagen
14)for this to be possible — damit dies möglich wirdit's easy for him to do it — für ihn ist es leicht, das zu tun, er kann das leicht tun
I brought it for you to see — ich habe es mitgebracht, damit Sie es sich (dat) ansehen können
the best thing would be for you to leave — das Beste wäre, wenn Sie weggingen
their one hope is for him to return — ihre einzige Hoffnung ist, dass er zurückkommt
15)to do sth for oneself — etw alleine tun2. conjdenn3. adj pred(= in favour) dafürII abbr frei Bahn17 were for, 13 against — 17 waren dafür, 13 dagegen
* * *A präp1. allg für:it was very awkward for her es war sehr peinlich für sie, es war ihr sehr unangenehm;she brought a letter for me to sign sie brachte mir einen Brief zur Unterschrift2. für, zugunsten von:a gift for him ein Geschenk für ihn;this letter is for me dieser Brief ist an mich;3. für, (mit der Absicht) zu, um (… willen):apply for the post sich um die Stellung bewerben;die for a cause für eine Sache sterben;come for dinner zum Essen kommen4. (Wunsch, Ziel) nach, auf (akk):a claim for sth ein Anspruch auf eine Sache;the desire for sth der Wunsch oder das Verlangen nach etwas;call for sb nach jemandem rufen;wait for sth auf etwas warten;oh, for a car! ach, hätte ich doch nur ein Auto!5. a) (passend oder geeignet) fürtools for cutting Werkzeuge zum Schneiden, Schneidewerkzeuge;the right man for the job der richtige Mann für diesen Posten6. (Mittel) gegen:treat sb for cancer jemanden gegen oder auf Krebs behandeln;there is nothing for it but to give in es bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig, als nachzugeben7. (als Belohnung) für:8. (als Entgelt) für, gegen, um:I sold it for £10 ich verkaufte es für 10 Pfund9. (im Tausch) für, gegen:10. (Betrag, Menge) über (akk):a postal order for £2for this reason aus diesem Grund;die for grief aus oder vor Gram sterben;weep for joy aus oder vor Freude weinen;I can’t see for the fog ich kann nichts sehen wegen des Nebels oder vor lauter Nebel;she couldn’t speak for laughing sie konnte vor (lauter) Lachen nicht sprechen12. (als Strafe etc) für, wegen:13. dank, wegen:were it not for his energy wenn er nicht so energisch wäre, dank seiner Energie;if it wasn’t for him wenn er nicht wäre, ohne ihn; he would never have done it, if it hadn’t been for me talking him into it wenn ich ihn nicht dazu überredet hätte14. für, in Anbetracht (gen), im Hinblick auf (akk), im Verhältnis zu:he is tall for his age er ist groß für sein Alter;it is rather cold for July es ist ziemlich kalt für Juli;for a foreigner he speaks English fairly well für einen Ausländer spricht er recht gut Englischan eye for beauty Sinn für das Schönefor a week eine Woche (lang);come for a week komme auf oder für eine Woche;for hours stundenlang;for a long time past schon seit Langem;not for a long time noch lange nicht;the first picture for two months der erste Film in oder seit zwei Monaten;for months ahead auf Monate (hinaus)17. (Strecke) weit, lang:run for a mile eine Meile (weit) laufen18. nach, auf (akk), in Richtung auf (akk):the train for London der Zug nach London;the passengers for Rome die nach Rom reisenden Passagiere;start for Paris nach Paris abreisen;19. für, anstelle von (oder gen), (an)statt:act for sb in jemandes Auftrag handeln21. für, als:books for presents Bücher als Geschenk;they were sold for slaves sie wurden als Sklaven verkauft;take that for an answer nimm das als Antwort22. trotz (gen oder dat), ungeachtet (gen):for all that trotz alledem;for all his wealth trotz seines ganzen Reichtums, bei allem Reichtum;for all you may say sage, was du willst23. as for was … betrifft:as for that matter was das betrifft;for all I know soviel ich weiß;for all of me meinetwegen, von mir aus24. nach adj und vor inf:it is too heavy for me to lift es ist so schwer, dass ich es nicht heben kann;it is impossible for me to come es ist mir unmöglich zu kommen, ich kann unmöglich kommen;it seemed useless for me to continue es erschien mir sinnlos, noch weiterzumachen25. mit s oder pron und inf:it is time for you to go home es ist Zeit, dass du heimgehst; es ist Zeit für dich heimzugehen;it is for you to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei Ihnen;a) es ist nicht deine Sache zu inf,b) es steht dir nicht zu inf;he called for the girl to bring him some tea er rief nach dem Mädchen und bat es, ihm Tee zu bringen;don’t wait for him to turn up yet wartet nicht darauf, dass er noch auftaucht;there is no need for anyone to know es braucht niemand zu wissen26. (ethischer Dativ):that’s a wine for you das ist vielleicht ein Weinchen, das nenne ich einen Wein27. US nach:B konj denn, weil, nämlich* * *1. preposition1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle vonwhat is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?
2) (in defence, support, or favour of) fürbe for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun
it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt
3) (to the benefit of) für4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zuthey invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen
what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?
be saving up for something — auf etwas (Akk.) sparen
5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu6) (to obtain, win, save)take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen
run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.
7) (to reach) nachset out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen
8) (to be received by) für9) (as regards)be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein
have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben
enough... for — genug... für
too... for — zu... für
there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun
cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund
11) (to affect, as if affecting) fürthings don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus
it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut
it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen
12) (as being) fürI/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil
13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegenfamous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas
jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien
were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage
15) (in spite of)for all... — trotz...
for all that,... — trotzdem...
16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)
but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...
for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...
for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...
19) (during) seitwe've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen
we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang
sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen
walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen
21)2. conjunctionbe for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)
(since, as proof) denn* * *conj.als konj.denn konj.für konj.nach konj.zu konj. -
23 de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 27 July 1882 High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, Englandd. 21 May 1965 Stanmore, Middlesex, England[br]English designer of some eighty aircraft from 1909 onwards.[br]Geoffrey de Havilland started experimenting with aircraft and engines of his own design in 1908. In the following year, with the help of his friend Frank Hearle, he built and flew his first aircraft; it crashed on its first flight. The second aircraft used the same engine and made its first flight on 10 September 1910, and enabled de Havilland to teach himself to fly. From 1910 to 1914 he was employed at Farnborough, where in 1912 the Royal Aircraft Factory was established. As Chief Designer and Chief Test Pilot he was responsible for the BE 2, which was the first British military aircraft to land in France in 1914.In May 1914 de Havilland went to work for George Holt Thomas, whose Aircraft Manufacturing Company Ltd (Airco) of Hendon was expanding to design and build aircraft of its own design. However, because de Havilland was a member of the Royal Flying Corps Reserve, he had to report for duty when war broke out in August. His value as a designer was recognized and he was transferred back to Airco, where he designed eight aircraft in four years. Of these, the DH 2, DH 4, DH 5, DH 6 and DH 9 were produced in large numbers, and a modified DH 4A operated the first British cross- Channel air service in 1919.On 25 September 1920 de Havilland founded his own company, the De Havilland Aircraft Company Ltd, at Stag Lane near Edgware, London. During the 1920s and 1930s de Havilland concentrated on civil aircraft and produced the very successful Moth series of small biplanes and monoplanes, as well as the Dragon, Dragon Rapide, Albatross and Flamingo airliners. In 1930 a new site was acquired at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, and by 1934 a modern factory with a large airfield had been established. His Comet racer won the England-Australia air race in 1934 using de Havilland engines. By this time the company had established very successful engine and propeller divisions. The Comet used a wooden stressed-skin construction which de Havilland developed and used for one of the outstanding aircraft of the Second World War: the Mosquito. The de Havilland Engine Company started work on jet engines in 1941 and their Goblin engine powered the Vampire jet fighter first flown by Geoffrey de Havilland Jr in 1943. Unfortunately, Geoffrey Jr and his brother John were both killed in flying accidents. The Comet jet airliner first flew in 1949 and the Trident in 1962, although by 1959 the De Havilland Company had been absorbed into Hawker Siddeley Aviation.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Bachelor 1944. Order of Merit 1962. CBE 1934. Air Force Cross 1919. (A full list is contained in R.M.Clarkson's paper (see below)).Bibliography1961, Sky Fever, London; repub. 1979, Shrewsbury (autobiography).Further ReadingR.M.Clarkson, 1967, "Geoffrey de Havilland 1882–1965", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (February) (a concise account of de Havilland, his achievements and honours).C.M.Sharp, 1960, D.H.—An Outline of de Havilland History, London (mostly a history of the company).A.J.Jackson, 1962, De Havilland Aircraft since 1915, London.JDSBiographical history of technology > de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey
-
24 Talbot, William Henry Fox
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 11 February 1800 Melbury, Englandd. 17 September 1877 Lacock, Wiltshire, England[br]English scientist, inventor of negative—positive photography and practicable photo engraving.[br]Educated at Harrow, where he first showed an interest in science, and at Cambridge, Talbot was an outstanding scholar and a formidable mathematician. He published over fifty scientific papers and took out twelve English patents. His interests outside the field of science were also wide and included Assyriology, etymology and the classics. He was briefly a Member of Parliament, but did not pursue a parliamentary career.Talbot's invention of photography arose out of his frustrating attempts to produce acceptable pencil sketches using popular artist's aids, the camera discura and camera lucida. From his experiments with the former he conceived the idea of placing on the screen a paper coated with silver salts so that the image would be captured chemically. During the spring of 1834 he made outline images of subjects such as leaves and flowers by placing them on sheets of sensitized paper and exposing them to sunlight. No camera was involved and the first images produced using an optical system were made with a solar microscope. It was only when he had devised a more sensitive paper that Talbot was able to make camera pictures; the earliest surviving camera negative dates from August 1835. From the beginning, Talbot noticed that the lights and shades of his images were reversed. During 1834 or 1835 he discovered that by placing this reversed image on another sheet of sensitized paper and again exposing it to sunlight, a picture was produced with lights and shades in the correct disposition. Talbot had discovered the basis of modern photography, the photographic negative, from which could be produced an unlimited number of positives. He did little further work until the announcement of Daguerre's process in 1839 prompted him to publish an account of his negative-positive process. Aware that his photogenic drawing process had many imperfections, Talbot plunged into further experiments and in September 1840, using a mixture incorporating a solution of gallic acid, discovered an invisible latent image that could be made visible by development. This improved calotype process dramatically shortened exposure times and allowed Talbot to take portraits. In 1841 he patented the process, an exercise that was later to cause controversy, and between 1844 and 1846 produced The Pencil of Nature, the world's first commercial photographically illustrated book.Concerned that some of his photographs were prone to fading, Talbot later began experiments to combine photography with printing and engraving. Using bichromated gelatine, he devised the first practicable method of photo engraving, which was patented as Photoglyphic engraving in October 1852. He later went on to use screens of gauze, muslin and finely powdered gum to break up the image into lines and dots, thus anticipating modern photomechanical processes.Talbot was described by contemporaries as the "Father of Photography" primarily in recognition of his discovery of the negative-positive process, but he also produced the first photomicrographs, took the first high-speed photographs with the aid of a spark from a Leyden jar, and is credited with proposing infra-red photography. He was a shy man and his misguided attempts to enforce his calotype patent made him many enemies. It was perhaps for this reason that he never received the formal recognition from the British nation that his family felt he deserved.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS March 1831. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1842. Grand Médaille d'Honneur, L'Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1855. Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Edinburgh University, 1863.Bibliography1839, "Some account of the art of photographic drawing", Royal Society Proceedings 4:120–1; Phil. Mag., XIV, 1839, pp. 19–21.8 February 1841, British patent no. 8842 (calotype process).1844–6, The Pencil of Nature, 6 parts, London (Talbot'a account of his invention can be found in the introduction; there is a facsimile edn, with an intro. by Beamont Newhall, New York, 1968.Further ReadingH.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London.D.B.Thomas, 1964, The First Negatives, London (a lucid concise account of Talbot's photograph work).J.Ward and S.Stevenson, 1986, Printed Light, Edinburgh (an essay on Talbot's invention and its reception).H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1977, The History of Photography, London (a wider picture of Talbot, based primarily on secondary sources).JWBiographical history of technology > Talbot, William Henry Fox
-
25 convocatoria
adj.&f.feminine of CONVOCATORIO.f.1 notice (anuncio, escrito).convocatoria de huelga strike (action)llamar a convocatoria to summon2 citation, appointment, calling together, convocation.3 examination session.4 notice of meeting, call-up.* * *1 (citación) convocation, summons sing, call to a meeting2 EDUCACIÓN examination* * *SF1) (=anuncio) [de concurso, oposiciones] official announcementse ha anunciado la convocatoria del congreso socialista — the socialist congress has been called o convened
han anunciado la convocatoria de elecciones generales — they have announced the date for the general election
convocatoria (pública) de plazas docentes — public notice o announcement of selection for teaching places
en la última convocatoria el premio fue declarado desierto — in the last competition the prize was not awarded
2) (=ronda)en primera convocatoria, el candidato precisa el 51% de los votos — in the first round the candidate needs 51% of the votes
* * *a) ( llamamiento)b) ( anuncio - para una reunión) notification; (- de exámenes, concursos) official announcementc) (Esp) (Educ) ( período de exámenes)* * *= calling, convocation.Ex. This was initiated formally by the calling of the first meeting of the Network Advisory Committee in 1976.Ex. The 2nd phase of the project proposes a 5-state convocation that will bring together preservation specialists and librarians, archivists, and museum professionals.----* convocatoria de oferta de servicios = invitation to tender (ITT).* convocatoria de presentación de candidaturas = call for papers, call for nominations.* convocatoria de presentación de comunicaciones = call for papers.* convocatoria de presentación de proyectos = project plan, call for proposals.* convocatoria de presentación de solicitudes = call for expressions of interest.* convocatoria de reunión = convening notice.* convocatoria pública = tender, tender procedure, tendering, bid, tendering procedure, tendering process.* sacar a convocatoria pública = tender for, tender out, bid.* una convocatoria de = a call for.* * *a) ( llamamiento)b) ( anuncio - para una reunión) notification; (- de exámenes, concursos) official announcementc) (Esp) (Educ) ( período de exámenes)* * *= calling, convocation.Ex: This was initiated formally by the calling of the first meeting of the Network Advisory Committee in 1976.
Ex: The 2nd phase of the project proposes a 5-state convocation that will bring together preservation specialists and librarians, archivists, and museum professionals.* convocatoria de oferta de servicios = invitation to tender (ITT).* convocatoria de presentación de candidaturas = call for papers, call for nominations.* convocatoria de presentación de comunicaciones = call for papers.* convocatoria de presentación de proyectos = project plan, call for proposals.* convocatoria de presentación de solicitudes = call for expressions of interest.* convocatoria de reunión = convening notice.* convocatoria pública = tender, tender procedure, tendering, bid, tendering procedure, tendering process.* sacar a convocatoria pública = tender for, tender out, bid.* una convocatoria de = a call for.* * *1(llamamiento): la convocatoria a huelga or a la huelga fracasó the strike call failedhubo una convocatoria para una asamblea a meeting was called o ( frml) convened2 (anuncio — para una reunión) notification; (— de exámenes, concursos) official announcementrecibió una convocatoria para la asamblea she received notification of the meeting, she was notified of the meeting3 ( Educ)(período de exámenes): aprobó cinco asignaturas en la convocatoria de junio she passed five subjects in the June exams* * *
convocatoria sustantivo femenino
(— de exámenes, concursos) official announcementc) (Esp) (Educ) ( período de exámenes):
convocatoria sustantivo femenino
1 Educ examination session
2 (de una oposición, reunión, etc) notification, announcement
(de una huelga) call
' convocatoria' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelantar
English:
convocation
* * *convocatoria nf1. [anuncio, escrito] notice;la convocatoria de un concurso the announcement of a competition;llamar a convocatoria to summonhacer una convocatoria de huelga to call a strike;han anunciado la convocatoria de elecciones they've called an election;el partido ganador en la convocatoria electoral the party which won the election;no hubo novedades en la convocatoria de la selección nacional there were no surprises when the national squad was announced3. [de examen]la convocatoria de junio/septiembre the June/September exams;tengo el inglés en cuarta convocatoria I have to retake my English exam for the third time4. [de reunión] announcement, notification* * *convocatoria electoral calling of elections* * *convocatoria nf: summons, call -
26 Fermi, Enrico
[br]b. 29 September 1901 Rome, Italyd. 28 November 1954 Chicago, USA[br]Italian nuclear physicist.[br]Fermi was one of the most versatile of twentieth-century physicists, one of the few to excel in both theory and experiment. His greatest theoretical achievements lay in the field of statistics and his theory of beta decay. His statistics, parallel to but independent of Dirac, were the key to the modern theory of metals and the statistical modds of the atomic nucleus. On the experimental side, his most notable discoveries were artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment and the realization of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, in the world's first nuclear reactor.Fermi received a conventional education with a chemical bias, but reached proficiency in mathematics and physics largely through his own reading. He studied at Pisa University, where he taught himself modern physics and then travelled to extend his knowledge, spending time with Max Born at Göttingen. On his return to Italy, he secured posts in Florence and, in 1927, in Rome, where he obtained the first Italian Chair in Theoretical Physics, a subject in which Italy had so far lagged behind. He helped to bring about a rebirth of physics in Italy and devoted himself to the application of statistics to his model of the atom. For this work, Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, but in December of that year, finding the Fascist regime uncongenial, he transferred to the USA and Columbia University. The news that nuclear fission had been achieved broke shortly before the Second World War erupted and it stimulated Fermi to consider this a way of generating secondary nuclear emission and the initiation of chain reactions. His experiments in this direction led first to the discovery of slow neutrons.Fermi's work assumed a more practical aspect when he was invited to join the Manhattan Project for the construction of the first atomic bomb. His small-scale work at Columbia became large-scale at Chicago University. This culminated on 2 December 1942 when the first controlled nuclear reaction took place at Stagg Field, Chicago, an historic event indeed. Later, Fermi spent most of the period from September 1944 to early 1945 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, taking part in the preparations for the first test explosion of the atomic bomb on 16 July 1945. President Truman invited Fermi to serve on his Committee to advise him on the use of the bomb. Then Chicago University established an Institute for Nuclear Studies and offered Fermi a professorship, which he took up early in 1946, spending the rest of his relatively short life there.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1938.Bibliography1962–5, Collected Papers, ed. E.Segrè et al., 2 vols, Chicago (includes a biographical introduction and bibliography).Further ReadingL.Fermi, 1954, Atoms in the Family, Chicago (a personal account by his wife).E.Segrè, 1970, Enrico Fermi, Physicist, Chicago (deals with the more scientific aspects of his life).LRD -
27 MacCready, Paul
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 29 September 1925 New Haven, Connecticut, USA[br]American designer of man-powered aeroplanes, one of which flew across the English Channel in 1979.[br]As a boy, Paul MacCready was an enthusiastic builder of flying model aeroplanes; he became US National Junior Champion in 1941. He learned to fly and became a pilot with the US Navy in 1943. he developed an interest in gliding in 1945 and became National Soaring Champion in 1948 and 1949. After graduating from the California Institute of Technology (Cal Tech) as a meteorologist, he set up Meteorological Research Inc. In 1953 MacCready became the first American to win the World Gliding Championship. When hang-gliders became popular in the early 1970s MacCready studied their performance and compared them with soaring birds: he came to the conclusion that man-powered flight was a possibility. In an effort to generate an interest in man-powered flight, a cash prize had been offered in Britain by Henry Kremer, a wealthy industrialist and fitness enthusiast. A man-powered aircraft had to complete a one-mile (1.6km) figure-of-eight course in order to win. However, the figure-of-eight proved to be a major obstacle and the prize money was increased over the years to £50,000. In 1976 MacCready and his friend Dr Peter Lissaman set to work on their computer and came up with their optimum design for a man-powered aircraft. The Gossamer Condor had a wing span of 96 ft (27.4 m), about the same as a Douglas DC-9 airliner, yet it weighed just 70 lb (32 kg). It was a tail-first design with a pedaldriven pusher propeller just behind the pilot. Bryan Allen, a biologist, pilot and racing cyclist, joined the team to provide the muscle-power. After over two hundred flights they were ready to make an attempt on the prize, and on 23 August 1977 they succeeded where many had failed, in 7 minutes. Kremer then offered £100,000 for the first manpowered flight across the English Channel. Many thought this would be impossible, but MacCready and his team set about the task of designing a new machine based on their Condor, which they called the Gossamer Albatross. Bryan Allen also had a major task: getting fit for a flight which might take three hours of pedalling. The weather was more of a problem than in California, and after a long delay the Gossamer Albatross took off, on 12 June 1979. After pedalling for 2 hours 49 minutes, Bryan Allen landed in France: it was seventy years since Blériot's flight, although Blériot was much quicker.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsWorld Gliding Champion 1953.Bibliography1979, "The Channel crossing and the future", Man Powered Aircraft Symposium, London: Royal Aeronautical Society.Further ReadingM.Grosser, 1981, Gossamer Odyssey, London (provides a brief biography and detailed accounts of the two aircraft).M.F.Jerram, 1980, Incredible Flying Machines, London (a short survey of pedal planes).Articles by Ron Moulton on the Gossamer Albatross appeared in Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) London, August/September 1979, and the Aeromodeller, London, September 1979.JDS -
28 первый
прил. first;
chief, main (главный) ;
earliest (самый ранний) ;
front( о странице газеты) ;
former( из упомянутых выше) на первый взгляд, с первого взгляда ≈ at first sight при первой возможности ≈ at one's earliest convenience, as soon as possible первым делом( долгом), в первую очередь ≈ first of all, first thing первый встречный разг. ≈ the first comer, the first one who comes along;
the first man/person первый попавшийся разг. ≈ the first one comes across прибегать к помощи ≈ (кого-л.) to resort to the help (of), to have recourse (to) - из первых рук первый номер первое января половина первого в первом часу с первого раза первый этаж первый с концаперв|ый - прил.
1. first, the first;
~ое (число месяца) the first (day) of the month;
~ое января the first of January, New-Year`s day;
в ~ых числах сентября early in September;
половина ~ого half past twelve;
~ экземпляр векселя фин. first of exchange;
~ая рабочая копия кинофильма answer print;
~ помощник кинооператора first assistant cameraman*;
~ помощник режиссёра first assistant director;
~ оригинал кино master;
2. (при перечислении - первый из двух) the former;
из этих двух методов я предпочитаю ~ of the two methods I prefer the former;
3. (впервые совершённый, произнесённый и т. п.) maiden;
~ая речь maiden speech;
~ полёт maiden flight;
4. (начальный, вступительный) opening;
~ ход opening move;
5. (находящийся впереди) front;
~ ряд first/front row;
быть в ~ых рядах take* the lead;
быть в ~ых рядах движения сторонников мира march in the vanguard of the peace movement;
6. в знач. сущ. с. (блюдо) first course;
что на ~ое? what is the first course? Первое мая the First of May;
~ встречный the first comer;
играть ~ую скрипку тж. перен. play first fiddle;
не ~ой молодости not in one`s first youth;
~ блин комом погов. е practice makes perfect;
последние будут первыми (и первые последними) библ. the last shall be the first (and the first, last) ;
первые впечатления самые сильные first impressions are most lasting;
при ~ой возможности at the first opportunity;
выдвинуть что-л. на ~ план bring* smth. to the fore( ground) ;
из ~ых рук at first hand;
быть ~ым в классе be* at the top of the class/form;
~ая помощь first aid. -
29 vom
Präp. + Art.1. von2. räumlich: from; von etw. weg: off s.th.; etw. vom Tisch nehmen take s.th. off the table; vom Land sein be from the country4. Ursache, Urheber: of; beim Passiv: by; ein Geschenk vom Opa / Peter umg. a present from Grandpa / Peter; das kommt vom vielen Rauchen etc. that’s caused by ( oder the result of) smoking etc. so much; Bau1 4, Fach 2, Teufel 3 etc.* * *vọm [fɔm] contrvom 10. September an — from the 10th September (Brit), from September 10th
das kommt vom Rauchen/Trinken — that comes from smoking/drinking
ich kenne ihn nur vom Sehen — I know him only by sight
vom Kochen hat er keine Ahnung — he has no idea about cooking
* * *[fɔm]* * *Präposition + Art1)= von dem —
2) (räumlich, zeitlich) from thelinks/rechts vom Eingang — to the left/right of the entrance
vom ersten Januar an — [as] from the first of January
das kommt vom Rauchen/Alkohol — that comes from smoking/drinking alcohol
* * *vom präp & artetwas vom Tisch nehmen take sth off the table;vom Land sein be from the country3. zeitlich: from;vom Morgen bis zum Abend from morning until nightein Geschenk vom Opa/Peter umg a present from Grandpa/Peter;das kommt vom vielen Rauchen etc that’s caused by ( oder the result of) smoking etc so much; → Bau1 4, Fach 2, Teufel 3 etc* * *Präposition + Art1)= von dem —
2) (räumlich, zeitlich) from thelinks/rechts vom Eingang — to the left/right of the entrance
vom ersten Januar an — [as] from the first of January
das kommt vom Rauchen/Alkohol — that comes from smoking/drinking alcohol
-
30 Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. August 1860 Brittany, Franced. 28 September 1935 Twickenham, England[br]Scottish inventor and photographer.[br]Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.[br]Further ReadingGordon Hendricks, 1961, The Edison Motion Picture Myth.—1966, The Kinetoscope.—1964, The Beginnings of the Biograph.BCBiographical history of technology > Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie
-
31 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel
[br]b. 19 June 1876 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 5 April 1941 Hertford, England[br]English mechanical engineer, designer of the A4-class 4–6–2 locomotive holding the world speed record for steam traction.[br]Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1936. President, Institution of Locomotive Engineers 1927 and 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936.Further ReadingF.A.S.Brown, 1961, Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer, Ian Allan (full-length biography).John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, Gresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute (a good comparative account).See also: Bulleid, Oliver Vaughan SnellPJGRBiographical history of technology > Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel
-
32 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR -
33 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
34 Stephenson, George
[br]b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England[br]English engineer, "the father of railways".[br]George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.Bibliography1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).PJGR -
35 flipar
1 argot (gustar mucho) to drive wild1 (asombrarse) to be amazed, be stunned■ era increíble, yo flipaba con lo que decía it was incredible, I couldn't believe what he was saying2 (pasárselo bomba) to freak out■ la música era una caña, la gente flipaba the music was brilliant, everyone was freaking out1 argot (drogarse) to get high* * *1.verbo intransitivo (Esp fam)2.flipo contigo, no hay quien te entienda — I can't believe you sometimes, you're impossible to understand
fliparse v prona) (Esp fam) ( entusiasmarse)b) (Esp arg) ( drogarse) to get high (colloq)* * *= go + nuts, be amazed at, be amazed by, astound, be astonished, be impressed, be flabbergasted, freak out, flip out, be speechless, be gobsmacked.Ex. When she discovered vintage comics and their lurid covers, she went nuts.Ex. Delegates were amazed at the amount of research conducted.Ex. Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.Ex. For a decade or so, Liszt thrilled and astounded audiences at a time when virtuosity was the norm.Ex. He was astonished 'to see a great reading-room filled in the evening by readers all with their hats on'.Ex. The interview went smoothly; the committee was impressed by her knowledge of the current library scene, her enthusiasm, and her engaging personality.Ex. They say they are flabbergasted and astounded by the decision to turn down their application.Ex. A boy on trial in the shooting death of his principal told investigators that he 'just freaked out' and pulled the trigger three times.Ex. And this is coming from someone who had to be restrained in school after flipping out and kicking a bubbler.Ex. Arriving at the Bouchaine Winery in early September, I was speechless as I glanced over the breathtaking views of the famous wine country for the first time.Ex. Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.* * *1.verbo intransitivo (Esp fam)2.flipo contigo, no hay quien te entienda — I can't believe you sometimes, you're impossible to understand
fliparse v prona) (Esp fam) ( entusiasmarse)b) (Esp arg) ( drogarse) to get high (colloq)* * *= go + nuts, be amazed at, be amazed by, astound, be astonished, be impressed, be flabbergasted, freak out, flip out, be speechless, be gobsmacked.Ex: When she discovered vintage comics and their lurid covers, she went nuts.
Ex: Delegates were amazed at the amount of research conducted.Ex: Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.Ex: For a decade or so, Liszt thrilled and astounded audiences at a time when virtuosity was the norm.Ex: He was astonished 'to see a great reading-room filled in the evening by readers all with their hats on'.Ex: The interview went smoothly; the committee was impressed by her knowledge of the current library scene, her enthusiasm, and her engaging personality.Ex: They say they are flabbergasted and astounded by the decision to turn down their application.Ex: A boy on trial in the shooting death of his principal told investigators that he 'just freaked out' and pulled the trigger three times.Ex: And this is coming from someone who had to be restrained in school after flipping out and kicking a bubbler.Ex: Arriving at the Bouchaine Winery in early September, I was speechless as I glanced over the breathtaking views of the famous wine country for the first time.Ex: Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.* * *flipar [A1 ]vi( Esp fam): el helado de limón me flipa cantidad I'm crazy about o ( BrE) mad on lemon ice cream ( colloq)■ fliparse1( Esp fam) (entusiasmarse): se flipa por el cine de aventuras she's crazy about o ( BrE) mad on adventure movies ( colloq)* * *
flipar vtr fam
1 to be mad/crazy/wild about, to love: le flipan los coches antiguos, he's crazy about antique cars
2 (drogarse) to get high on drugs: está flipado todo el día, he's high on drugs all day
' flipar' also found in these entries:
English:
freak out
- freak
* * *♦ vi1. [asombrarse] to be flabbergasted o Br gobsmacked;2. [con una droga] to be stoned o high♦ vt[gustar a]me flipan los videojuegos I'm wild about video games* * *popv/i1:le flipa el cine he’s mad about the movies fam:yo flipé con … … blew my mind fam* * *flipar vb to be crazy about -
36 rentrée
rentrée [ʀɑ̃tʀe]feminine nouna. rentrée (scolaire or des classes) start of the new school year• cette langue sera enseignée à partir de la rentrée 2004 this language will be part of the syllabus as from autumn 2004• les députés font leur rentrée aujourd'hui the deputies are returning today for the start of the new session• on craint une rentrée sociale agitée it is feared that there will be some social unrest this autumnc. [d'acteur, sportif] comebackd. ( = retour) return━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━La rentrée in September each year is not only the time when French children and teachers go back to school; it is also the time when political and social life begins again after the long summer break. The expression la rentrée is thus not restricted to an educational context, but can refer in general to the renewed activity that takes place throughout the country in the autumn.* * *The week at the beginning of September when the new school year starts and around which much of French administrative life revolves. The preceding weeks see intensive advertising of associated merchandise, from books and stationery to clothes and sports equipment. Many stores and supermarkets have a range of special purchases at bargain prices. The concept of the rentrée also extends to literary, political and other activities which are resumed after the period of the grandes vacances in July and August when businesses can close for up to a month. La rentrée littéraire marks the start of the literary year and la rentrée parlementaire signals the reassembly of Parliament after the recess* * *ʀɑ̃tʀe nf1) (rentrée d'argent) cash no pl coming in2) ÉDUCATIONla rentrée; la rentrée des classes — the start of the new school year
3) POLITIQUE4) [artiste, acteur]* * *ⓘ Rentrée The week at the beginning of September when the new school year starts and around which much of French administrative life revolves. The preceding weeks see intensive advertising of associated merchandise, from books and stationery to clothes and sports equipment. Many stores and supermarkets have a range of special purchases at bargain prices. The concept of the rentrée also extends to literary, political and other activities which are resumed after the period of the grandes vacances in July and August when businesses can close for up to a month. La rentrée littéraire marks the start of the literary year and la rentrée parlementaire signals the reassembly of Parliament after the recess.[rɑ̃tre] nom féminin1. ÉDUCATIONrentrée (scolaire ou des classes) start of the (new) academic yeardepuis la rentrée de Noël/Pâques since the spring/summer term began, since the Christmas/Easter breakla rentrée est fixée au 6 septembre school starts again ou schools reopen on September 6tha. [après les vacances] to start the new political season (after the summer)b. [après une absence] to make one's (political) comeback3. [saison artistique]b. [après une absence] for your Paris comeback4. [retour - des vacances d'été] (beginning of the) autumn (UK) ou fall (US) ; [ - de congé ou de week-end] return to workla rentrée a été dure it was hard to get back to work after the summer holidays (UK) ou vacation (US)6. [des foins] bringing ou taking in————————rentrées nom féminin plurielavoir des rentrées (d'argent) régulières to have a regular income ou money coming in regularlyrentrées fiscales tax receipts ou revenueThe time of the year when children go back to school has considerable cultural significance in France; coming after the long summer break or grandes vacances, it is the time when academic, political, social and commercial activity begins again in earnest. -
37 il
art m sg theil signor Conte Mr Conteil martedì on Tuesdays3000 lire il chilo 3000 lire a kilomi piace il caffè I like coffee* * *il1 art.det.m.sing.1 the: il buono e il cattivo, the good and the bad; il principio e la fine, the beginning and the end; il rovescio della medaglia, the other side of the coin; il punto di partenza, the starting point; il Mar Mediterraneo, the Mediterranean Sea; il Canale della Manica, the English Channel; il Capo di Buona Speranza, the Cape of Good Hope; il Po è più lungo del Tevere, the Po is longer than the Tiber; il re di Francia, the king of France; il Principe di Galles, the Prince of Wales; il Primo Ministro britannico, the British Prime Minister; Alfredo il Grande, Alfred the Great; il cielo è sereno, the sky is clear; il sole era già alto sull'orizzonte, the sun was already high above the horizon; il signore in prima fila è il prefetto, the man in the front row is the Prefect; è il primo nell'elenco, he's the first on the list; il film più premiato dell'anno, the most highly acclaimed film of the year; ti rendo il libro che mi hai prestato, I'm giving you back the book you lent me; il ventesimo secolo, the twentieth century; la scuola riprende il 1o di settembre, school starts again on 1st September (letto September the first); il leone è simbolo di forza, the lion is a symbol of strength2 (spesso non si traduce): il signor Rossi, Mr Rossi; il dottor Bianchi, Dr Bianchi; il tenente Brown, Lieutenant Brown; il re Giorgio III, King George III; il Presidente Bush, President Bush; il Giappone, Japan; il Monte Bianco, Mont Blanc; il giorno di Natale, Christmas Day; nel 1989, in 1989; il mese prossimo, scorso, next, last month; il museo resta chiuso il lunedì, the museum is closed on Mondays; il golf è lo sport nazionale degli Scozzesi, golf is the Scottish national sport; il latte è un alimento completo, milk is a meal in itself; il calcio e il magnesio sono elementi chimici, calcium and magnesium are chemical elements; prendiamo il tè alle cinque, we have tea at 5 o'clock; il pranzo è servito, dinner is served; (il) viaggiare arricchisce la mente, travel broadens the mind; adoro il giallo, I love yellow; studia il tedesco e il russo, he studies German and Russian; il consumismo è un tipico aspetto della vita moderna, consumerism is a typical aspect of life today; il mio orologio è fermo, my watch has stopped; il padre di Enrico, Henry's father; il Verga è il massimo esponente del verismo italiano, Verga is the greatest exponent of Italian realism3 (si traduce con un agg. poss.): lui è italiano, il padre e la madre sono tedeschi, he's Italian, but his mother and father are German; devo mettere il vestito nuovo?, shall I wear my new dress?; togliti il soprabito, take your coat off; quanto zucchero metti nel caffè?, how much sugar do you put in your coffee?; non mettere il naso nelle faccende che non ti riguardano, don't poke your nose into other people's business // perdere il lume della ragione, to lose one's reason (o to go off one's mind)4 (si traduce con l'art. indef.) a, an: il serpente è un rettile, a snake is a reptile; il farmacista vende medicinali, a chemist sells medicines; per eseguire questo calcolo occorre il computer, you need a calculator for this sum; ha il naso affilato, he's got a sharp nose; abbiamo una casa col giardino davanti, we have a house with a garden in front; il nonno fumava il sigaro, my grandfather smoked a cigar; da grande vuol fare il calciatore, he wants to be a footballer when he grows up; chiedere il divorzio, to ask for a divorce5 (si traduce con il partitivo) some, any: hai comprato il sale?, have you bought any salt?; devo scendere in cantina a prendere il vino, I must go down to the cellar for some wine; questa pentola non ha il coperchio, this pan hasn't got any lid6 (con valore distr.) a, an: le rose costano dieci euro il mazzo, the roses cost ten euros a bunch; guadagna 1.800 euro al mese, he earns 1,800 euros a month.il2 pron.pers.m. 3a pers.sing.compl.ogg. (ant.) him, it.* * *[il]articolo determinativo maschile singolare (il, lo, la; pl. í, gli, le; in the masculine, il is used before a consonant sound, except before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; lo is used before a vowel sound - in the form l' -, before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; la is used in the feminine, but the form l' is used before a vowel) the spesso omesso* * *il/il/artc.det.m.sing.(il, lo, la; pl. i, gli, le; in the masculine, il is used before a consonant sound, except before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; lo is used before a vowel sound - in the form l' -, before s followed by a consonant, and before gn, pn, ps, x and z; la is used in the feminine, but the form l' is used before a vowel) the spesso omesso.\See also notes... (il.pdf) -
38 for
I bought a new collar \for my dog ich kaufte ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund after adjthere are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staat;this is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dich;to be [up] \for grabs noch zu haben sein;the last piece of cake is up \for grabs - who wants it? ein Stück Kuchen ist noch da - wer möchte es?I voted \for the Greens at the last election bei der letzten Wahl habe ich für die Grünen gestimmt;they voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in dem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen;please donate - it's \for a good cause spenden Sie bitte - es ist für einen guten Zweck;I'm all \for sexual equality, but I still don't want my wife to work ich bin zwar für die Gleichberechtigung, aber ich möchte nicht, dass meine Frau arbeiten geht;applause \for sb Applaus für jdn;to be \for sb/ sth für jdn/etw sein;his followers are still for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immer;to be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wird;are you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?;to be all \for sth ganz für etw akk seinshe felt sorry \for the homeless people die Obdachlosen taten ihr leid;they are responsible \for marketing the product sie tragen die Verantwortung für den Vertrieb des Produkts;that jacket looks a bit big \for you diese Jacke ist wohl etwas zu groß für dich;I can't run with you - you're far too fast \for me! ich kann mit dir nicht laufen - du bist zu schnell für mich!;I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hat;you're not making it easy \for me to tell you the news du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Neuigkeiten zu erzählen;the coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu stark;luckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stelle;the admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogen;he felt nothing but contempt \for her er fühlte nur noch Verachtung für sie;is this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?;she is preparing \for her presentation sie bereitet sich auf ihre Präsentation vor;how are you doing for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?;Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monats;to feel \for sb mit jdm fühlen;I feel \for you but I can't do anything ich fühle mit dir, aber ich kann nichts tunshe asked \for a skateboard for her birthday sie wünschte sich ein Skateboard zum Geburtstag;to hope for good news auf gute Nachrichten hoffen;I've applied \for a job ich habe mich um eine Stelle beworben;quick, send \for a doctor! holen Sie schnell einen Arzt!;the little girl ran \for her mother das kleine Mädchen lief zu ihrer Mutter;I had to run \for the bus ich musste zum Bus laufen;she's looking \for a way to finance the purchase sie sucht nach einer Möglichkeit, den Kauf zu finanzieren;I had to wait \for him for 20 minutes ich musste 20 Minuten auf ihn warten;he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werden;even though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es wegen des Geldes tut, brauchen wir ihn;she's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist;drug addicts have a need \for more and more of their drug of choice Drogensüchtige brauchen immer mehr von ihrer Droge;oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!;oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!;the demand \for money der Bedarf an Geld;to fish \for compliments sich dat gerne Komplimente machen lassen;5) after n, vb (on behalf, for the benefit of) für +akk;he's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspieler;to do sth \for sb etw für jdn tun;these parents aren't speaking \for everyone diese Eltern sprechen nicht für alle;she works \for a charity sie arbeitet für eine soziale Einrichtung;next time you see them, say hi \for me sag ihnen Grüße von mir, wenn du sie wiedersiehst;the messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war dort, um seinen Chef zu vertreten;a course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger;to do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun6) ( as ordered by)to do sth \for sb/ sth etw für jdn/etw tun;they had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch mehr für ihren Chef arbeiten;I have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machenshe is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin bei der Offenen Universität;to work \for sb/ sth bei jdm/etw arbeitenwhat's that \for? wofür ist das?;what did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?;what do you use these enormous scissors \for? was machst du mit dieser riesigen Schere?;I need some money \for tonight ich brauche ein wenig Geld für heute Abend;that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost lösen;the books are not \for sale die Bücher sind nicht verkäuflich;they've invited us round \for dinner on Saturday sie haben uns für Samstag zum Essen eingeladen;he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herz;if you can't sleep, you can take some pills \for that wenn du nicht schlafen kannst, dann nimm doch ein paar Schlaftabletten;she needed to move closer \for me to hear her sie musste näher zu mir rücken, damit ich sie verstehen konnte;take that out of your mouth - that's not \for eating nimmt das aus dem Mund - das ist nicht zum Essen;\for your information zu Ihrer Information;\for the record der Ordnung halber;the spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, dass der Präsident bei guter Gesundheit sei;bikes \for rent Räder zu vermietenshe did fifteen years in prison \for murder sie war wegen Mordes fünfzehn Jahre im Gefängnis;I don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein Fleisch;I could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!;he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner Verspätung;she loved him just \for being himself sie liebte ihn, weil er einfach er selbst war;Bob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain wegen seiner drei Wochen in Spanien sah Bob viel besser aus ( form);if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier;how are you? - fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? - gut, und wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch besser!;I could not see \for the tears in my eyes ich konnte vor Tränen in den Augen gar nicht sehen;\for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw dat;\for lack of sth aus Mangel an etw dat;the reason \for his behaviour der Grund für sein Verhalten;be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt seinthis train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birmingham;he made \for home in a hurry er rannte schnell nach Hause;the man went \for him with his fists der Mann ging mit den Fäusten auf ihn los;just follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadtto be \for sth für etw akk stehen;A is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘;to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehen;what does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?;what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚vegetarian‘ auf Spanisch?she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahlt;I'll trade you this baseball card \for that rubber ball ich gebe dir diese Baseball-Karte für diesen Gummiball;since we're friends, I'll do it \for nothing da wir Freunde sind, mache ich es umsonst;that's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!;how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?she sold the house \for quite a lot of money sie verkaufte das Haus für ziemlich viel Geld;you can buy a bestseller \for about $6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Dollar;they sent a cheque \for $100 sie schickten einen Scheck über 100 Dollar;not \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der Welt;I wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehenthe summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer;she's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr weit entwickelt;warm weather \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ein mildes Wetter;he's quite thoughtful \for a man! für einen Mann ist er sehr zuvorkommend!I'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafen;my father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren;he was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnis;\for the moment it's okay im Augenblick ist alles o.k.;\for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen;\for a time eine Zeitlang;\for a long time seit längerer Zeit;\for such a long time that... schon so lange, dass...;\for some time seit längerem;\for the time being vorübergehend;\for a while eine Zeitlang;play here \for a while! spiele hier mal ein wenig!;\for ever/ eternity bis in alle Ewigkeit;this pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewighe always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstück;she wanted to drive \for at least 100 kilometres sie wollte mindestens 100 Kilometer fahrenhe booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhr;they set their wedding date \for September 15 sie legten ihre Hochzeit auf den 15. September;we'll plan the party \for next Friday wir planen die Party für nächsten Freitag;she finished the report \for next Monday sie machte den Bericht bis zum nächsten Montag fertig;what did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?;\for the first time zum ersten Mal;\for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal;\for the first/ second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf;at... \for... um... zu...;to arrive at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 um 8.00 Uhr zum Abendessen um 8.30 eintreffen\for all that trotz alledem;\for all his effort, the experiment was a failure trotz all seiner Anstrengungen war das Experiment ein Fehlschlag;\for all I know/ care soviel ich weiß;\for all I know, Dubai could be in Africa soweit ich weiß, liegt Dubai in Afrikathere is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school auf 25 Schüler kommt in unserer Schule ein Lehrer;\for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life für jede Zigarette, die du rauchst, wird dein Leben um einen Tag kürzer;she told me word \for word what he said sie erzählte mir Wort für Wort, was sie gesagt hatteto [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache f sein, etw zu tun;it's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hat;the decision is not \for him to make er hat diese Entscheidung nicht zu treffenshe thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie glaubte, das sei eine Lüge, sagte aber nichts;I \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem GezänkPHRASES:I've got homework \for Africa ich habe zu Hause noch jede Menge Arbeit;an eye \for an eye Auge für Auge;a penny \for your thoughts ich gäbe was dafür, wenn ich wüsste, woran Sie gerade denken;\for crying out loud um Himmels willen;to be [in] \for it Schwierigkeiten bekommen;that's/there's sth \for you ('s sth \for you) das sieht etwas ähnlich;there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! -
39 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives[br]b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, Englandd. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England[br]English civil and mechanical engineer.[br]The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
-
40 alucinar
v.1 to hallucinate (medicine).2 to hypnotize, to captivate.3 to daunt, to bewilder, to freak, to freak out.* * *1 (producir sensaciones) to hallucinate2 figurado (cautivar) to fascinate, amaze, astound, flip out, stun1 argot to be amazed, be gobsmacked■ ¡alucinas! you're out of your mind!, you're crazy!* * *1. VT1) (=engañar) to delude, deceive2) Esp* (=fascinar)2. VI1) (=padecer alucinaciones) to hallucinate2) Esp* (=delirar)¡tú alucinas! — you're seeing things!
¡este tío alucina! — this guy must be joking! *
3.See:* * *verbo intransitivo enfermo/drogadicto to hallucinate* * *= hallucinate, blow + Posesivo + mind, freak out, flip out, be flabbergasted, be speechless, be gobsmacked.Ex. As Gately wonders if he is dreaming or hallucinating, a series of words and phrases bombard his consciousness.Ex. This is a book that treats its audience with respect while blowing their mind.Ex. A boy on trial in the shooting death of his principal told investigators that he 'just freaked out' and pulled the trigger three times.Ex. And this is coming from someone who had to be restrained in school after flipping out and kicking a bubbler.Ex. They say they are flabbergasted and astounded by the decision to turn down their application.Ex. Arriving at the Bouchaine Winery in early September, I was speechless as I glanced over the breathtaking views of the famous wine country for the first time.Ex. Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.* * *verbo intransitivo enfermo/drogadicto to hallucinate* * *= hallucinate, blow + Posesivo + mind, freak out, flip out, be flabbergasted, be speechless, be gobsmacked.Ex: As Gately wonders if he is dreaming or hallucinating, a series of words and phrases bombard his consciousness.
Ex: This is a book that treats its audience with respect while blowing their mind.Ex: A boy on trial in the shooting death of his principal told investigators that he 'just freaked out' and pulled the trigger three times.Ex: And this is coming from someone who had to be restrained in school after flipping out and kicking a bubbler.Ex: They say they are flabbergasted and astounded by the decision to turn down their application.Ex: Arriving at the Bouchaine Winery in early September, I was speechless as I glanced over the breathtaking views of the famous wine country for the first time.Ex: Lorene, who cut her spurs fighting for equal pay, said she was `absolutely gobsmacked' at having won the award.* * *alucinar [A1 ]vi1 «enfermo/drogadicto» to hallucinate2■ alucinarvtsi quieres alucinarla, ponte ese sombrero if you really want to freak her out, put that hat on ( colloq)* * *
alucinar ( conjugate alucinar) verbo intransitivo
to hallucinate
alucinar
I verbo transitivo to hallucinate
fig (maravillar) to fascinate
II vi argot to be amazed, be spaced out
' alucinar' also found in these entries:
English:
hallucinate
- freak
* * *♦ vi1. [tener alucinaciones] to hallucinate¡yo alucino! I can't believe it!;yo alucino con tu hermano [con enfado, admiración] that brother of yours is incredible;alucinó con todos los regalos que le hicieron he was bowled over by all the presents they gave him♦ vtFam1. [seducir] to hypnotize, to captivate* * *I v/i hallucinateII v/t famamaze* * *alucinar vi: to hallucinate* * *alucinar vb1. (sorprenderse) to be amazed2. (estar loco por) to be crazy about
Страницы
См. также в других словарях:
The First Sex — is a 1971 book by the American librarian Elizabeth Gould Davis, considered part of the second wave of feminism. In the book, Gould Davis aimed to show that early human society consisted of matriarchal queendoms based around worship of the Great… … Wikipedia
The First Wives Club — Infobox Film name = The First Wives Club imdb id = 0116313 writer = Olivia Goldsmith (novel) Robert Harling Paul Rudnick (screenplay) narrator = Diane Keaton starring = Goldie Hawn Diane Keaton Bette Midler Elizabeth Berkley Stockard Channing… … Wikipedia
The First Cut Is the Deepest — Infobox Song Name =The First Cut Is the Deepest Border = Caption = Type = Artist =Cat Stevens alt Artist =P.P. Arnold, Keith Hampshire, Linda Ronstadt, Rod Stewart, Sheryl Crow, James Morrison Album =New Masters Published =1967 Released =December … Wikipedia
The First Fat Truckers Album Is for Sale — Infobox Album | Name = The First Fat Truckers Album is for Sale Type = Album Artist = Fat Truckers Released = September 15 2003 Recorded = Genre = Electronica Length = 46:59 Label = Roadtrain Recordings Producer = Fat Truckers Reviews = *… … Wikipedia
The First Vision — Infobox music DVD Name = The First Vision Type = DVD Artist = Mariah Carey Released = Mar 20, 1991(VHS) September 12, 2006(DVD) Recorded = 1990 Rating = Genre = Pop, R B Region = Length = 45 minutes Label = Columbia Records Director = Producer =… … Wikipedia
Committee for the First Amendment — The Committee for the First Amendment was an action group formed in September 1947 by actors in support of the Hollywood Ten during the hearings of the House Un American Activities Committee. It was founded by screenwriter Philip Dunne, actress… … Wikipedia
Cornelius the First — was a Canadian black rhinoceros from the Granby Zoo in Granby, Quebec, who was the nominal leader of the federal political party, the Rhinoceros Party of Canada from 1965 to 1993. The party attracted a considerable number of votes in Canadian… … Wikipedia
The Chemical Brothers — performing live. Ed Simons (left) and Tom Rowlands (right) Background information Also known as The 237 Turbo Nutters, The Dust Brothers, Chemical Ed … Wikipedia
The Price Is Right (U.S. game show) — The Price Is Right Format Game show Created by Mark Goodson Bill Todman Directed b … Wikipedia
First English Civil War — The First English Civil War (1642–1646) was the first of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars ). The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and… … Wikipedia
The College of William & Mary — in Virginia Established 1693[1][2] Type … Wikipedia
