Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

to+become+president

  • 101 nachmalig

    Adj. altm. later, subsequent
    * * *
    nach|ma|lig ['naːxmaːlɪç]
    adj (old)

    der náchmalige Präsident — the future president

    der náchmalige Präsident X — President X, as he was to become

    * * *
    nachmalig adj obs later, subsequent

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > nachmalig

  • 102 ahuecar

    v.
    2 to plump up (mullir) (colchón).
    3 to clear off (informal) (irse).
    4 to hollow out, to hollow, to cup.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to hollow out
    2 (esponjar) to fluff up; (tierra) to loosen
    3 (voz) to deepen
    1 (engreírse) to become conceited, give oneself airs
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=excavar) to hollow, hollow out
    2) (Agr) to loosen, soften; (Cos) to fluff out
    3) [+ voz] to deepen
    4)

    ahuecar el ala — to make o.s. scarce

    2.
    VI

    ¡ahueca! — * beat it! *

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <tronco/calabaza> to hollow out; < mano> to cup
    b) < almohadón> to plump up; < pelo> to give volume to
    2) < voz> to deepen
    * * *
    = fluff + Nombre + up, hollow out.
    Ex. From time to time, fluff your comforter up to keep the feathers from clumping together or hang it out on the clothesline for a quick freshen-up.
    Ex. The Irish President said last night that Irish society is being hollowed out by individualism.
    ----
    * ahuecar el ala = scoot, make off, do + a bunk.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <tronco/calabaza> to hollow out; < mano> to cup
    b) < almohadón> to plump up; < pelo> to give volume to
    2) < voz> to deepen
    * * *
    = fluff + Nombre + up, hollow out.

    Ex: From time to time, fluff your comforter up to keep the feathers from clumping together or hang it out on the clothesline for a quick freshen-up.

    Ex: The Irish President said last night that Irish society is being hollowed out by individualism.
    * ahuecar el ala = scoot, make off, do + a bunk.

    * * *
    ahuecar [A2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹tronco/calabaza› to hollow out
    2 ‹mano› to cup
    3 ‹almohadón› to plump up; ‹lana› to fluff up; ‹pelo› to give volume to; ‹tierra› to break up
    B ‹voz› to deepen
    ■ ahuecar
    vi
    ¡ahueca! ( fam); push off! ( colloq), beat it! (sl)
    * * *

    ahuecar ( conjugate ahuecar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹tronco/calabaza› to hollow out;

    ‹ mano› to cup

    ‹ pelo› to give volume to
    ahuecar verbo transitivo
    1 to hollow out
    (el pelo) to give volume to
    2 (un cojín, una almohada) to plump up
    3 (la voz) to deepen
    ' ahuecar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    vaciar
    English:
    cup
    - hollow
    - plump up
    - plump
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [tronco] to hollow out
    2. [manos] to cup
    3. [mullir] [colchón] to plump up;
    [pelo] to give body to; [tierra] to hoe
    4. [voz] to deepen
    5. Comp
    Fam
    ahuecar el ala to clear off
    ♦ vi
    Fam [irse] to clear off
    * * *
    v/t
    1 hollow out
    2 pelo give volume to
    3
    :
    ahuecar la voz deepen one’s voice
    4
    :
    ahuecar el ala fam beat it fam
    * * *
    ahuecar {72} vt
    1) : to hollow out
    2) : to cup (one's hands)
    3) : to plump up, to fluff up

    Spanish-English dictionary > ahuecar

  • 103 cortés

    m.
    Cortes, Hernando Cortez.
    * * *
    1 courteous, polite
    \
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente familiar you can be polite but brave at the same time
    * * *
    adj.
    courteous, polite
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=atento) courteous, polite
    2)
    * * *
    adjetivo polite, courteous
    * * *
    = polite, corteous, courteous, considerate, gracious, urbane, well-mannered, chivalrous, gentlemanlike, civil, friendly-sounding.
    Ex. Events are not named according to what it is polite or ideal to call them, but according to what they are actually called by authorities in the field.
    Ex. Beneath his courteous exterior he hid a sudden spasm of profound agitation.
    Ex. However compassionate, courteous, and unpressed for time one is, it becomes necessary to move on to other duties.
    Ex. Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex. It will be necessary to be gracious when accepting what seem to be peripheral assignments from a company vice president.
    Ex. His urbane manner, formidable erudition, and background experience might have led one to conclude that perhaps he was somewhat out of his element there on the prairie.
    Ex. One should avoid giving less effort to the resolution of a problem presented by a calm, well-mannered individual than to those presented by loud, demanding, and persistent pests.
    Ex. The sketchbook features drawings illustrating the liberal arts (including personifications of the planets), the chivalrous life (including hunting and love), household remedies, mining and smelting, and war technology.
    Ex. Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike: he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners.
    Ex. This situation only really stands out because this place is normally such an oasis of gentlemanly and civil behaviour.
    Ex. The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.
    ----
    * poco cortés = impolite, ungentlemanlike.
    * ser cortés con = be civil towards.
    * * *
    adjetivo polite, courteous
    * * *
    = polite, corteous, courteous, considerate, gracious, urbane, well-mannered, chivalrous, gentlemanlike, civil, friendly-sounding.

    Ex: Events are not named according to what it is polite or ideal to call them, but according to what they are actually called by authorities in the field.

    Ex: Beneath his courteous exterior he hid a sudden spasm of profound agitation.
    Ex: However compassionate, courteous, and unpressed for time one is, it becomes necessary to move on to other duties.
    Ex: Library users fall into 4 groups: (1) patrons, who are considerate, grateful and undemanding; (2) 'pests' -- the in considerate; (3) 'pirates' who steal, deface and mutilate library property and materials; (4) 'vampires' whose enquiries make excessive demands upon the librarian's time.
    Ex: It will be necessary to be gracious when accepting what seem to be peripheral assignments from a company vice president.
    Ex: His urbane manner, formidable erudition, and background experience might have led one to conclude that perhaps he was somewhat out of his element there on the prairie.
    Ex: One should avoid giving less effort to the resolution of a problem presented by a calm, well-mannered individual than to those presented by loud, demanding, and persistent pests.
    Ex: The sketchbook features drawings illustrating the liberal arts (including personifications of the planets), the chivalrous life (including hunting and love), household remedies, mining and smelting, and war technology.
    Ex: Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike: he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners.
    Ex: This situation only really stands out because this place is normally such an oasis of gentlemanly and civil behaviour.
    Ex: The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.
    * poco cortés = impolite, ungentlemanlike.
    * ser cortés con = be civil towards.

    * * *
    polite, courteous
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente: ¿aún la saludas después de lo que te hizo? — sí, lo cortés no quita lo valiente you still say hello to her after what she did to you? — yes, politeness doesn't have to be a sign of weakness o you don't lose anything by being polite
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cortar: ( conjugate cortar)

    cortes es:

    2ª persona singular (tú) presente subjuntivo

    Multiple Entries:
    cortar    
    cortes    
    cortés
    cortar ( conjugate cortar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( dividir) ‹cuerda/pastel› to cut, chop;
    ‹ asado› to carve;
    ‹leña/madera› to chop;
    ‹ baraja› to cut;
    ◊ cortés algo por la mitad to cut sth in half o in two;

    cortés algo en rodajas/en cuadritos to slice/dice sth;
    cortés algo en trozos to cut sth into pieces
    2 (quitar, separar) ‹rama/punta/pierna› to cut off;
    ‹ árbol› to cut down, chop down;
    ‹ flores› (CS) to pick;

    3 ( hacer más corto) ‹pelo/uñas› to cut;
    ‹césped/pasto› to mow;
    ‹ seto› to cut;
    ‹ rosal› to cut back;
    ‹ texto› to cut down
    4 ( en costura) ‹falda/vestido› to cut out
    5 ( interrumpir)
    a) ‹agua/gas/luz/teléfono› to cut off;

    ‹película/programa› to interrupt
    b) ‹ calle› [policía/obreros] to close, block off;

    [ manifestantes] to block;

    6 (censurar, editar) ‹ película› to cut;
    ‹escena/diálogo› to cut (out)
    7 [ frío]:
    ◊ el frío me cortó los labios my lips were chapped o cracked from the cold weather

    verbo intransitivo
    1 [cuchillo/tijeras] to cut
    2
    a) (Cin):

    ◊ ¡corten! cut!




    cortarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( interrumpirse) [proyección/película] to stop;
    [llamada/gas] to get cut off;

    se me cortó la respiración I could hardly breathe
    2

    ‹brazo/cara› to cut;

    b) ( refl) ‹uñas/pelo› to cut;


    c) ( caus) ‹ pelo› to have … cut;


    d) [piel/labios] to crack, become chapped

    3 ( cruzarse) [líneas/calles] to cross
    4 [ leche] to curdle;
    [mayonesa/salsa] to separate
    5 (Chi, Esp) [ persona] (turbarse, aturdirse) to get embarrassed
    cortés adjetivo
    polite, courteous
    cortar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to cut
    (un árbol) to cut down
    (el césped) to mow
    2 (amputar) to cut off
    3 (la luz, el teléfono) to cut off
    4 (impedir el paso) to block
    5 (eliminar, censurar) to cut out
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (partir) to cut
    2 (atajar) to cut across, to take a short cut
    3 familiar (interrumpir una relación) to split up: cortó con su novia, he split up with his girlfriend
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar cortar por lo sano, to put an end to
    cortés adjetivo courteous, polite
    ' cortés' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corte
    - cumplida
    - cumplido
    - disolución
    - educada
    - educado
    - gentil
    - atento
    - cortar
    - galantería
    - presidir
    English:
    attentive
    - chivalrous
    - civil
    - courteous
    - gallant
    - graceful
    - gracious
    - urbane
    - cut
    - debonair
    - polite
    * * *
    cortés adj
    polite, courteous;
    lo cortés no quita lo valiente there's no harm in being polite
    * * *
    adj courteous
    * * *
    cortés adj
    : courteous, polite
    ♦ cortésmente adv
    * * *
    Cortes npl Spanish Parliament

    Spanish-English dictionary > cortés

  • 104 esquilmar

    v.
    1 to overexploit (recursos).
    2 to harvest.
    Esquilmaron el maíz They harvested the corn.
    3 to swindle, to acquire by deception, to acquire by trickery, to cheat.
    Esquilmaron a ese pobre hombre They swindled that poor man.
    * * *
    1 (cosecha etc) to harvest
    2 figurado (agotar) to exhaust
    3 figurado (abusar) to fleece
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ cosecha] to harvest
    2) [+ tierra] to impoverish, exhaust
    3) * [+ jugador] to skin *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) (Agr) to harvest
    2) <riquezas/recursos> to exhaust; < fortuna> to squander; < persona> to suck... dry
    * * *
    = fleece, take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    Ex. Roosevelt's measures to prevent big business fleecing the public were popular and the election of 1904 provided him with the chance to run for president in his own right.
    Ex. Let me guess... you work in an all male workplace full of divorced men whose wives took them to the cleaners?.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1) (Agr) to harvest
    2) <riquezas/recursos> to exhaust; < fortuna> to squander; < persona> to suck... dry
    * * *
    = fleece, take + Nombre + to the cleaners.

    Ex: Roosevelt's measures to prevent big business fleecing the public were popular and the election of 1904 provided him with the chance to run for president in his own right.

    Ex: Let me guess... you work in an all male workplace full of divorced men whose wives took them to the cleaners?.

    * * *
    esquilmar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ( Agr) to harvest
    B
    1 ‹riquezas/recursos› to exhaust; ‹fortuna› to squander
    2 ‹persona› to suck … dry
    * * *

    esquilmar verbo transitivo
    1 Agr to harvest
    2 (riquezas) to exhaust, impoverish: tantas cosechas acaban por esquilmar la tierra, after so many harvests, the land will become exhausted
    * * *
    1. [terreno, campo de cultivo] to exhaust, overcultivate;
    [recursos, riqueza natural] to overexploit; [bancos de pescado] to deplete
    2. [fortuna, herencia] to squander
    3. [persona]
    esquilmar a alguien to milk o bleed sb dry
    * * *
    v/t
    1 fuente de riqueza overexploit
    2 a alguien suck dry

    Spanish-English dictionary > esquilmar

  • 105 estudiar

    v.
    1 to study (carrera, libro, asunto).
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla after studying your proposal, I've decided not to accept it
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you a student?
    Lisa estudia arduamente Lisa studies hard.
    Lisa estudia todos los libros Lisa studies every book.
    Lisa estudia historia americana Lisa studies American history.
    2 to observe.
    3 to be a student, to study.
    4 to feel out, to study.
    El profesor estudia sus reacciones The teacher feels out their reactions.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to study, learn
    2 (en universidad) to read, study
    3 (trabajar) to work, study
    4 (observar) to examine, observe
    1 to study
    1 to consider
    \
    estudiar de memoria to learn by heart
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=aprender) [+ lección, papel] to learn
    2) (=cursar) to study

    ¿qué curso estudias? — what year are you in?

    3) (=examinar) [informe, experimento] to examine, look into; [persona] to study, look into

    el informe estudia los efectos de la sequía — the report examines o looks into the effects of the drought

    4) (=considerar) to consider, study

    estudiaremos su oferta y ya le contestaremos — we shall consider o study your offer and get back to you

    están estudiando la posibilidad de convocar una huelga — they are looking into the possibility of calling a strike, they are considering calling a strike

    2. VI
    1) (=aprender) to study
    2) (=cursar estudios) to study
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicina — she's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.
    Ex. With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.
    Ex. It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex. The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex. Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex. This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex. This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex. The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex. If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex. Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex. Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex. I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex. 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex. The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex. 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex. The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex. Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    ----
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < asignatura> to study

    estudia música — he's studying music; ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml)

    estudia medicina — she's studying o doing o reading medicine

    ¿qué carrera estudió? — what subject did he do at college/university?

    b) < instrumento> to learn
    2) <lección/tablas> to learn
    3) ( observar) <rostro/comportamiento> to study
    4) (considerar, analizar) <mercado/situación/proyecto> to study; < propuesta> to study, consider
    2.
    estudiar vi to study
    3.
    estudiarse v pron
    a) (enf) < lección> to study; < papel> to learn
    b) (recípr) ( observarse)
    * * *
    = analyse [analyze, -USA], envisage, examine, explore, look, look at, look into, ponder (over/on/upon), present + discussion, study, survey, think out, weigh, work on, get into, see about, observe, weigh up, look toward(s), review, work through, probe.

    Ex: With a clear objective, the next step is to analyse the concepts that are present in a search.

    Ex: It is fairly common to have to modify a standard list, or compile a fresh list when a new application is envisaged.
    Ex: The article 'Home schoolers: a forgotten clientele?' examines ways in which the library can support parents and children in the home schooling situation.
    Ex: Next I will illustrate a simple search profile which does not explore all possible synonyms, but does serve to illustrate weighted term logic.
    Ex: This chapter takes the opportunity to look at an assortment of other aspects of bibliographic description.
    Ex: This article looks at three interrelated issues regarding on-line services based on the recent literature.
    Ex: The main concern is to look into current use of, and interest in, electronic information services, and also to gauge opinion on setting up a data base concerned solely with development issues.
    Ex: If we instruct it to ponder this question more leisurely, it will quickly try the user's patience with digressions concerning the less illustrious senior MOZART, LEOPOLD.
    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: Each of the binders is portable and can be separately studied.
    Ex: Chapters 7 and 8 introduced the problems associated with author cataloguing and have surveyed the purpose of cataloguing codes.
    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex: Examines the advantages and disadvantages of approval plans suggesting that each library must carefully weigh them in order to determine its own best course of action.
    Ex: I've been working on next year's budget, and it would be fair to add eight percent to materials and salaries.
    Ex: 'But didn't you say that one of the reasons you wanted to leave was because you were tired of macramËéË and wanted to get into computers?'.
    Ex: The head of reference told me that he's going to see about a dress code for the staff, prohibiting slacks for women.
    Ex: 141 data bases were observed, most of them had been developed in the life sciences as well as in the earth, ocean and space sciences.
    Ex: The author weighs up whether a dumbing down has taken place in the UK tabloid and broadsheet press.
    Ex: Libraries are looking towards some sort of cooperative system.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    * al estudiar Algo más detenidamente = on closer examination, on closer inspection.
    * estudiar Algo = be under consideration.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * estudiar desde una perspectiva = see through.
    * estudiar detenidamente = take + a hard look at, take + a long hard look at, go through, be carefully considered, think through.
    * estudiar el modo de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar en detalle = study + at length.
    * estudiar en el extranjero = study abroad, study + abroad.
    * estudiar en una Universidad = attend + Universidad.
    * estudiar hasta muy tarde = burn + the midnight oil.
    * estudiar la evolución histórica de Algo = historicise [historicize, -USA].
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar minuciosamente = study + in great depth, pore.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * estudiar una Titulación = work toward/on + Titulación.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * merecer la pena estudiar Algo = repay + study.

    * * *
    estudiar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹asignatura› to study; (en la universidad) to study, read ( frml)
    estudiaba inglés en una academia I used to study English at a language school
    estudia medicina en la universidad de Salamanca she's studying o doing o reading medicine at Salamanca university
    ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?, what did he study at college/university?, what (subject) did he take his degree in?
    2 ( Mús) ‹instrumento› to learn
    B ‹lección/tablas› to learn
    me tengo que poner a estudiar geografía para el examen I have to get down to studying o ( AmE) reviewing o ( BrE) revising geography for the test
    C (observar) to study
    estudia el comportamiento de las aves he studies the behavior of birds
    me di cuenta de que me estaba estudiando I realized that he was observing o watching o studying me
    D (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study; ‹propuesta› to study, consider
    están estudiando los pasos a seguir they're considering what steps to take
    estudiaron las posibles causas del accidente they looked into the possible causes of the accident
    ■ estudiar
    vi
    to study
    este fin de semana tengo que estudiar para el examen this weekend I have to do some work o studying for the test o I have to review ( AmE) o ( BrE) revise for the test
    estudia en un colegio privado he goes to a private school
    a ver si este año estudias más I hope you're going to work harder this year
    tuvo que dejar de estudiar a los 15 años para ayudar a su madre she had to leave school at 15 to help her mother
    estudiar PARA algo to study to be sth
    estudia para economista she's studying to be an economist
    no come nada, está estudiando para fideo ( hum); she doesn't eat a thing, she's in training for the slimming olympics ( hum)
    1 ( enf) ‹lección› to study
    se estudió el papel en una tarde he learned his part in an afternoon
    2 ( recípr)
    (observarse): los dos niños se estudiaron largo rato the two children watched each other closely for a long time
    * * *

     

    estudiar ( conjugate estudiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ asignatura› to study;

    ( en la universidad) to study, read (frml);
    ◊ ¿qué carrera estudió? what subject did he do at college/university?


    c) ‹lección/tablas› to learn

    2 ( observar) ‹rostro/comportamiento› to study
    3 (considerar, analizar) ‹mercado/situación/proyecto› to study;
    ‹ propuesta› to study, consider;
    ‹ causas› to look into, investigate
    verbo intransitivo
    to study;

    debes estudiar más you must work harder;
    dejó de estudiar a los 15 años she left school at 15;
    estudiar para algo to study to be sth
    estudiarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ‹ lección› to study;

    ‹ papel› to learn
    estudiar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to study: estudia para abogado, she's studying to become a lawyer ➣ Ver nota en study
    ' estudiar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    base
    - chapar
    - concentrarse
    - cursar
    - empollar
    - investigar
    - machacar
    - mamarrachada
    - repasar
    - servir
    - trabajar
    - valer
    - chancar
    - duro
    - empeño
    - empezar
    - firme
    - fuerza
    - haber
    - hacer
    - ir
    - junto
    - más
    - matar
    - tener
    - tragar
    - ver
    English:
    award
    - bar
    - burn
    - consideration
    - do
    - hard
    - investigate
    - pore
    - read
    - read up
    - resolve
    - school
    - stop
    - study
    - text
    - think out
    - train
    - whatever
    - work
    - day
    - depth
    - examine
    - further
    - get
    - kick
    - look
    - research
    - review
    - swot
    - take
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [carrera, asignatura, lección] to study;
    estudia biológicas he's studying biology;
    tengo que estudiar más inglés I've got to work at my English;
    ¿qué estudiaste en la universidad? what did you study at university?
    2. [asunto] to study;
    [oferta, propuesta] to study, to consider;
    después de estudiar tu propuesta he decidido no aceptarla having considered your proposal, I've decided not to accept it;
    lo estudiaré y mañana te doy una respuesta I'll consider it and get back to you tomorrow;
    el gobierno estudia la posibilidad de subir las pensiones the government is studying the possibility of raising pensions
    3. [observar] to observe;
    estuvo estudiándonos durante un rato he stayed watching us for a while;
    desde allí podía estudiar todos los movimientos del animal from there I could observe all the animal's movements
    ♦ vi
    to study;
    estudia todas las tardes he spends every afternoon studying;
    no puede salir, tiene que estudiar she can't come out, she's got to study;
    hay que estudiar más, González you'll have to work harder, González;
    estudió con el Presidente he went to school/university with the President;
    dejó de estudiar a los quince años he left school at fifteen;
    estudié en los jesuitas I went to a Jesuit school;
    estudia en la Universidad Centroamericana he's a student o he's studying at the University of Central America;
    estudiar para médico to be studying to be a doctor;
    ¿estudias o trabajas? do you work or are you still at school?;
    Esp Hum ≈ do you come here often?
    * * *
    v/t & v/i study
    * * *
    : to study
    * * *
    estudiar vb to study [pt. & pp. studied]
    Si se estudia un idioma o un instrumento musical, se dice learn

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudiar

  • 106 sumergir

    v.
    to submerge.
    sumergir en el caos to plunge into chaos
    el libro sumerge al lector en otra época the book immerses the reader in another age
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ DIRIGIR], like link=dirigir dirigir
    1 (meter bajo líquido) to submerge, submerse, immerse
    2 figurado (hundir) to plunge, sink
    1 (meterse bajo líquido) to submerge (en, in), go underwater
    2 figurado to become immersed (en, in)
    * * *
    1.
    VT [completamente] to immerse; [parcialmente] to dip (en in)
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( en líquido) to immerse, submerge
    b)

    sumergir a alguien EN algo — en pobreza/guerra to plunge somebody into something; ( en ambiente) to immerse somebody in something

    2.
    sumergirse v pron
    a) submarino/buzo to dive, submerge
    b) en ambiente to immerse oneself
    * * *
    = dip, immerse, submerge, plunge.
    Ex. Two sheets were made each time the two-sheet mould was dipped by the maker into the vat, and they were turned out together on to a single felt by the coucher.
    Ex. The whole box was then immersed for about ten minutes in a pit of molten metal.
    Ex. Though the liaison is valuable there is a danger of the National Archives' representatives being too submerged in the President's ambit to be fully impartial.
    Ex. Watering the fern is best done by plunging the entire plant into a large container of room-temperature water.
    ----
    * sumergirse = dive, go under, plunge, dive in.
    * sumergirse en = immerse + Reflexivo + in, sink into.
    * sumergirse en la clandestinidad = go into + hiding.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( en líquido) to immerse, submerge
    b)

    sumergir a alguien EN algo — en pobreza/guerra to plunge somebody into something; ( en ambiente) to immerse somebody in something

    2.
    sumergirse v pron
    a) submarino/buzo to dive, submerge
    b) en ambiente to immerse oneself
    * * *
    = dip, immerse, submerge, plunge.

    Ex: Two sheets were made each time the two-sheet mould was dipped by the maker into the vat, and they were turned out together on to a single felt by the coucher.

    Ex: The whole box was then immersed for about ten minutes in a pit of molten metal.
    Ex: Though the liaison is valuable there is a danger of the National Archives' representatives being too submerged in the President's ambit to be fully impartial.
    Ex: Watering the fern is best done by plunging the entire plant into a large container of room-temperature water.
    * sumergirse = dive, go under, plunge, dive in.
    * sumergirse en = immerse + Reflexivo + in, sink into.
    * sumergirse en la clandestinidad = go into + hiding.

    * * *
    sumergir [I7 ]
    vt
    1 (en un líquido) to immerse, submerge
    se sumerge en el ácido you submerge o immerse it in the acid
    sumergí la cabeza en el agua I put my head under the water
    2 (en una situación) sumergir a algn EN algo:
    han sumergido al país en la miseria they have plunged the country into poverty
    el autor sumerge al lector en la vida rural the author immerses the reader in rural life
    1 «submarino/buzo» to dive, submerge
    2 (en un ambiente) to immerse oneself sumergirse EN algo to immerse oneself IN sth
    se sumerge en su trabajo he immerses himself in his work
    se sumergen en el mundo de la droga they get into o get involved in the drug scene
    * * *

    sumergir ( conjugate sumergir) verbo transitivo ( en líquido) to immerse, submerge
    sumergirse verbo pronominal
    a) [submarino/buzo] to dive, submerge


    sumergir verbo transitivo to immerse, submerge, submerse
    ' sumergir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sumir
    English:
    duck
    - immerse
    - plunge
    - submerge
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [hundir] to submerge;
    [con fuerza] to plunge; [bañar] to dip;
    sumergir en el caos to plunge into chaos
    2. [abstraer] to immerse;
    el libro sumerge al lector en otra época the book immerses the reader in another age
    * * *
    v/t submerge, immerse
    * * *
    sumergir {35} vt
    : to submerge, to immerse, to plunge
    ♦ sumergirse vr
    * * *
    sumergir vb to put in the water [pt. & pp. put]

    Spanish-English dictionary > sumergir

  • 107 prédestiner

    prédestiner [pʀedεstine]
    ➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb
    * * *
    pʀedɛstine
    verbe transitif to predestine
    * * *
    pʀedɛstine vt
    * * *
    prédestiner verb table: aimer vtr to predestine; prédestiner qn à qch/à faire to predestine sb for sth/to do.
    [predɛstine] verbe transitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > prédestiner

  • 108 Presidente del Gobierno

    The president of the Spanish central government and the equivalent of the Prime Minister in the UK. Each party running for power in Spain nominates a person, usually the party leader, to become the president if that party wins the elections. He is appointed for a four-year term, and may be reelected in the next general election. However, the Congreso de los Diputados (↑ congreso a1) can pass a vote of censure on him, forcing him to resign and call an early election.

    Spanish-English dictionary > Presidente del Gobierno

  • 109 Soares, Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes

    (1924-)
       Lawyer, staunch oppositionist to the Estado Novo, a founder of Portugal's Socialist Party (PS), key leader of post-1974 democratic Portugal, and twice-elected president of the republic (1986-91; 1991-96). Mário Soares was born on 7 December 1924, in Lisbon, the son of an educator and former cabinet officer of the ill-fated First Republic. An outstanding student, Soares received a degree in history and philosophy from the University of Lisbon (1951) and his law degree from the same institution (1957). A teacher and a lawyer, the young Soares soon became active in various organizations that opposed the Estado Novo, starting in his student days and continuing into his association with the PS. He worked with the organizations of several oppositionist candidates for the presidency of the republic in 1949 and 1958 and, as a lawyer, defended a number of political figures against government prosecution in court. Soares was the family attorney for the family of General Humberto Delgado, murdered on the Spanish frontier by the regime's political police in 1965. Soares was signatory and editor of the "Program for the Democratization of the Republic" in 1961, and, in 1968, he was deported by the regime to São Tomé, one of Portugal's African colonies.
       In 1969, following the brief liberalization under the new prime minister Marcello Caetano, Soares returned from exile in Africa and participated as a member of the opposition in general elections for the National Assembly. Although harassed by the PIDE, he was courageous in attacking the government and its colonial policies in Africa. After the rigged election results were known, and no oppositionist deputy won a seat despite the Caetano "opening," Soares left for exile in France. From 1969 to 1974, he resided in France, consulted with other political exiles, and taught at a university. In 1973, at a meeting in West Germany, Soares participated in the (re)founding of the (Portuguese) Socialist Party.
       The exciting, unexpected news of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 reached Soares in France, and soon he was aboard a train bound for Lisbon, where he was to play a major role in the difficult period of revolutionary politics (1974-75). During a most critical phase, the "hot summer" of 1975, when a civil war seemed in the offing, Soares's efforts to steer Portugal away from a communist dictatorship and sustained civil strife were courageous and effective. He found allies in the moderate military and large sectors of the population. After the abortive leftist coup of 25 November 1975, Soares played an equally vital role in assisting the stabilization of a pluralist democracy.
       Prime minister on several occasions during the era of postrevolu-tionary adjustment (1976-85), Soares continued his role as the respected leader of the PS. Following 11 hectic years of the Lusitanian political hurly-burly, Soares was eager for a change and some rest. Prepared to give up leadership of the factious PS and become a senior statesman in the new Portugal, Mário Soares ran for the presidency of the republic. After serving twice as elected president of the republic, he established the Mário Soares Foundation, Lisbon, and was elected to the European Parliament.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Soares, Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes

  • 110 De Forest, Lee

    [br]
    b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA
    d. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.
    [br]
    De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.
    He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.
    Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.
    Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.
    During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.
    In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.
    Bibliography
    1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).
    1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).
    De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.
    Further Reading
    G.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).
    I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).
    E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).
    W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.
    C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.
    V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF / JW

    Biographical history of technology > De Forest, Lee

  • 111 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

    [br]
    b. 19 June 1876 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 5 April 1941 Hertford, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, designer of the A4-class 4–6–2 locomotive holding the world speed record for steam traction.
    [br]
    Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.
    With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.
    In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.
    Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1936. President, Institution of Locomotive Engineers 1927 and 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936.
    Further Reading
    F.A.S.Brown, 1961, Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer, Ian Allan (full-length biography).
    John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, Gresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute (a good comparative account).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel

  • 112 Meek, Marshall

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 22 April 1925 Auchtermuchty, Fife, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish naval architect and leading twentieth-century exponent of advanced maritime technology.
    [br]
    After early education at Cupar in Fife, Meek commenced training as a naval architect, taking the then popular sandwich apprenticeship of alternate half years at the University of Glasgow (with a Caird Scholarship) and at a shipyard, in his case the Caledon of Dundee. On leaving Dundee he worked for five years with the British Ship Research Association before joining Alfred Holt \& Co., owners of the Blue Funnel Line. During his twenty-five years at Liverpool, he rose to Chief Naval Architect and Director and was responsible for bringing the cargo-liner concept to its ultimate in design. When the company had become Ocean Fleets, it joined with other British shipowners and looked to Meek for the first purpose-built containership fleet in the world. This required new ship designs, massive worldwide investment in port facilities and marketing to win public acceptance of freight containers, thereby revolutionizing dry-cargo shipping. Under the houseflag of OCL (now POCL), this pioneer service set the highest standards of service and safety and continues to operate on almost every ocean.
    In 1979 Meek returned to the shipbuilding industry when he became Head of Technology at British Shipbuilders. Closely involved in contemporary problems of fuel economy and reduced staffing, he held the post for five years before his appointment as Managing Director of the National Maritime Institute. He was deeply involved in the merger with the British Ship Research Association to form British Maritime Technology (BMT), an organization of which he became Deputy Chairman.
    Marshall Meek has held many public offices, and is one of the few to have been President of two of the United Kingdom's maritime institutions. He has contributed over forty papers to learned societies, has acted as Visiting Professor to Strathclyde University and University College London, and serves on advisory committees to the Ministry of Defence, the Department of Transport and Lloyd's Register of Shipping. While in Liverpool he served as a Justice of the Peace.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1989. Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering 1990. President, Royal Institution of Naval Architects 1990–3; North East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders 1984–6. Royal Designer for Industry (RDI) 1986. Royal Institution of Naval Architects Silver Medal (on two occasions).
    Bibliography
    1970, "The first OCL containerships", Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Meek, Marshall

  • 113 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson

    [br]
    b. 31 October 1828 Sunderland, England
    d. 27 May 1914 Warlingham, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English chemist, inventor in Britain of the incandescent electric lamp and of photographic processes.
    [br]
    At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.
    Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.
    Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.
    Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1904. FRS 1894. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1898. First President, Faraday Society 1904. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1904. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881.
    Bibliography
    2 January 1880, British patent no. 18 (incandescent electric lamp).
    24 May 1881, British patent no. 2,272 (improved plates for the Planté cell).
    1898, "The rise and progress of the electrochemical industries", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 27:8–33 (Swan's Presidential Address to the Institution of Electrical Engineers).
    Further Reading
    M.E.Swan and K.R.Swan, 1968, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan F.R.S., Newcastle upon Tyne (a detailed account).
    R.C.Chirnside, 1979, "Sir Joseph Swan and the invention of the electric lamp", IEE
    Electronics and Power 25:96–100 (a short, authoritative biography).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson

  • 114 Telford, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
    d. 2 September 1834 London, England.
    [br]
    Scottish civil engineer.
    [br]
    Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.
    In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.
    In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.
    In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.
    In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.
    In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.
    Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.
    C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Telford, Thomas

  • 115 Vignoles, Charles Blacker

    [br]
    b. 31 May 1793 Woodbrook, Co. Wexford, Ireland
    d. 17 November 1875 Hythe, Hampshire, England
    [br]
    English surveyor and civil engineer, pioneer of railways.
    [br]
    Vignoles, who was of Huguenot descent, was orphaned in infancy and brought up in the family of his grandfather, Dr Charles Hutton FRS, Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. After service in the Army he travelled to America, arriving in South Carolina in 1817. He was appointed Assistant to the state's Civil Engineer and surveyed much of South Carolina and subsequently Florida. After his return to England in 1823 he established himself as a civil engineer in London, and obtained work from the brothers George and John Rennie.
    In 1825 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) lost their application for an Act of Parliament, discharged their engineer George Stephenson and appointed the Rennie brothers in his place. They in turn employed Vignoles to resurvey the railway, taking a route that would minimize objections. With Vignoles's route, the company obtained its Act in 1826 and appointed Vignoles to supervise the start of construction. After Stephenson was reappointed Chief Engineer, however, he and Vignoles proved incompatible, with the result that Vignoles left the L \& MR early in 1827.
    Nevertheless, Vignoles did not sever all connection with the L \& MR. He supported John Braithwaite and John Ericsson in the construction of the locomotive Novelty and was present when it competed in the Rainhill Trials in 1829. He attended the opening of the L \& MR in 1830 and was appointed Engineer to two railways which connected with it, the St Helens \& Runcorn Gap and the Wigan Branch (later extended to Preston as the North Union); he supervised the construction of these.
    After the death of the Engineer to the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway, Vignoles supervised construction: the railway, the first in Ireland, was opened in 1834. He was subsequently employed in surveying and constructing many railways in the British Isles and on the European continent; these included the Eastern Counties, the Midland Counties, the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyme \& Manchester (which proved for him a financial disaster from which he took many years to recover), and the Waterford \& Limerick. He probably discussed rail of flat-bottom section with R.L. Stevens during the winter of 1830–1 and brought it into use in the UK for the first time in 1836 on the London \& Croydon Railway: subsequently rail of this section became known as "Vignoles rail". He considered that a broader gauge than 4 ft 8½ in. (1.44 m) was desirable for railways, although most of those he built were to this gauge so that they might connect with others. He supported the atmospheric system of propulsion during the 1840s and was instrumental in its early installation on the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway's Dalkey extension. Between 1847 and 1853 he designed and built the noted multi-span suspension bridge at Kiev, Russia, over the River Dnieper, which is more than half a mile (800 m) wide at that point.
    Between 1857 and 1863 he surveyed and then supervised the construction of the 155- mile (250 km) Tudela \& Bilbao Railway, which crosses the Cantabrian Pyrenees at an altitude of 2,163 ft (659 m) above sea level. Vignoles outlived his most famous contemporaries to become the grand old man of his profession.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society 1829. FRS 1855. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1869–70.
    Bibliography
    1830, jointly with John Ericsson, British patent no. 5,995 (a device to increase the capability of steam locomotives on grades, in which rollers gripped a third rail).
    1823, Observations upon the Floridas, New York: Bliss \& White.
    1870, Address on His Election as President of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
    Further Reading
    K.H.Vignoles, 1982, Charles Blacker Vignoles: Romantic Engineer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (good modern biography by his great-grandson).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Vignoles, Charles Blacker

  • 116 White, Sir William Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 2 February 1845 Devonport, England
    d. 27 February 1913 London, England
    [br]
    English naval architect distinguished as the foremost nineteenth-century Director of Naval Construction, and latterly as a consultant and author.
    [br]
    Following early education at Devonport, White passed the Royal Dockyard entry examination in 1859 to commence a seven-year shipwright apprenticeship. However, he was destined for greater achievements and in 1863 passed the Admiralty Scholarship examinations, which enabled him to study at the Royal School of Naval Architecture at South Kensington, London. He graduated in 1867 with high honours and was posted to the Admiralty Constructive Department. Promotion came swiftly, with appointment to Assistant Constructor in 1875 and Chief Constructor in 1881.
    In 1883 he left the Admiralty and joined the Tyneside shipyard of Sir W.G. Armstrong, Mitchell \& Co. at a salary of about treble that of a Chief Constructor, with, in addition, a production bonus based on tonnage produced! At the Elswick Shipyard he became responsible for the organization and direction of shipbuilding activities, and during his relatively short period there enhanced the name of the shipyard in the warship export market. It is assumed that White did not settle easily in the North East of England, and in 1885, following negotiations with the Admiralty, he was released from his five-year exclusive contract and returned to public service as Director of Naval Construction and Assistant Controller of the Royal Navy. (As part of the settlement the Admiralty released Philip Watts to replace White, and in later years Watts was also to move from that same shipyard and become White's successor as Director of Naval Construction.) For seventeen momentous years White had technical control of ship production for the Royal Navy. The rapid building of warships commenced after the passing of the Naval Defence Act of 1889, which authorized directly and indirectly the construction of around seventy vessels. The total number of ships built during the White era amounted to 43 battleships, 128 cruisers of varying size and type, and 74 smaller vessels. While White did not have the stimulation of building a revolutionary capital ship as did his successor, he did have the satisfaction of ensuring that the Royal Navy was equipped with a fleet of all-round capability, and he saw the size, displacement and speed of the ships increase dramatically.
    In 1902 he resigned from the Navy because of ill health and assumed several less onerous tasks. During the construction of the Cunard Liner Mauretania on the Tyne, he held directorships with the shipbuilders Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson, and also the Parsons Marine Turbine Company. He acted as a consultant to many organizations and had an office in Westminster. It was there that he died in February 1913.
    White left a great literary legacy in the form of his esteemed Manual of Naval Architecture, first published in 1877 and reprinted several times since in English, German and other languages. This volume is important not only as a text dealing with first principles but also as an illustration of the problems facing warship designers of the late nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    KCB 1895. Knight Commander of the Order of the Danneborg (Denmark). FRS. FRSE. President, Institution of Civil Engineers; Mechanical Engineers; Marine Engineers. Vice- President, Institution of Naval Architects.
    Bibliography
    Further Reading
    D.K.Brown, 1983, A Century of Naval Construction, London.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > White, Sir William Henry

  • 117 становиться исполняющим обязанности президента

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > становиться исполняющим обязанности президента

  • 118 фигурировать

    1) General subject: figure, figure (напр, Vice President Cheney figures in an SEC investigation on accounting practices at Halliburton during his term as CEO there), to be in the picture
    2) Military: become mentioned
    3) Mathematics: occur, play part of
    4) Law: appear
    5) Business: feature
    6) Makarov: be in the picture

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > фигурировать

  • 119 чрезвычайно популярный

    General subject: hugely popular (Mr Putin, who is hugely popular in Russia, served as president for two terms before moving to become prime minister. /BBC news)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > чрезвычайно популярный

  • 120 kuta

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -kuta
    [English Word] meet
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] -kusanya, -kutana, kutano, kikuti, mkutano, mkuto
    [Swahili Example] atam kuta rais wakati atakapotembelea shule yake.
    [English Example] she will meet the president when he visits her school
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -kuta
    [English Word] find
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] -kusanya, -kutana, kutano, kikuti, mkutano, mkuto
    [Swahili Example] mpelelezi alijikuta katika chumba kikubwa chenye kitanda [Ganzel Masomo 165]
    [English Example] the detective found himself in a large room with a bed
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -kuta
    [English Word] come upon
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] -kusanya, -kutana, kutano, kikuti, mkutano, mkuto
    [Swahili Example] alimkuta kunguni yule akiendelea kufyonza damu [Masomo 240]
    [English Example] he came upon that bedbug as it continued to suck blood
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -kuta
    [English Word] run across (someone or something)
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] -kusanya, -kutana, kutano, kikuti, mkutano, mkuto
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -kuta
    [English Word] become full (after hunger)
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -kuta
    [English Word] satisfy (hunger)
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -kuta mayai
    [English Word] lay eggs
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > kuta

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • President pro tempore of the United States Senate — President pro tempore of the United States Senate …   Wikipedia

  • President-elect of the United States — of America Incumbent Vacant since January 20, 2009 Style Sir …   Wikipedia

  • President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve is the most senior Apostle in the church, aside from the President of the Church. When the President of …   Wikipedia

  • President of Colombia — President of the Republic of Colombia Presidente de la República de Colombia Presidential seal …   Wikipedia

  • President of the United States — POTUS redirects here. For political talk radio, see P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM). For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). For a list, see List of Presidents of the United States. President of the United States of America …   Wikipedia

  • President of the Philippines — Infobox Political post post = President body = the Philippines insignia = PhilippinePresidentialSeal.png insigniasize = 100px insigniacaption = Official seal incumbent = Gloria Macapagal Arroyo formation = March 22, 1897 ( de facto ) January 20,… …   Wikipedia

  • President's Choice — The President s Choice logo The Fre …   Wikipedia

  • President of Egypt — The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt.Under the Egyptian Constitution, the President is also the Supreme Commander of the armed forces and head of the Executive branch of the Egyptian government.The… …   Wikipedia

  • President of Turkey — Infobox Political post post = President body = the Republic of Turkey insignia = Standard of the President of Turkey.svg insigniasize = 120px insigniacaption = Flag of the President of Turkey incumbent = Abdullah Gül formation = October 29, 1923… …   Wikipedia

  • President of Savannah State University — Infobox University name = Savannah State University image size = 150px motto = Lux Et Veritas ( la. Light and Truth) tagline = You can get anywhere from here! established = 1890 citeweb|title =Historically Black Colleges and Universities:… …   Wikipedia

  • President of the University of Florida — The President of the University of Florida is the university president of the University of Florida. The University of Florida campus is in Gainesville, Florida; it is the flagship university in the State University System of Florida. Although… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»