-
41 go
1) розм. обставина; спроба2) скасовуватися, знищуватися; бути в обігу, мати обіг; говорити ( про документ); переходити у власність, діставатися; зазнавати краху, збанкрутувати; керуватися; помирати, гинути•- go at largego beyond the verge of constitutional powers — виходити за межі повноважень, наданих конституцією
- go AWOL
- go back
- go back on a vote
- go back on one's promise
- go back upon a vote
- go back upon one's promise
- go bail
- go bankrupt
- go begging
- go-between
- go beyond commission
- go beyond the law
- go beyond the limits of powers
- go down the road of treason
- go for ratification
- go hiding
- go hiding to avoid persecution
- go in
- go in for the law
- go into a committee
- go into a secret session
- go into business
- go into effect
- go into exile
- go off
- go on a crime spree
- go on a robbing spree
- go on a shooting spree
- go on circuit
- go on duty
- go on hunger-strike
- go on sentry
- go on strike
- go on trial
- go outside of law
- go sine die
- go through passport control
- go through procedure
- go through procedures
- go through with a tooth-comb
- go to give oneself up
- go to jail
- go to law
- go to seed
- go to the Bar
- go to the bar
- go to the country
- go to the electric chair
- go to the law
- go to the people
- go to the polls
- go to the scene of a crime
- go to trial
- go underground
- go unpunished
- go unrepresented
- go with a toothcomb -
42 law
̈ɪlɔ: I сущ.
1) а) закон (регулирующий, предписывающий акт) according to the law ≈ по закону to administer, apply, enforce a law ≈ применять закон to annul, repeal, revoke a law ≈ аннулировать, опротестовать закон to be at law with smb. ≈ быть в тяжбе с кем-л. to break, flout, violate a law ≈ нарушить, преступить закон to cite a law ≈ цитировать закон to declare a law unconstitutional ≈ объявить закон противоречащим конституции (в США) to draft a law ≈ готовить законопроект to interpret a law ≈ толковать закон to obey, observe a law ≈ соблюдать закон, подчиняться закону to promulgate a law ≈ опубликовать закон to take the law into one's own hands ≈ расправиться без суда fair, just law ≈ справедливый закон stringent law ≈ строгий закон unfair law ≈ несправедливый закон unwritten law ≈ неписаный закон There is no law against fishing. ≈ Нет закона, запрещающего рыбную ловлю. It is against the law to smoke in an elevator. ≈ По закону запрещено курить в лифте. in law ≈ по закону, законно to adopt a law ≈ принимать закон to enact a law ≈ принимать закон to go beyond the law ≈ совершить противозаконный поступок to keep within the law ≈ придерживаться закона to lay down the law ≈ формулировать закон to pass a law ≈ принимать закон higher law ≈ божественный закон shield law ≈ закон об охране конфиденциальности antitrust law blue law conflict-of-interest law sunset law sunshine law lynch law Mosaic law law of supply and demand law of diminishing return Syn: canon, code, commandment, constitution, ordinance, regulation, statute б) научный закон, научная закономерность Mendeleyev's law Mendel's law Newton's law periodic law law of gravity law of motion
2) юр. право;
правоведение, законоведение, юриспруденция administrative law business law canon law civil law commercial law constitutional law copyright law corporate law criminal law family law feudal law international law Islamic law labor law maritime law marriage law military law natural law patent law private law public law Roman law substantive law law merchant law school Syn: jurisprudence
3) профессия юриста to read/study law ≈ изучать право, учиться на юриста to practise law ≈ быть юристом
4) суд, судебный процесс to go to law ≈ подать в суд;
начать судебный процесс
5) судейское сословие
6) а) (the law) разг. полиция б) полицейский, блюститель закона ∙ Syn: policeman, police;
sheriff
7) а) правило the laws of badminton ≈ правила игры в бадминтон б) заведенный порядок, обычаи, традиции
8) а) спорт фора;
преимущество, предоставляемое противнику ( в состязании и т. п.) б) перен. передышка, тайм-аут;
отсрочка;
поблажка ∙ he is a law unto himself ≈ для него не существует никаких законов, кроме собственного мнения necessity/need knows no law посл. ≈ нужда не знает закона to give (the) law to smb. ≈ навязать кому-л. свою волю the law of the jungle ≈ закон джунглей in the eyes of the law ≈ в глазах закона everyone is equal under the law ≈ все равны перед законом the letter of the law ≈ буква закона the spirit of the law ≈ дух закона II = lawks закон - * enforcement обеспечение правопорядка - * digest сборник законов или судебных постановлений (решений, приговоров) - at * в соответствии с правом;
по закону;
по суду - enforcement at * принудительное осуществление или взыскание в законном /судебном/ порядке - in * по закону;
законно - according to * в соответствии с законом - force of * сила закона;
законная сила - the * of the land закон страны - to become * становиться законом - to keep within the * не нарушать закона - to go beyond the * обходить закон - to break the * нарушить закон - to be equal before the * быть равными перед законом - to enforce the * обеспечивать соблюдение закона право;
правоведение - criminal /penal/ * уголовное право - international * международное право - international private * частное международное право - universal international * универсальное международное право - * of the sea (юридическое) морское право - space * космическое право - * of war право войны, законы и обычаи войны - natural * естественное право - * of treaties право, регулирующее международные договоры - * of civil procedure гражданско-процессуальное право - * of criminal procedure уголовно-процессуальное право - judge-made * право, созданное судьей /основанное на судебной практике/ - question of * вопрос права профессия юриста - * language юридический язык, юридическая терминология - * school юридическая школа - doctor of /in/ * доктор юридических наук - the faculty of * юридический факультет - to study /to read/ * изучать право - to follow the * избрать профессию юриста - to practise * заниматься адвокатской практикой, быть юристом суд, судебный процесс - * sitting время сессий судов;
месяцы, когда суды заседают - * reports сборники судебных решений - * costs судебные издержки - to go to * обращаться в суд;
начинать судебный процесс;
подавать жалобу, иск - to go to * against smb. подать на кого-л. в суд - to be at * with smb. судиться с кем-л.;
вести процесс - to take /to have/ the * of smb. привлечь кого-л. к суду - I'll have the * on you! я на тебя подам!;
я тебя привлеку! - to take the * into one's own hands расправиться над кем-л. без суда закон (природы, научный) - the * of nature закон природы - the *s of motion законы движения - the * of gravity закон тяготения - the * of conservation of energy закон сохранения энергии - economic *s экономические законы - the * of supply and demand (экономика) закон спроса и предложения - the * of self-preservation закон самосохранения - * of perdurability закон сохранения вещества - the *s of perspective законы перспективы принятый, установленный обычай - *s of honour кодекс /закон/ чести представитель закона, полицейский, сотрудник ФБР и т. п. - open the door, it's the * откройте дверь! Полиция! - the long arm of * finally got him в конце концов полиция схватила его правила (игры и т. п.) - the * of golf правила игры в гольф( спортивное) фора, преимущество, предоставляемое противнику при состязании (разговорное) поблажка > * of Moses закон Моисея;
(библеизм) пятикнижие, тора > the * of jungle закон джунглей > to give the * to smb. командовать кем-л.;
навязывать свою волю кому-л. > necessity knows no * нужда /необходимость/ не знает закона;
для нужды нет закона > to be a * unto oneself ни с чем не считаться, кроме собственного мнения ( разговорное) обращаться в суд (диалектизм) (разговорное) навязывать свою волю abortion ~ закон об абортах action at ~ судебный иск adjective ~ процессуальное право administrative ~ административное право admiralty ~ военно-морское право admiralty ~ морское право adoption ~ сем.право закон об усыновлении и удочерении agreement ~ закон о соглашениях antisymmetric ~ несимметричный закон antitrust ~ антитрестовский закон banking ~ банковский закон banking ~ законодательство о банках bend the ~ подчиняться закону beyond the ~ вне закона binomial ~ биномиальный закон blanket ~ общий закон blue ~ закон, регулирующий режим воскресного дня( США) blue-sky ~ закон, регулирующий выпуск и продажу акций и ценных бумаг (США) break the ~ нарушать закон bulk sales ~ закон о массовых продажах business ~ право, регулирующее область деловых отношений business ~ торговое право by ~ по закону by operation of ~ в силу закона canonical ~ церковное право case in ~ судебное дело в сфере общего права case ~ прецедентное право cause in ~ судебное дело church ~ церковное право civil procedural ~ гражданское процессуальное право commentary on ~ толкование закона common ~ юр. неписанный закон common ~ юр. общее право;
обычное право;
некодифицированное право common ~ общее право common ~ обычное право, некодифицированное право Community ~ закон Европейского экономического сообщества company ~ закон о компаниях company ~ право, регулирующее деятельность акционерных компаний comparative ~ сравнительное право competent before the ~ правомочный constitutional ~ конституционное право, государственное право constitutional ~ конституционное право constitutional ~ конституционный закон consular ~ консульское право control ~ закон о надзоре corporation ~ закон о корпорациях criminal ~ of procedure судопроизводство по уголовным делам criminal ~ of procedure уголовное судопроизводство crown ~ уголовное право ecclesiastical ~ церковное право economic ~ экономический закон emergency ~ чрезвычайное законодательство equal protection of the ~ равенство перед законом equality before the ~ равенство перед законом exemption ~ прецедентное право exponential ~ экспоненциальный закон extraterritorial ~ экстерриториальный закон family ~ семейное право financial ~ финансовое законодательство fiscal ~ закон о налогообложении fiscal ~ налоговое право fiscal ~ финансовый закон framework ~ общий закон gap in ~ пробел в праве Germanic ~ тевтонский закон to give (the) ~ (to smb.) навязать (кому-л.) свою волю global ~ всеобщий закон to go beyond the ~ совершить противозаконный поступок good ~ действующее право to have (или to take) the ~ (of smb.) привлечь (кого-л.) к суду he is a ~ unto himself для него не существует никаких законов, кроме собственного мнения to hold good in ~ быть юридически обоснованным housing ~ юр. жилищное законодательство hyperexponential ~ гиперэкспоненциальный закон in ~ по закону, законно in ~ по закону indispensable ~ закон, не допускающий исключений industrial ~ закон о промышленности industrial ~ производственное право industrial property ~ закон о промышленной собственности industrial relations ~ закон о внутрипроизводственных отношениях infringe the ~ нарушать закон insurance ~ закон о страховании intellectual property ~ закон об интеллектуальной собственности internal ~ внутреннее право international ~ международное право issue in ~ спорный вопрос права, спор о праве to keep within the ~ придерживаться закона within: to come ~ the terms of reference относиться к ведению, к компетенции;
to keep within the law не выходить из рамок закона labour ~ закон о труде labour ~ трудовое право landmark ~ право защиты law = lawk(s) ~ закон ~ закон;
Mendeleyev's law периодическая система элементов Менделеева ~ attr. законный;
юридический;
правовой;
law school юридическая школа;
юридический факультет ~ общее право ~ (the ~) разг. полиция, полицейский ~ правило;
the laws of tennis правила игры в теннис ~ правило ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право ~ право (в объективном смысле) ~ право ~ правоведение ~ спорт. преимущество, предоставляемое противнику (в состязании и т. п.) ;
перен. передышка;
отсрочка;
поблажка ~ профессия юриста;
to follow the (или to go in for) law избрать профессию юриста;
to practise law быть юристом ~ профессия юриста ~ суд, судебный процесс;
to be at law (with smb.) быть в тяжбе (с кем-л.) ;
to go to law подать в суд;
начать судебный процесс ~ суд ~ судебный процесс ~ судейское сословие Law: Law: ~ of Property Act Закон о праве собственности (Великобритания) law: law: ~ of succession наследственное право ~ analogy правовая аналогия ~ and order правопорядок order: law and ~ законность и правопорядок ~ in force действующее право ~ in force действующий закон ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право merchant: law ~ торговое право, обычное торговое право ~ of accidental error закон случайных ошибок ~ of bills and promissory notes закон о счетах и простых векселях ~ of business property закон о собственности компании ~ of causality закон причинности ~ of contract договорное право, договорно-обязательственное право ~ of contract договорное право ~ of criminal procedure процессуальное уголовное право ~ of demand закон спроса ~ of diminishing return "закон убывающего плодородия" ~ of diminishing returns закон убывающей доходности ~ of enforceable rights закон о праве принудительного осуществления в судебном порядке ~ of enforceable rights закон об обеспечении правовой санкции ~ of evidence доказательственное право ~ of evidence система судебных доказательств ~ of large numbers закон больших чисел ~ of nations международное право ~ of obligation обязательственное право ~ of persons личное право ~ of probabilitys законы вероятности ~ of procedure процессуальное право ~ of property вещное право ~ of property право собственности law: ~ of succession наследственное право ~ of the sea морское право ~ of variable proportions закон переменных соотношений ~ of wages закон о фондах заработной платы ~ attr. законный;
юридический;
правовой;
law school юридическая школа;
юридический факультет school: law ~ юридическая школа law ~ юридический факультет университета law = lawk(s) lawk(s): lawk(s) int разг. неужто? laws: laws = lawk(s) ~ правило;
the laws of tennis правила игры в теннис local government ~ закон местной власти loop-hole in ~ лазейка в законе mandatory ~ обязательный закон maritime ~ морское право martial ~ военное положение martial ~ военное право martial: martial военный;
martial law военное положение mathematical frequency ~ вчт. математический закон распределения matrimonial property ~ закон о собственности супругов ~ закон;
Mendeleyev's law периодическая система элементов Менделеева mercantile ~ торговое право, обычное торговое право mercantile ~ торговое право mercantile: ~ торговый;
коммерческий;
mercantile law торговое законодательство;
mercantile marine торговый флот merchant shipping ~ закон о торговом судоходстве military ~ военное право moral ~ закон морали municipal ~ внутреннее право страны municipal ~ внутригосударственное право, внутреннее право страны municipal ~ внутригосударственное право natural ~ естественное право natural ~ естественное правосудие necessity (или need) knows no ~ посл. нужда не знает закона normal probability ~ нормальный закон распределения observe the ~ соблюдать закон outside the ~ вне закона patent ~ закон о патентах patent ~ патентное право, патентный закон patent ~ патентное право patent ~ патентный закон penal ~ уголовное право person in ~ субъект права positive ~ действующее право positive ~ позитивное право ~ профессия юриста;
to follow the (или to go in for) law избрать профессию юриста;
to practise law быть юристом private international ~ международное частное право ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право law: private ~ закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц private ~ частное право private ~ частный закон;
закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц private ~ частный закон procedural ~ процессуальное право procedural ~ процесуальное право protection of ~ защита закона public international ~ публичное международное право public ~ публичное право public ~ публичный закон (закон, касающийся всего населения) ~ юр. право;
юриспруденция;
law merchant торговое право;
private law гражданское право;
to read law изучать право real ~ правовые нормы, относящиеся к недвижимости responsibility under ~ ответственность в соответствии с законом revenue ~ закон о налогах Roman ~ римское право Roman: ~ римский;
латинский;
Roman alphabet латинский алфавит;
Roman law юр. римское право sea ~ морское право statute ~ писаный закон (противоп. common law) statute ~ право, выраженное в законодательных актах statute ~ статутное право statutory ~ право, основанное на законодательных актах;
статутное право statutory ~ право, основанное на законодательных актах statutory ~ статутное право substantive ~ материальное право to take the ~ into one's own hands расправиться без суда tax ~ налоговое право trade marks ~ закон о товарных знаках transitional ~ временное законодательство transitional ~ закон, действующий в переходном периоде unwritten ~ неписаное право, прецедентное право unwritten ~ неписаный закон unwritten ~ общее неписаное право unwritten ~ прецедентное право unwritten: ~ law неписаный закон ~ law юр. прецедентное право usury ~ закон против ростовщичества violate the ~ нарушать закон Wagner's ~ закон Вагнера (согласно которому доля государственных расходов в нацональном доходе возрастает по мере прогресса экономического развития) within the ~ в рамках закона -
43 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysisJAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic AssociationSE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)PQ - Psychoanalytic QuarterlyWAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)\О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts\1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. 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(1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.25. Altman, L. Z. 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Socarides, C. W. (1982) Abdication fathers, Homosexual Sons. In: Father and Child, ed. S. H. Cath, A. R. Gurwitt & J. M. Ross. Boston: Little, Brown.791. Solnit, A. J. & Ritvo, S. Instinct theory. PMC. Forthcoming.792. Sophocles. The Oedipus Cycle, tr. D. Fitts & R. Fitzgerald. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969.793. Sours, J. A. (1974) The anorexia nervosa syndrome. IJP, 55.794. Sours, J. A. (1980) Starving to Death in a Sia of Objects. New York: Aronson.795. Spence, J. T. & Helmrich, R. L. (1978) Masculinity and Femininity. Austin and London: Univ. of Texas Press.796. Sperber, D. (1974) Rethinking Symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.797. Sperling, M. (1976) Anorexia nervosa. In: Psychosomatic Disorders in Childhood, ed. O. Sperling. New York: Aronson.798. Spitz, R. A. (1945) Hospitalism. FSOC. 1.799. Spitz, R. A. (1946) Anaclitic depression. PSOC, 2.800. Spitz, R. A. (1946) Hospitalism: A follow-up report. PSOC, 2.801. Spitz, R. A. (1946) The smiling response. Genet. 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44 Preis
Preis m (Pr.) GEN charge, price, pr. • alles hat seinen Preis GEN, MGT (infrml) there is no such thing as a free lunch • die Preise frisieren BÖRSE (infrml) fake the marks, (infrml) doctor the prices • die Preise gaben nach GEN prices receded (Volumen) • die Preise sind herabgesetzt worden BÖRSE prices have been marked down • Preis (ist) Verhandlungssache rate to be agreed, r.t.b.a. • Preise hochschrauben V&M push up prices • Preise hochtreiben V&M push up prices • Preise reduzieren V&M cut prices, reduce prices, sink prices • sich durch zu hohe Preise vom Markt ausschließen V&M price oneself out of the market • sich nach dem besten Preis umsehen V&M shop around for the best price • unter Preis anbieten V&M underprice • unter Preis angeboten V&M underpriced • unter Preis verkaufen V&M undercut • zu Preisen zwischen x und y GEN at prices ranging from x to y* * *m (Pr.) < Geschäft> charge, price (pr.) ■ alles hat seinen Preis <Geschäft, Mgmnt> there is no such thing as a free lunch infrml ■ die Preise frisieren infrml < Börse> fake the marks infrml, doctor the prices infrml ■ die Preise gaben nach < Geschäft> Volumen prices receded ■ die Preise sind herabgesetzt worden < Börse> prices have been marked down ■ Preise hochschrauben <V&M> push up prices ■ Preise hochtreiben <V&M> push up prices ■ Preise reduzieren <V&M> cut prices, reduce prices, sink prices ■ sich durch zu hohe Preise vom Markt ausschließen <V&M> price oneself out of the market ■ sich nach dem besten Preis umsehen <V&M> shop around for the best price ■ unter Preis anbieten <V&M> underprice ■ unter Preis angeboten <V&M> underpriced ■ unter Preis verkaufen <V&M> undercut ■ zu Preisen zwischen x und y < Geschäft> at prices ranging from x to y* * *Preis
price, (Belohnung) reward, premium, (Fahrgeld) fare, (Gebühr) charge, fee, (Kosten) cost[s], expense, price, (Satz) rate, figure, (Summe) amount, sum, (Tarif) rate, tariff, charge, (Wert) value, (im Wettbewerb) prize, award;
• auf der Grundlage der Preise vom Jahr 2002 at 2002 survey prices;
• bei anziehenden Preisen in a rising market, with attractive prices;
• bei sinkenden Preisen by (with) declining prices, at prices dropping;
• bis zum Preise von as high as;
• durch überhöhte Preise aus dem Markt gedrängt priced out of the market;
• mit Preisen versehen priced, price-tagged;
• niedrig im Preis low-priced;
• um jeden Preis for love of money;
• unter [dem Selbstkosten] Preis priced below cost;
• zu erhöhten Preisen at a higher price;
• zu ermäßigten Preisen at reduced (cut) prices;
• zu bedeutend ermäßigten Preisen at a sweeping reduction;
• zu festem Preis at a firm rate;
• zu herabgesetztem Preis at a reduced price, reduced, cut-price, at reduced rates, (Taxpreis) at a damaged valuation;
• zu teuren Preisen at a high cost;
• zu überhöhten Preisen eingekauft dear-bought, bought at excessive cost;
• zu unerschwinglichen Preisen at prices beyond one’s means;
• zu unveränderten Preisen at unchanged prices;
• zu einem vereinbarten Preis at an arranged price;
• zu zurückgesetztem Preis at a reduced price;
• zu einem Preis von etwa 10 Pfund at a cost of roughly L 10;
• zum Preise von costing, at the charge (rate) of;
• zum ermäßigten Preis at a lower rate;
• zum festgesetzten Preis at the given price;
• zum amtlich festgesetzten Preis at the established price;
• zum halben Preis at half price, for half the price;
• zum niedrigsten Preis dirt-cheap;
• zum vereinbarten Preis at the understood price;
• in verbindlichen Angeboten abgegebene Preise prices quoted in tenders;
• [vertraglich] abgemachter (abgesprochener, abgestimmter) Preis settled (stipulated) price, price agreed upon [by arrangement];
• abweichende Preise diverging prices;
• von der Preisliste abweichender Preis irregular price;
• überhöhter, vom Kunden akzeptierter Preis class price;
• allerniedrigster Preis rock-bottom price;
• amtlicher Preis official price;
• nicht amtlicher Preis (Börse) sidewalk price (US);
• angebotener Preis price offered;
• verbindlich angebotene Preise prices quoted in tenders;
• angegebener (angesetzter) Preis quoted price;
• auf der Rechnung angegebener Preis invoice[d] price;
• angehobener Preis advanced price;
• angemessener Preis reasonable (fair, adequate, equitable) price;
• annehmbarer Preis fair rate (price), reasonable price (terms);
• ansteigende Preise increasing prices;
• anziehender Preis attractive price;
• nachstehend aufgeführte Preise prices specified below;
• augenblicklicher Preis market price;
• vertraglich ausbedungener Preis price agreed upon, contract price;
• ausgehandelte Preise prices negotiated;
• ausgemachter Preis settled price, price agreed upon;
• ausgesetzter Preis offered price;
• ausgezeichneter Preis marked price;
• auskömmlicher Preis paying price;
• äußerster Preis rock-bottom (close, bedrock) price, cut rate, lowest computation (possible price), (Auktion) knockdown price;
• künstlich beeinflusster Preis manipulated price;
• vor Verkaufsbeginn von der Konkurrenz bekannt gegebener Preis open price;
• äußerst niedrig berechneter Preis rock-bottom price;
• bescheidene Preise moderate prices;
• vom Hersteller bestimmte Preise prices laid down by the manufacturer;
• beweglicher Preis elastic (flexible) price;
• bewirtschafteter Preis administered price;
• billiger Preis budget (moderate, low) price;
• bisheriger Preis previous rate;
• cif-Preis cif price;
• davonlaufende Preise prices running away;
• Herstellungs- und Generalkosten deckender Preis overhead price;
• nicht die Selbstkosten deckender Preis losing price;
• stark divergierende Preise wide prices;
• doppelter Preis (Anzeige) double rate;
• durchschnittlicher Preis average price;
• echter Preis commercial price;
• effektiver Preis real (actual) price;
• eingefrorene Preise frozen prices, price rigidity;
• eingependelter Preis established price;
• einheitlicher Preis uniform (standard) price;
• empfohlener Preis reference (suggested, recommended) price;
• über das Lohnniveau emporschnellende Preis prices outsoaring the wages;
• enormer Preis huge (ruinous) price;
• erhöhter Preis increased (inflated, higher, enhanced) price;
• ermäßigter Preis reduced (short, cut) price;
• Sicherungsvorschuss erschöpfender Preis (Termingeschäft) exhaust price;
• [tatsächlich] erzielter Preis price obtained, actual price;
• exorbitanter Preis exorbitant price;
• fakturierter Preis invoice[d] price;
• fallende Preise dropping (sagging, declining, receding, falling-off) prices;
• feste Preise standing (fixed, flat, steady) prices, (Schaufenster) no abatement (discount, reduction);
• fester Preis fixed (firm, standing) price;
• künstlich festgelegter Preis administered price;
• vertraglich festgelegter Preis stipulated price;
• festgesetzter Preis stated (fixed) price;
• amtlich festgesetzter Preis administered (controlled) price, price as fixed by the authorities;
• vertraglich festgesetzter Preis fixed contract price;
• fingierter Preis fictitious price;
• Frei-Grenze-Preis free-at-frontier price;
• Preis freibleibend, freibleibender Preis price subject to change without notice;
• friedensmäßige Preise prices at peace-time level;
• früherer Preis previous price;
• gangbarer Preis prevailing price;
• gängiger Preis salable price;
• garantierter Preis guaranteed price;
• gebotener Preis offer, bid (offered) price;
• gebundener Preis fixed (fixed-selling, maintained, controlled) price, (Einzelhandel) fixed (minimum) resale price, (Kartell) fixed cartel price;
• geforderter Preis asked price, charge;
• gegenwärtiger Preis ruling (current, prevailing, actual, market) price;
• künstlich gehaltener Preis pegged price;
• mit einem Index gekoppelter Preis index-linked price;
• gelenkter Preis controlled price;
• geltender Preis prevailing (ruling) price;
• augenblicklich geltender Preis ruling (present, going, market, current) price;
• in der ganzen Industrie geltender Preis industry-wide price;
• genauester Preis nearest price;
• genehmigter Preis approved price;
• genormter Preis standardized price;
• gepfefferte Preise steep prices;
• zu geringer Preis underrated price;
• gestaffelter Preis graduated (scheduled) price;
• gesteuerter Preis manipulated price;
• gestoppter Preis stop price;
• gestützter Preis pegged (support[ed]) price;
• gesunkener Preis reduced (diminished, dropped, sagged) price;
• gewöhnlicher Preis customary charge, common price (charge);
• für den Fortschritt gezahlter Preis price paid for progress;
• gleitender Preis price subject to amendment, escalation (sliding-scale) price;
• [augenblicklich] gültiger Preis going (current, market) price;
• allgemein gültiger Preis allround price;
• im internen Verrechnungsverkehr gültiger Preis internal price;
• günstige Preise favo(u)rable terms (prices);
• günstiger Preis favo(u)rable (attractive) price;
• sehr günstiger Preis highly concessional price;
• halber Preis half price;
• handelsüblicher Preis market (ruling) price;
• herabgesetzter Preis reduced (marked-down, cut rate) price;
• nicht herabgesetzter Preis full price;
• heraufgesetzter Preis put-up (marked-up) price;
• hochgestochener Preis high-flying price;
• höchster Preis ceiling (maximum) price, price ceiling;
• hoher Preis long (high, advanced) price;
• besonders hoher Preis extra high price;
• entschieden zu hohe Preise definitely too high prices;
• unverhältnismäßig hoher Preis excessive price;
• inflationistische (inflationäre) Preise inflationary prices;
• inländischer Preis domestic (home-market) price;
• jetzige Preise current prices;
• kalkulierter Preis calculated price;
• äußerst kalkulierter Preis rock-bottom price;
• niedrigst kalkulierter Preis bargain level;
• scharf kalkulierter Preis price cut very fine, cut-rate (close) price;
• knappheitsbedingter Preis scarcity price;
• konkurrenzfähiger Preis competitive (keener) price;
• nicht konkurrenzfähiger Preis uncompetitive price;
• konkurrenzloser Preis unrival(l)ed (unmatched) price;
• konstante Preise constant prices, price stability;
• kostendeckender Preis price covering the costs of production;
• kriminelle Preise cutthroat prices;
• laufender Preis ruling price;
• zugrunde zu legender Preis price to be considered;
• leidlicher Preis fairly good price;
• letzte Preise previous rates;
• letzter Preis lowest limit (price);
• limitierter Preis limited price;
• lohnender (lukrativer) Preis remunerative (paying) price;
• manipulierter Preis managed (manipulated) price;
• marktentscheidender Preis key price;
• marktgängige Preise usual market prices;
• marktgemäßer (marktgerechter) Preis fair market price;
• marktkonformer Preis full economic price;
• mäßiger Preis moderate (reasonable) price;
• minimaler Preis minimum price;
• mittlerer Preis average price;
• mörderischer Preis cutthroat (ruinously high) price;
• nachbörsliche Preise street (kerb) prices (Br.), outside (curb, US) prices;
• nachfragebedingter Preis demand-led price;
• nachgebende Preise easing (falling, sagging, receding) prices;
• niedriger Preis low price, undercharge;
• äußerst niedrige Preise keen prices;
• niedrigster Preis bottom ( lowest possible, minimum) price, bargain level;
• nomineller Preis nominal price;
• notierter Preis market (quoted, listed, US) value;
• fortlaufend notierter Preis consecutively quoted price;
• obiger Preis above quotation;
• optischer Preis charm price;
• ortsüblicher Preis customary (local) price;
• populäre Preise popular prices;
• psychologische Preise psychological price [point];
• purzelnde Preise tumbling prices;
• reduzierter Preis reduced (short, cut) price;
• äußerst reduzierter Preis lowest [possible] rate;
• reeller Preis fair (moderate) price;
• regulärer Preis regular price;
• regulierter Preis administered price;
• richtiger Preis adequate price;
• rückgängige Preise dropping (sagging, declining) prices;
• rückläufige Preise retrograde (receding, declining, falling, drooping) prices;
• ruinöser Preis ruinous (cutthroat) price;
• saisonbedingter Preis seasonal price;
• in die Höhe schnellende Preise soaring prices;
• ganz schöner Preis smart price (coll.);
• schwacher Preis weak price;
• schwankende Preise varying (fluctuating) prices;
• sinkende Preise sagging (declining, falling) prices;
• solider Preis moderate (fair) price;
• spekulativer Preis speculative price;
• spottbilliger Preis ridiculously low price;
• stabiler Preis steady (stable, settled, stationary, firm, sticky, US) price;
• starrer Preis rigid price;
• stehender Preis fixed price;
• steigende Preise increasing (rising, advancing) prices;
• langsam steigende Preise creeping prices;
• schnell steigende Preise soaring (booming) prices;
• sprunghaft steigende Preise soaring prices;
• subventionierter Preis subsidized (support[ed], pegged) price;
• nicht subventionierter Preis full economic price;
• tatsächlicher Preis actual price;
• tragbarer Preis reasonable price;
• überhöhter Preis class (stiff, coll., excessive, exaggerated, prohibitive) price;
• künstlich überhöhte Preise inflated (artificially high) prices;
• übermäßiger Preis exorbitant price;
• übersetzter Preis exaggerated (overcharged) price;
• üblicher Preis market (current, customary) price, customer charge;
• unabhängiger Preis free price;
• vom Lieferort unabhängiger Preis uniform delivered price (US);
• unangemessener Preis unreasonable price;
• unbescheidener Preis unreasonable price;
• unbeschränkter Preis unlimited price;
• unelastischer Preis rigid price;
• unerhörter Preis fabulous price;
• unerschwinglicher Preis prohibitive price;
• ungebundener Preis free (uncontrolled) price;
• unterschiedliche Preise discriminating prices;
• unterschwelliger Preis submarginal price;
• untragbare Preise prohibitive prices;
• unveränderte Preise unchanged rates (prices);
• unverbindliche Preise prices subject to alteration (without commitment);
• unverschämter Preis steep (outrageous, exorbitant) price;
• völlig unzulänglicher Preis inadequate price;
• verbindlicher Preis operative price;
• [vertraglich] vereinbarter Preis price agreed upon [by arrangement], stipulated (agreed, contract) price;
• vertretbarer Preis comparable price;
• volkstümlicher Preis popular price;
• voller Preis full price;
• vorgeschriebener Preis administered price;
• vorheriger Preis previous price;
• vorteilhafte Preise attractive prices;
• weichende Preise sagging (declining, retroactive, falling) prices;
• wettbewerbsfähiger Preis competitive price;
• willkürlicher Preis arbitrary price;
• zivile Preise moderate (reasonable) prices, moderate charges;
• auf den Höchstpreis zurückgesetzter Preis rollback price (US);
• Preis bei der Anlieferung landed cost;
• Preis für eine doppelseitige Anzeige in Heftmitte center- (centre-, Br.) spread price;
• Preis für vierfarbige Anzeigen 4-colo(u)r rate;
• Preis laut gültigem Anzeigentarif rate-card price;
• Preis bei Barzahlung cash price;
• Preis in Bausch und Bogen allround (overhead) price;
• Preise einschließlich Bedienung (Restaurant) terms inclusive of service;
• Preise unter Berücksichtigung der Qualität prices adjusted to quality;
• Preis frei Bestimmungshafen landed cost (price);
• Preis zur Einführung eines Produktes early-bird price;
• Preis per Einheit unit price;
• Preis für den Endverbraucher price for the ultimate consumer;
• Preise für Endverbraucher incl. Mehrwertsteuer (Mwst.) prices inclusive of VAT;
• Preis ab Erzeuger factory price;
• Preise der Erzeugnisse product (producer’s) prices;
• Preise landwirtschaftlicher Erzeugnisse agricultural (farm) prices;
• Preis ab Fabrik factory-gate price;
• Preis des trockenen Gedecks (Hotel) price of the dinner excluding wine; Preis
• einschließlich Gemeinkosten overhead price;
• Preis frei Grenze (EU) free-to-frontier price;
• Preis für Güter und Dienstleistungen cost of goods and services;
• Preis zweiter Hand secondhand price;
• Preis frei Haus delivered-in price, in-the-mail price;
• Preis einschließlich aller Kosten allround price;
• Preis einschließlich (incl.) sämtlicher Kosten bis zum Schiff, Preis frei Längsseite Schiff free alongside ship price, price free alongside ship;
• Preis ab Lager ex-store price; Preis
• einschließlich Lieferkosten delivered price;
• Preis für künftige Lieferung forward (terminal, Br.) price;
• Preis bei sofortiger Lieferung price ex store, spot quotation;
• Preis eines Markenerzeugnisses brand price;
• Preise verstehen sich einschließlich Mehrwertsteuer prices include value-added tax (VAT);
• Preis für greifbare Mengen spot price;
• Preise bei Mengenabnahme prices shaded for quantities;
• Preis mit Mengenrabatt quantity (multi-unit, Br.) price;
• Preis einschließlich Porto und Verpackung price inclusive of postage and packing;
• Preise für eine Produktfamilie price combination (Br.);
• Preis bei Ratenzahlung hire-purchase (Br.) (time, deferred-payment, US) price;
• Preis außerhalb der Saison off-season price;
• Preis ab Schacht pithead price;
• Preis ab Speicher ex-warehouse price;
• Preis für Stromverbrauch electricity rate;
• Preis pro Stück unit price;
• Preise nach dem Tarif tariff rates;
• Preis für Termingeschäfte futures price (US);
• Preis für Übernachtung und Frühstück price for bed and breakfast;
• Preis unverzollt price ex tax;
• Preis ist Verhandlungssache price is a matter for negotiation;
• Preis ohne Verpackung price excluding packing;
• Preis ab Versandbahnhof at-station price;
• Preise für Vorsteuerabzugsberechtigte prices exclusive of VAT;
• Preis für unverzollte Ware im Zolllager in-bond price;
• Preis auf dem Weltmarkt world price;
• Preis ab Werk price ex works, trade (factory) price;
• Preis unter dem Wert underprice;
• Preis für Wiederverkäufer discount price;
• Preis ab Zeche pithead price;
• Preise in Zeiten der Hochkonjunktur boomtime prices;
• Preise abbauen to cut (reduce) prices;
• Preis abflachen to flatten prices;
• vom Preis abhandeln to obtain a reduction;
• zum alten Preis ablassen to charge the old price;
• Preise absprechen to settle prices;
• jem. einen Preis für etw. abverlangen to charge s. o. a price for s. th.;
• auf die Preise abwälzen to pass on prices;
• vom Preis abziehen to knock off the price;
• Preise angeben to quote (state) prices;
• äußersten Preis angeben to quote the outside price;
• Preise auch in Euro angeben to mark prices also in euros;
• Preise wahrheitsgemäß angeben to state prices truthfully;
• Preise angleichen to adjust prices;
• Preise schrittweise angleichen (EU) to approximate prices progressively;
• Preise anheben to jack up (coll.) (increase) prices;
• Preise anpassen to adjust (align) prices;
• Preis ansetzen to price;
• im Preis aufschlagen to go (run) higher, to put on the price;
• hohe Preise aufzwingen to corner;
• Preis aushandeln to negotiate a price;
• Preis ausmachen to agree upon a price;
• Preis aussetzen to put a premium (prize) on;
• Preis für jds. Kopf aussetzen to put a price on s. one’s head;
• mit einem Preis auszeichnen to distinguish with a prize;
• mit einem höheren Preis auszeichnen to mark up;
• Preise beeinflussen to influence prices;
• seinen Preis beibehalten to hold its price;
• in einem Wettbewerb den ersten Preis bekommen to obtain the first prize in a competition;
• etw. zu einem exorbitanten Preis bekommen to obtain s. th. at a ransom price;
• Preis berechnen to arrive at (calculate) a price;
• alten Preis berechnen to charge the old price;
• jem. einen zu hohen Preis berechnen to overcharge s. o.;
• niedrige Preise berechnen to ask moderate prices;
• Preis bestimmen to fix (go into, determine) a price;
• angemessenen Preis für etw. bezahlen to buy s. th. for what it is worth;
• doppelten Preis bezahlen to pay double the price;
• Preis bieten to offer a price;
• angemessenen Preis bieten to bid a fair price;
• Preise durcheinander bringen to put a crimp in prices (sl.);
• Preis davontragen to carry the day (away the bell), to take the cake;
• Preise drücken to bring (run, beat, coll.) down (bang) prices, to cut off prices;
• Preise einfrieren to freeze prices (US);
• sich auf einen Preis einigen to agree upon a price;
• Preis empfehlen to recommend (suggest) a price;
• sich durch überhöhte Preise den Markt entfremden to price o. s. out of the market;
• Preis erfragen to enquire about the price;
• Preis erhöhen to advance (raise, put up, increase, spike) a price;
• Preise sprunghaft erhöhen to jump prices;
• Preise immer weiter erhöhen to pyramid prices;
• sich nach dem Preis erkundigen to ask (enquire about) the price;
• Preis ermäßigen to bring down (decrease) a price;
• Preis ermitteln to arrive at a price;
• Preis erreichen (erzielen) to realize (obtain, reach) a price;
• bessere Preise erzielen to secure higher prices;
• im Preis fallen to sag in price, to depreciate;
• um den Preis feilschen to haggle over (about) the price;
• Preis festlegen (festsetzen, feststellen) to price, to quote (determine, make, arrive at, ascertain, name, fix, lay down) a price, to tariff;
• Preis amtlich festlegen (festsetzen) to establish a price;
• Preise entsprechend dem amtlichen Preisindex festsetzen to gear prices to formulas based on government price indexes;
• als Preis fordern to charge (name) a price, to tax (US);
• nach dem Preis fragen to enquire about (ask) the price;
• Preise freigeben to release (decontrol) prices;
• Preis genehmigen to approve of a price;
• Preis gewinnen to obtain (win) a prize;
• ersten Preis auf einer Landwirtschaftsausstellung gewinnen to take the first prize at an agricultural show;
• höchste Preise bei einem Wettbewerb gewinnen to win top hono(u)rs in a competition;
• seinen Preis haben to have a certain value;
• Auswirkungen auf die Preise haben to have repercussions on prices;
• verschiedene Preise haben to differ in price;
• auf Preise halten to stick to prices;
• sich weitgehend an die festgesetzten Preise halten to keep as near as possible to the prices quoted;
• sich im Preis halten to hold up its price;
• Preis auf einer amtlich festgesetzten Höhe halten to freeze a price (US);
• Preise niedrig halten to keep prices down, to hold down prices
• Preise stabil halten to hold the line on prices;
• Preis herabdrücken to bring (force) down (depress, send, squeeze down) the price;
• Preis herabsetzen to abate (sink, bring down, mark down) a price, to cheapen;
• Preise stark herabsetzen to chop prices;
• Preise stillschweigend herabsetzen to cut prices on the quiet;
• Preis heraufsetzen to put up (increase) a price;
• Preise herauftreiben to jump up prices;
• Preise herunterdrücken to bring (force, send, squeeze) down (screw) prices;
• mit dem Preis heruntergehen to reduce the price;
• Preis herunterhandeln to get a price reduced, to beat down a price (coll.);
• Preise hinaufschrauben to level (screw, send) up prices, to rig the market;
• Preise hinauftreiben to boost prices;
• Preise hochhalten to keep prices up;
• Preis hochschrauben to screw up (lift) prices;
• Preise hochtreiben to boost (puff up) prices, to bull (rig, Br.) the market;
• sich einen Preis holen to land a prize (coll.);
• Preis kalkulieren to arrive at (make out, calculate) a price;
• Preise schärfstens kalkulieren to cut prices to the minimum;
• Preis sehr vorsichtig kalkulieren to establish a price at a low level;
• zu festen Preisen kaufen to buy firm (on the scale);
• etw. zu herabgesetzten Preis kaufen to buy s. th. at a bargain;
• unter Preis kaufen to underbuy;
• völlig unsinnigen Preis kosten to cost prohibitively high;
• Preise lenken to control prices;
• unter dem Preis losschlagen to sell under value, to let go under price;
• zu jedem Preis losschlagen to sell at a sacrifice;
• Preis mindern to reduce a price;
• [vom] Preis nachlassen to take off the (make an allowance upon, make a reduction in, abate a) price;
• Preis nennen to indicate (name) a price;
• mit der Ladenkasse den Preis notieren to ring up the price;
• Preis realisieren to obtain a price;
• Preis reduzieren to lower (reduce) a price;
• Preis regulieren to control a price;
• nicht auf den Preis sehen not to consider the price;
• mit einem Preis einverstanden sein to be willing to pay a price;
• im Preis konkurrenzfähig sein to be competitively priced;
• Preis senken to lower (reduce) a price;
• Preis drastisch senken to slash a price dramatically;
• Preise durch Subventionsmaßnahmen senken to roll back prices (US);
• im Preise sinken to look down[wards], to run off;
• Preise stabilisieren to stabilize prices;
• im Preis stehen to be worth;
• hoch im Preis stehen to command a high price;
• im Preis steigen to increase (advance, enhance, go up) in price, to get (run) up, to bull;
• im Preis steigern to raise price;
• Preise stützen to peg (buttress, support, US) prices;
• Preise in die Höhe treiben to drive up the prices, to bid up [prices], to rig the market;
• Preise überbieten to outbid prices;
• amtlich festgelegten Preis überschreiten to sell s. th. above the established price;
• Preise unterbieten (verderben) to undercut (cut s. one’s) prices;
• Preis vereinbaren to agree upon (negotiate) a price;
• über einen Preis verhandeln to negotiate a price;
• zu einem festen Preis verkaufen to sell at a fixed price;
• etw. zum halben Preis verkaufen to sell s. th. half-price;
• zu höheren als den amtlich festgesetzten Preisen verkaufen to sell above the established prices;
• zu niedrigerem Preis verkaufen to sell under value, to undersell;
• über Preis verkaufen to sell s. th. above the established price;
• unter Preis verkaufen to sell under price;
• zu einem vernünftigen Preis verkaufen to sell at a reasonable rate;
• Preis verlangen to demand a price;
• zu hohen Preis verlangen to overprice;
• während der Saison enorm hohe Preise verlangen to stick it on during the busy season;
• zu hohe Preise für eine Lieferung verlangen to overcharge goods;
• mit einem Preis versehen to price;
• Preise verteilen to distribute (present) the prizes;
• im Preise billiger werden to decline in price;
• zu wettbewerbsfähigen Preisen von der landwirtschaftlichen Bevölkerung erzeugt werden to be produced at competitive prices by the farming population;
• durch hohe Preise vom Markt verdrängt werden to be priced out of the market;
• ermäßigte Preise durch große Umsätze wettmachen to sell at a low price and recoup o. s. by large sales;
• vollen Preis zahlen to pay full fare;
• im Preis zurückgehen to be on the decline;
• Preise gelten nur bei postwendender Bestellung prices valid subject to immediate acceptance;
• Frühstück ist im Preis einbezogen the terms are inclusive of breakfast;
• die Preise sind ins Bodenlose gesunken the bottom has fallen out of the market;
• der Preis spielt keine Rolle price is no object;
• der Preis unterliegt einem Rabatt von fünf Prozent the price is subject to a discount of five percent;
• Preise ziehen heftig (kräftig) an prices rise sharply;
• Preisabbau price cut, cut in (cutting of, fall in, decline in, reduction of, lowering of) prices;
• Preisabfall decline in prices;
• Preis abkommen, Preisabmachung price[-fixing] agreement;
• staatliches Preisabkommen price code (Br.);
• Preis- und Förderungsabkommen (OPEC) agreement on pricing and production;
• Preisabnahme fall (drop, decline) in prices;
• Preisabrede price [-fixing] agreement, pricing arrangement;
• Preisabschlag discount, allowance, price deduction (reduction), abatement;
• jem. einen Preisabschlag einräumen (gewähren) to allow a reduced price to s. o., to make an allowance on the (a reduction in) price;
• durchschnittlicher Preisabschlag von 3% bei hundert Grundnahrungsmitteln erzwingen to trim 3% on average off the prices of some 100 basic items;
• Preisabschwächung easing (sagging) of prices, price weakness;
• Preisabsprache price agreement (arrangement, scheme), (Kartell) price fixing;
• verbotene Preisabsprache illegal price fixing;
• Preisabstand disparity in prices, margin;
• Preisabstufung graduation of prices;
• Preisabweichung price (value) variance, price difference;
• Preisaktion price action;
• Preisänderung price change (variance, modifications, alterations), alteration in price;
• Preisänderungen vorbehalten subject to alterations, prices subject to change without notice;
• relative Preisänderung proportionate change in price;
• Preisänderungsklausel repricing clause;
• Preisänderungsmitteilung price-change slip;
• Preisanfrage inquiry as to price, price inquiry, request for quotation. -
45 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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46 run
1. n бег, пробегto break into a run — побежать, пуститься бегом
2. n бегство; беспорядочное отступлениеto be on the run — поспешно отступать, бежать
3. n побег; нахождение в бегах4. n короткая прогулка; пробежка5. n короткая поездка6. n рейс, маршрутmilk run — рейсовый перелёт; рейс
7. n переход8. n ж. -д. перегон, прогонrun time — время прогона; время счета
dry run — пробный прогон; формальный прогон
9. n ав. полёт; перелёт10. n пройденное расстояние; отрезок пути11. n ав. отрезок трассы12. n ав. пробег; разбег13. n тропа14. n колея15. n период, отрезок, полосаa run of ill luck — несчастливая полоса, полоса невезения
16. n направление17. n геол. направление рудной жилы18. n тиражbackup run — тираж, напечатанный начиная с оборотной стороны
run length — величина тиража, тираж
19. n спорт. единица счёта20. n спорт. перебежка21. n спорт. очко за перебежкуrun about — суетиться, сновать взад и вперёд
22. n спорт. стадо23. n спорт. стая24. n спорт. косяк25. n спорт. карт. ряд, серияa run of cards — карты одной масти, идущие подряд по достоинству; «стрит»
26. n спорт. средний тип, сорт или разрядout of the run — необыкновенный, из ряда вон выходящий, незаурядный
27. n спорт. спрос28. n спорт. разг. разрешение, право пользоваться29. n спорт. загон30. n спорт. вольер31. n спорт. австрал. пастбище,32. n спорт. австрал. скотоводческая ферма33. n спорт. амер. ручей, поток34. n спорт. сильный прилив, приток35. n спорт. амер. ток; истечение36. n спорт. уклон, трасса37. n спорт. обвал, оползень38. n спорт. труба, жёлоб, лоток39. n спорт. длинаa 500 ft run of pipe — пятисотфутовый отрезок трубы; труба длиной в пятьсот футов
40. n спорт. размер41. n спорт. ход рыбы на нерестrun idle — работать впустую; работать на холостом ходу
run flat — шина, остающаяся безопасной после прокола
42. n спорт. нерестящаяся рыба43. n спорт. мор. кормовое заострение44. n спорт. муз. рулада45. a жидкий; расплавленный; растопленный46. a вылитый в расплавленном состоянии; литой47. a отцеженный, отфильтрованный48. a разг. контрабандный49. a нерестящийсяrun fish — рыба, пришедшая в пресную воду на нерест
50. a спец. мягкийrun coal — мягкий или сыпучий уголь; мягкий битуминозный уголь; рядовой уголь
51. a диал. свернувшийся, скисший52. v бежать, бегатьto run mute — бежать за добычей, не подавая голоса
53. v гнать, подгонятьhe ran me breathless — он меня совершенно загнал, он меня загнал до изнеможения
54. v убегать, спасаться бегствомto run for it — удирать, спасаться, искать спасения в бегстве
run away — убегать, удирать
run off — убегать, удирать
55. v двигаться, катиться, скользить56. v амер. разг. катать в автомобиле57. v ходить, следовать, курсировать, плаватьto run behind schedule — опаздывать, отставать от расписания
run up to — доходить; дойти
58. v двигаться, идтиto run the venture — рисковать, идти на риск
59. v съездить на короткий срок60. v ав. совершать пробег, разбег61. v ав. заходить на цель62. v бежать, лететь, протекатьrun in — заглянуть; забежать; заехать
63. v идти, происходить64. v проноситься, мелькать65. v распространяться66. v тянуться, простираться, расстилатьсяthis line runs from … to … — этот маршрут проходит от … до …, эта линия соединяет …
67. v ползти, витьсяa rambling rose ran all over the wall — роза оплетала всю проводить, прокладывать
68. v быть действительным на определённый срок69. v распространяться на определённую территорию, действовать на определённой территорииso far as British justice runs — там, где действует британское правосудие
70. v иметь хождениеoutside the United States where our writ does not run — за пределами Соединённых Штатов, где наши законы не имеют силы
71. v сопровождать в качестве непременного условияa right-of-way that runs with the land — земля, через которую проходит полоса отчуждения
to run back over the past — перебирать всё то, что было в прошлом
72. v течь, литься, сочиться, струитьсяwait till the water runs hot — подожди, пока не пойдёт горячая вода
her eyes ran with tears — её глаза наполнились слезами; из её глаз потекли слёзы
73. v протекать, течьhis nose was running, he was running at the nose — у него текло из носу
74. v разливаться, расплываться75. v таять, течь76. v сливаться, переходитьto run into one — сливаться, объединяться воедино
to run into one another — переходить один в другой, сливаться в одно
77. v лить, наливать78. v вращаться79. v касаться, слегка дотрагиваться до80. v гласитьthe story runs that — говорят, что
81. v проходить; преодолевать82. v линять83. v амер. австрал. дразнить, приставать, дёргать84. v стр. покрывать штукатуркойСинонимический ряд:1. brook (noun) branch; brook; creek2. continuance (noun) continuance; continuation; duration; persistence3. course (noun) course; field; route; track; way4. group (noun) bevy; covey; crowd; flock; gaggle; group; herd; pack; school5. order (noun) chain; order; round; sequence; string; succession; suite; train6. period (noun) interval; period; spell7. series (noun) extent; motion; passage; progress; series; set8. standard (noun) average; ordinary; regular; standard9. stream (noun) burn; channel; rill; rivulet; runnel; stream10. tendency (noun) current; drift; tendency; tenor; trend11. trip (noun) trip12. become (verb) become; come; get; grow; wax13. bolt (verb) bolt; flee; fly; make off; skedaddle; skip; skirr14. carry (verb) carry; convey; ferry; transport15. challenge (verb) campaign; challenge; compete; contend; oppose16. chase (verb) chase; hunt; pursue; stalk17. climb (verb) climb; creep; trail18. continue (verb) carry on; conduct; continue; direct; keep; ordain; persevere19. drive (verb) drive; dug; maneuver; plunge; propel; rammed; stab; stuck; sunk; thrust20. driven (verb) driven; herded21. extend (verb) carried; cover; encompass; extend; led; make; reach; spread; stretch22. flow (verb) circulate; course; flood; flow; leak; pour; proceed; roll; stream23. flux (verb) dissolve; flux; fuse; melt; thaw24. function (verb) act; function; go25. functioned (verb) acted; functioned26. gone (verb) depart; exit; get away; go away; gone; left; pull out; quit; retire; run along; withdraw27. head (verb) administer; administrate; control; govern; head; manage; superintend28. herd (verb) herd; prod29. hunted (verb) chased; hunted30. hurried (verb) barreled; bucketed; bustled; fleeted; flitted; hasted; hastened; hurried; hustled; pelted; rocked; rocketed; rushed; scooted; scoured; skinned; smoked; sped or speeded; staved or stove; whirled; whisked; whizzed; zipped31. hurry (verb) barrel; barrelhouse; beeline; bucket; bullet; bustle; dart; dash; fled; fleet; flit; flown; get out; haste; hasten; highball; hotfoot; hurry; hustle; pelt; race; rock; rocket; rush; sail; scamper; scoot; scour; scramble; scurried; scurry; shin; shot; skin; smoke; speed; sprint; stave; whirl; whish; whisk; whiz; zip32. liquefied (verb) deliquesced; dissolved; fluxed; fused; liquefied; melted; thawed33. move (verb) actuate; impel; mobilise; move; propel34. number (verb) aggregate; amount; number; total35. place (verb) come in; finish; place36. play (verb) play; show37. range (verb) range; varied38. smuggle (verb) bootleg; smuggle39. turn (verb) refer; repair; resort to; turn40. used (verb) handle; operate; used; work -
47 law
[̈ɪlɔ:]abortion law закон об абортах action at law судебный иск adjective law процессуальное право administrative law административное право admiralty law военно-морское право admiralty law морское право adoption law сем.право закон об усыновлении и удочерении agreement law закон о соглашениях antisymmetric law несимметричный закон antitrust law антитрестовский закон banking law банковский закон banking law законодательство о банках bend the law подчиняться закону beyond the law вне закона binomial law биномиальный закон blanket law общий закон blue law закон, регулирующий режим воскресного дня (США) blue-sky law закон, регулирующий выпуск и продажу акций и ценных бумаг (США) break the law нарушать закон bulk sales law закон о массовых продажах business law право, регулирующее область деловых отношений business law торговое право by law по закону by operation of law в силу закона canonical law церковное право case in law судебное дело в сфере общего права case law прецедентное право cause in law судебное дело church law церковное право civil procedural law гражданское процессуальное право commentary on law толкование закона common law юр. неписанный закон common law юр. общее право; обычное право; некодифицированное право common law общее право common law обычное право, некодифицированное право Community law закон Европейского экономического сообщества company law закон о компаниях company law право, регулирующее деятельность акционерных компаний comparative law сравнительное право competent before the law правомочный constitutional law конституционное право, государственное право constitutional law конституционное право constitutional law конституционный закон consular law консульское право control law закон о надзоре corporation law закон о корпорациях criminal law of procedure судопроизводство по уголовным делам criminal law of procedure уголовное судопроизводство crown law уголовное право ecclesiastical law церковное право economic law экономический закон emergency law чрезвычайное законодательство equal protection of the law равенство перед законом equality before the law равенство перед законом exemption law прецедентное право exponential law экспоненциальный закон extraterritorial law экстерриториальный закон family law семейное право financial law финансовое законодательство fiscal law закон о налогообложении fiscal law налоговое право fiscal law финансовый закон framework law общий закон gap in law пробел в праве Germanic law тевтонский закон to give (the) law (to smb.) навязать (кому-л.) свою волю global law всеобщий закон to go beyond the law совершить противозаконный поступок good law действующее право to have (или to take) the law (of smb.) привлечь (кого-л.) к суду he is a law unto himself для него не существует никаких законов, кроме собственного мнения to hold good in law быть юридически обоснованным housing law юр. жилищное законодательство hyperexponential law гиперэкспоненциальный закон in law по закону, законно in law по закону indispensable law закон, не допускающий исключений industrial law закон о промышленности industrial law производственное право industrial property law закон о промышленной собственности industrial relations law закон о внутрипроизводственных отношениях infringe the law нарушать закон insurance law закон о страховании intellectual property law закон об интеллектуальной собственности internal law внутреннее право international law международное право issue in law спорный вопрос права, спор о праве to keep within the law придерживаться закона within: to come law the terms of reference относиться к ведению, к компетенции; to keep within the law не выходить из рамок закона labour law закон о труде labour law трудовое право landmark law право защиты law = lawk(s) law закон law закон; Mendeleyev's law периодическая система элементов Менделеева law attr. законный; юридический; правовой; law school юридическая школа; юридический факультет law общее право law (the law) разг. полиция, полицейский law правило; the laws of tennis правила игры в теннис law правило law юр. право; юриспруденция; law merchant торговое право; private law гражданское право; to read law изучать право law право (в объективном смысле) law право law правоведение law спорт. преимущество, предоставляемое противнику (в состязании и т. п.); перен. передышка; отсрочка; поблажка law профессия юриста; to follow the (или to go in for) law избрать профессию юриста; to practise law быть юристом law профессия юриста law суд, судебный процесс; to be at law (with smb.) быть в тяжбе (с кем-л.); to go to law подать в суд; начать судебный процесс law суд law судебный процесс law судейское сословие Law: Law: law of Property Act Закон о праве собственности (Великобритания) law: law: law of succession наследственное право law analogy правовая аналогия law and order правопорядок order: law and law законность и правопорядок law in force действующее право law in force действующий закон law юр. право; юриспруденция; law merchant торговое право; private law гражданское право; to read law изучать право merchant: law law торговое право, обычное торговое право law of accidental error закон случайных ошибок law of bills and promissory notes закон о счетах и простых векселях law of business property закон о собственности компании law of causality закон причинности law of contract договорное право, договорно-обязательственное право law of contract договорное право law of criminal procedure процессуальное уголовное право law of demand закон спроса law of diminishing return "закон убывающего плодородия" law of diminishing returns закон убывающей доходности law of enforceable rights закон о праве принудительного осуществления в судебном порядке law of enforceable rights закон об обеспечении правовой санкции law of evidence доказательственное право law of evidence система судебных доказательств law of large numbers закон больших чисел law of nations международное право law of obligation обязательственное право law of persons личное право law of probabilitys законы вероятности law of procedure процессуальное право law of property вещное право law of property право собственности law: law of succession наследственное право law of the sea морское право law of variable proportions закон переменных соотношений law of wages закон о фондах заработной платы law attr. законный; юридический; правовой; law school юридическая школа; юридический факультет school: law law юридическая школа law law юридический факультет университета law = lawk(s) lawk(s): lawk(s) int разг. неужто? laws: laws = lawk(s) law правило; the laws of tennis правила игры в теннис local government law закон местной власти loop-hole in law лазейка в законе mandatory law обязательный закон maritime law морское право martial law военное положение martial law военное право martial: martial военный; martial law военное положение mathematical frequency law вчт. математический закон распределения matrimonial property law закон о собственности супругов law закон; Mendeleyev's law периодическая система элементов Менделеева mercantile law торговое право, обычное торговое право mercantile law торговое право mercantile: law торговый; коммерческий; mercantile law торговое законодательство; mercantile marine торговый флот merchant shipping law закон о торговом судоходстве military law военное право moral law закон морали municipal law внутреннее право страны municipal law внутригосударственное право, внутреннее право страны municipal law внутригосударственное право natural law естественное право natural law естественное правосудие necessity (или need) knows no law посл. нужда не знает закона normal probability law нормальный закон распределения observe the law соблюдать закон outside the law вне закона patent law закон о патентах patent law патентное право, патентный закон patent law патентное право patent law патентный закон penal law уголовное право person in law субъект права positive law действующее право positive law позитивное право law профессия юриста; to follow the (или to go in for) law избрать профессию юриста; to practise law быть юристом private international law международное частное право law юр. право; юриспруденция; law merchant торговое право; private law гражданское право; to read law изучать право law: private law закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц private law частное право private law частный закон; закон, действующий в отношении конкретных лиц private law частный закон procedural law процессуальное право procedural law процесуальное право protection of law защита закона public international law публичное международное право public law публичное право public law публичный закон (закон, касающийся всего населения) law юр. право; юриспруденция; law merchant торговое право; private law гражданское право; to read law изучать право real law правовые нормы, относящиеся к недвижимости responsibility under law ответственность в соответствии с законом revenue law закон о налогах Roman law римское право Roman: law римский; латинский; Roman alphabet латинский алфавит; Roman law юр. римское право sea law морское право statute law писаный закон (противоп. common law) statute law право, выраженное в законодательных актах statute law статутное право statutory law право, основанное на законодательных актах; статутное право statutory law право, основанное на законодательных актах statutory law статутное право substantive law материальное право to take the law into one's own hands расправиться без суда tax law налоговое право trade marks law закон о товарных знаках transitional law временное законодательство transitional law закон, действующий в переходном периоде unwritten law неписаное право, прецедентное право unwritten law неписаный закон unwritten law общее неписаное право unwritten law прецедентное право unwritten: law law неписаный закон law law юр. прецедентное право usury law закон против ростовщичества violate the law нарушать закон Wagner's law закон Вагнера (согласно которому доля государственных расходов в нацональном доходе возрастает по мере прогресса экономического развития) within the law в рамках закона -
48 Zuständigkeit
Zuständigkeit f 1. GEN competence; 2. PERS competency; 3. RECHT jurisdiction, competence (Gericht) • Zuständigkeit annehmen RECHT exercise jurisdiction, assert jurisdiction (court)* * *f 1. < Geschäft> competence; 2. < Person> competency; 3. < Recht> Gericht jurisdiction, competence ■ Zuständigkeit annehmen < Recht> court exercise jurisdiction, assert jurisdiction* * *Zuständigkeit
competence, responsibility, (Ausschuss) reference, (Befugnisse) powers, (Gericht) jurisdiction, capacity, cognizance, (Wirkungskreis) province, sphere, line;
• außerhalb der Zuständigkeit extra vires;
• außerhalb gerichtlicher Zuständigkeit liegend extra-judicial;
• außerhalb unserer Zuständigkeit outside our reference;
• ausschließliche Zuständigkeit exclusive jurisdiction (competence);
• begrenzte Zuständigkeit limited jurisdiction;
• erstinstanzliche Zuständigkeit original jurisdiction;
• fachspezifische Zuständigkeit specific area of responsibility;
• funktionelle Zuständigkeit (EU) executive powers;
• konkurrierende Zuständigkeit concurrent jurisdiction;
• mangelnde Zuständigkeit want of jurisdiction;
• örtliche Zuständigkeit forum, territorial jurisdiction;
• sachliche Zuständigkeit jurisdiction in rem, (EU) competence ratione materia;
• stillschweigende Zuständigkeit implicit responsibility;
• Zuständigkeit in Berufungssachen (als Berufungsinstanz) appellate jurisdiction;
• Zuständigkeit für den Erlass von Verwaltungsvorschriften regulatory function;
• Zuständigkeit in Nachlass- und Vormundschaftssachen probate jurisdiction;
• Zuständigkeit als Rechtsmittelinstanz supervisory control (jurisdiction);
• Zuständigkeit in Steuersachen tax jurisdiction;
• Zuständigkeit in arbeitsrechtlichen Streitigkeiten industrial jurisdiction;
• Zuständigkeit begründen to establish jurisdiction;
• örtliche Zuständigkeit begründen to lay the venue;
• Zuständigkeit bestreiten to plead (challenge) incompetence;
• im Rahmen seiner Zuständigkeit bleiben to keep within one’s proper sphere;
• in jds. Zuständigkeit fallen (gehören) to come under the cognizance of s. o.;
• rechtlich in die Zuständigkeit fallen to fall legally under the scope;
• unter die Zuständigkeit eines Gerichtes fallen to come within the jurisdiction (fall under the cognizance) of a court;
• nicht zu jds. Zuständigkeit gehören not to fall in s. one’s province;
• nicht zur Zuständigkeit eines Ausschusses gehören to be outside the reference of a committee;
• außerhalb jds. Zuständigkeit liegen to be beyond s. one’s cognizance;
• in jds. Zuständigkeit liegen to lie within s. one’s competence;
• im Rahmen der ministeriellen Zuständigkeit liegen to be in the gift of a minister;
• seine Zuständigkeit überschreiten to transgress (exceed) one’s competence, to act in excess of one’s powers;
• Zuständigkeit verneinen to disclaim competence. -
49 limit
1) предел; предельное количество; ограничение || ограничивать; задавать предел, задавать пределы || предельный; граничный2) допуск; предельный размер3) ограничитель; конечный выключатель•- acceleration limitwithin the tolerance limits — в допустимых размерных пределах; в пределах допусков
- acceptable limit of safety factor
- action limits
- alignment limits
- allowable limits
- average outgoing quality limit
- bending endurance limit
- confidence limit
- constraint limit
- control limits
- creep limit
- creeping limit
- detection limit
- double software limit
- down limit
- elastic limit
- electric limit
- emergency shutdown limit
- emission limit
- end-of-travel limit
- endurance limit
- EOT limit
- error limit
- fatigue endurance limit
- fatigue limit
- fault limits
- fixed stop limit
- force/torque/power limit
- grading limit
- innermost limit
- laser-annealing-induced solubility limit
- legibility limit
- limit of accuracy
- limit of action
- limit of effective range
- limit of endurance
- limit of size
- limit of tolerance
- limits of error
- limits of interference
- limits of reach
- lower limit
- machine overload limit
- maximum limit of size
- maximum material limit
- memory capacity limit
- minimum limit of size
- minimum material limit
- outermost limit
- pitting limit
- predetermined limit
- predetermined maximum limit
- preprogrammed limit
- prescribed limit
- preset limit
- preset size limit
- programmable limit
- proportional elastic limit
- proportional limit
- proportionality limit
- rate limit
- resolution limit
- returning limit
- robot's load limit
- saturation limit
- scoring limit
- search limits
- semiautomatically selected limit
- set limit
- setting limit
- software limit
- software stroke limits
- speed limit
- stability limit
- stress limit
- stroke limit
- surface endurance limit
- tight limit
- tolerable limit
- tolerance limit
- travel limit
- up limit
- upper limit
- VB limit
- warning limit
- wear limit
- working limit
- yield limitEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > limit
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50 law
nзакон, право; законодательство, правовая нормаto abolish / to abrogate a law — отменять закон
to administer law — отправлять / осуществлять правосудие
to adopt a law — принимать / утверждать закон
to alter / to amend a law — вносить поправки в закон
to be above the law — быть неподсудным / выше закона / над законом
to be at law with smb — судиться с кем-л.
to be exempt from the law — быть неподсудным / неподвластным закону
to break a law — нарушать / преступать закон
to contravene a law — нарушать закон; противоречить закону
to defy law — не подчиняться закону, игнорировать закон
to draw up a law — разрабатывать закон / законопроект
to enact legislation into law — принимать законопроект, придавать законопроекту силу закона
to enforce law — обеспечивать выполнение закона, следить за соблюдением закона
to flout law — попирать / не выполнять закон
to go beyond the law — совершать противозаконный поступок; обходить закон
to honor the law — уважать / соблюдать закон
to implement a law — выполнять закон; вводить закон в действие
to infringe law — нарушать / преступать закон
to institute / to introduce law — вводить закон
to keep in with the law — подчиняться закону, не нарушать закон
to keep within the law — держаться в рамках / придерживаться закона
to lay down the law — распоряжаться, командовать
to make a law — издавать закон; составлять закон
to override law — не признавать закон, не считаться с законом
to pass a law — принимать / утверждать закон
to practice law — заниматься адвокатурой / юриспруденцией
to put a law into effect / operation — вводить закон в действие
to take the law in(to) one's own hands — устраивать самосуд
to take the law of smb — привлекать кого-л. к суду
- abuse of the lawto violate a law — нарушать / преступать / попирать закон
- according to the law
- active law
- administration of laws
- administrative law
- air law
- ambassadorial law
- amnesty law
- antilabor law
- antipollution law
- antismoking law
- antiterrorist law
- antitrust laws - basic law
- binding in law
- breach of law
- breakdown of law and order
- business law
- by law
- campaign-financing laws
- canon law
- case law
- changes to the electoral law
- child-labor laws
- civil law
- clemency law
- club law - common law
- company law
- compliance with law
- conflict of interest law
- conflict with the law
- conscription law
- constitutional law
- consular law
- contrary to law
- contrary to military law
- controversial law
- conventional international law
- cosmic law
- court of law
- criminal law
- crown law
- customary law
- definite law
- development of international law
- discriminatory law
- disdain for the law
- disregard of the law
- doctor of law
- domestic law
- draft law
- ecclesiastical law
- economic law
- economic laws of the development of society
- election law
- electoral law
- emergency law
- enforcement of a law
- existent laws
- existing laws
- export control law
- extension of martial law
- extradition law
- family law
- federal laws - fundamental law
- general international law
- general law
- gun control law
- gun law prevails
- gun law
- humanitarian law
- immigration laws
- in British law
- in conformity with the law
- in law
- in the eyes of the law
- individual labor law
- infringement of the laws
- institutions of international law
- internal law
- internal security laws
- international administrative law
- international humanitarian law
- international law
- international monetary law
- international private law
- international public law
- international trade law
- international treaty law
- interstate commerce laws
- inviolable law
- irreversible law
- Islamic holy laws
- Jim Crow law
- judicial law
- jungle law
- labor laws
- land law
- language law - law goes through
- law is in force
- law is invalid
- law is subject to yearly review
- law is the law
- law merchant
- law must be upheld
- law of actions
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflicts
- law of contracts
- law of criminal procedure
- law of international trade
- law of nations
- law of nature
- law of property
- law of state responsibility
- law of succession
- law of the land
- law of the sea
- law of treaties
- law of value
- law on leasing
- law on religion
- law on smth
- law provides for
- law should follow its normal course
- laws and customs
- laws and regulations
- laws are being ignored
- laws governing social development
- laws governing the economy
- laws in force
- laws of historical development of society
- laws of honor
- laws restraining the press
- local law
- loop-hole in the law
- Lynch law
- maritime law
- maritime safety law
- martial law is in force
- martial law
- military law
- minions of law
- municipal law
- national law
- natural law
- nature laws
- no-knock search law
- object of international law
- objective economic laws
- objective laws
- observance of the laws
- offence of law
- outer space law
- passage of the law
- penal law
- political law
- power to execute laws
- press law
- principles of law
- private international law
- private law
- property law
- provision in the law
- public international law
- public law
- race law
- racist law - retreat of the law
- right-to-know law
- right-to-work laws
- rules of law
- secession law
- security law
- segregation law
- settled law
- shield laws
- slip law
- source of law
- space law
- state law
- statute law
- strict observance of the law
- subject of international law
- substantive law
- sunset law
- sunshine law
- system of law
- the spirit and the letter of the law
- under an amnesty law
- under local law
- under the law
- under the new law
- universal historical laws
- vagrancy law - war-time laws
- within bounds of international law -
51 indipendente
independent (da of)indipendente dalla mia volontà outside my control* * *indipendente agg.1 independent (of s.o., sthg.); free: pensatore indipendente, independent thinker; stato indipendente, free state; ha un carattere indipendente, he has an independent character; ormai sono indipendente e posso mantenermi, now I am independent and can support myself; si è reso indipendente dalla famiglia e vive solo, he has cut himself loose from his family and is living alone // (gramm.) proposizione indipendente, independent clause2 (non in relazione) unrelated, unconnected: i due fatti sono indipendenti l'uno dall'altro, there is no connection (o relation) between the two facts; quel che ti è successo è indipendente dalla mia volontà, I had nothing to do with what happened to you3 (mat.) independent: vettori linearmente indipendenti, linearly independent vectors4 (inform.) stand-alone; off-line◆ s.m. (pol.) independent: indipendente di destra, sinistra, right-wing, left-wing independent.* * *[indipen'dɛnte]1. agg(gen) Pol, Gramm"affittasi camera con ingresso indipendente" — "room to let with independent access"
2. sm/fPol independent* * *[indipen'dɛnte] 1.1) (libero da vincoli) [paese, cinema, giornale, persona, carattere, vita] independent; [giornalista, lavoro] freelance; [ lavoratore] self-employed2) (non comunicante) [ casa] detached3) (non in relazione) unrelated, unconnected4) mat. fis. ling. independent2.sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile pol. independent* * *indipendente/indipen'dεnte/1 (libero da vincoli) [paese, cinema, giornale, persona, carattere, vita] independent; [giornalista, lavoro] freelance; [ lavoratore] self-employed2 (non comunicante) [ casa] detached3 (non in relazione) unrelated, unconnected4 mat. fis. ling. independentII m. e f.pol. independent. -
52 форс-мажор
1. Если исполнение Контракта [или этого соглашения] или какого-либо обязательства по нему сталкивается с превенциями, ограничениями или помехами, неподвластных разумному контролю стороны, обязанной исполнить Контракт, то эта сторона, после незамедлительного направления уведомления другой стороне, освобождается от исполнения своих обязательств в пределах превенции, ограничения или помехи, но затронутая этими факторами сторона должна приложить максимальные усилия по предотвращению или устранению причин неисполнения и продолжить исполнение своих обязательств по Контракту [или соглашению] после устранения или смягчения таких причин. — 1. If the performance of the Contract [or this agreement] or any obligation under it is prevented, restricted or interfered with by reason of circumstances beyond the reasonable control of the party obliged to perform it the party so affected upon giving prompt notice to the other party shall be excused from performance to the extent of the prevention restriction or interference but the party so affected shall use its best efforts to avoid or remove causes of non-performance and shall continue performance under the Contract [or agreement] with the utmost dispatch whenever such causes are removed or diminished.
2. Компания не несет ответственности за любое неисполнение каких-либо своих обязательств по Контракту [или этому соглашению, или документу], обусловленное неподвластными ей факторами. — 2. The Company shall not be liable for any failure in the performance of any of its obligations under the Contract [or this agreement or deed] caused by factors outside its control.
-
53 out of
предл. вне;
сверх, выше, за;
снаружи Syn: outside, beyond, without указывает на движение изнутри, из - he took a handkerchief * his pocket он вынул носовой платок из кармана - to step * the car выйти из автомобиля - to leap * the window выпрыгнуть из окна - to jump * bed вскочить с постели - he slipped * the room он выскользнул из комнаты - is there a way * it? есть ли из этого выход? - she looked at him * the corner of her eye она украдкой посмотрела на него указывает на нахождение вне или за пределами чего-либо или выход за пределы чего-либо, вне, за (пределами) ;
передается также глагольной приставкой вы- - to be * the country быть за границей - * prison на свободе - an animal not found * Europe животное, не встречающееся за пределами Европы - in another year he will be * the army через год он вернется из армии - he is * town его нет в городе - when I am * here... когда я уеду отсюда... - don't hang * the window не высовывайтесь из окна - the words were hardly * my mouth when... не успел я произнести эти слова, как... - the gloom went * his face мрачное выражение исчезло с его лица указывает на нахождение на каком-либо расстоянии от - the camp is six miles * town лагерь находится в шести милях от города указывает на нахождение вне сферы действия или исчезновение из сферы действия чего-либо, вне, за - * danger вне опасности - * hearing вне пределов слышимости - * sight вне поля зрения - to go * sight скрыться из виду - that is * our power это не в наших силах - * my sight! (разговорное) с глаз моих долой!, убирайся! указывает на отклонение от нормы, обычного порядка и т. п., от, не, в;
передается также приставками - * breath запыхавшийся;
задыхающийся - * shape бесформенный - * the ordinary необычный, особенный - * place не на (своем) месте;
неуместный - * order не в порядке, неисправный, испорченный - * step не в ногу - * tune расстроенный( о музыкальном инструменте) ;
звучащий фальшиво - * patience потерявший терпение - * one's mind (head) лишившийся рассудка - * wedlock внебрачный( о ребенке) - * control неуправляемый указывает на выход из употребления, из моды и т. п. - to be * fashion быть немодным;
выйти из моды;
устареть указывает на причину, основание, из, от - * pity из (от) жалости - * respect из уважения - * mischief из озорства - * spite по злобе, со злости указывает на материал, состав чего-либо, из - * stone( glass) из камня (стекла) - a house made * brick кирпичный дом - they made a boxer * him они сделали из него боксера - she made a dinner * hors-d'oeuvres на обед она подала разные закуски указывает на происхождение из - he came * a slum он родился в трущобах - he came * France он (приехал) из Франции указывает на появление, выход откуда-либо, из - he was not long * a theatre school он недавно окончил театральную школу указывает на происхождение животного, обычно лошади, по материнской линии - a colt * a good dam жеребенок от породистой кобылицы - Napoleon * Lady Grey (конь) Наполеон - сын( кобылы) Леди Грей указывает на посуду, вместилище и т. п., из - to drink * a glass пить из стакана - to eat * the same dish есть из одной тарелки - to sip soup * the bowl пить бульон из чашки указывает на выделение части из целого, из - nine chances * ten девять шансов из десяти - three days * every week три дня в неделю - we picked our puppy * that litter мы выбрали себе щенка из того помета указывает на произведение или источник, из которого приводится отрывок, цитата и т. п., из - a scene * a play сцена из пьесы - he quotes it * Shakespeare он приводит цитату из Шекспира - what did you get * his lecture? что вы вынесли из его лекции? указывает на отсутствие чего-либо у кого-либо - he is * money у него нет денег( кончились деньги) - he ran * tobacco у него кончился табак - * work безработный - this book is * stock эта книга распродана указывает на получение денег, сведений и т. п. у кого-либо или извлечение выгоды из чего-либо, у, из - to get money * smb. вымогать у кого-либо деньги;
выуживать (выманивать) у кого-либо деньги - he got ten dollars * it он на этом заработал десять долларов - can good ever come * evil? разве зло приводит к добру?;
на чужом несчастье счатья не построишь указывает на основу деятельности кого-либо или род занятий - to make a good living * painting зарабатывать на жизнь продажей картин придает глаголу каузативное значение - to talk (to argue) smb. * smth. отговорить кого-либо от чего-либо - to laugh smb. * smth. насмешками заставить кого-либо отказаться от чего-либо - to frighten smb. * his wits напугать кого-либо до смерти - to reason smb. * his fears рассеять чьи-либо страхи;
убедить кого-либо, что опасения напрасны употребляется в сочетаниях - to be * it быть непричастным;
чувствовать себя неуютно - among these young people I feel that I am * it в компании этих молодых людей я чувствую себя неуютно не понимать что к чему, быть не в курсе - to be well * it удачно избежать чего-либо -
54 предел
bound, boundary, end матем., extreme, limit, limitation, ( рабочего режима) margin, tether, threshold* * *преде́л м.
limit; ( ограничение) bound; ( граница) boundaryв преде́ле, напр. больши́х систе́м — in the limit of, e. g., large systemsв широ́ких преде́лах — over a wide rangeвы́йти за преде́лы — fall outside the limits(находи́ться) в преде́лах оши́бки о́пыта — (be, lie) within the (limits of) experimental errorпереходи́ть к преде́лу мат. — pass [proceed] to the limitсверх преде́ла — beyond the limitпреде́л сле́ва мат. — limit on the left, left-hand limitпреде́л спра́ва мат. — limit on the right, right-hand limitстреми́ться к преде́лу — tend to the limitустана́вливать преде́л (для) чего-л. — set a limit to …вероя́тностный преде́л — probability limitве́рхний преде́л1. upper [superior] limit, limit superior2. complete limit (of a sequence of sets)преде́л ви́димости — visibility rangeв преде́лах ви́димости — within sightвне преде́лов ви́димости — out of sightпреде́л воспламене́ния — explosive rangeпреде́л воспламене́ния, ве́рхний — upper limit of the explosive rangeпреде́л воспламене́ния, ни́жний — lower limit of the explosive rangeпреде́л выно́сливости — fatigue [endurance] limit, fatigue rangeпреде́л де́йствия — range of actionнаходи́ться в преде́лах де́йствия — be within range of actionпреде́л дли́тельной про́чности — long-term strengthдовери́тельный преде́л мат. — confidence limitпреде́л до́пуска — tolerance limitпреде́л измере́ния прибо́ра — ( нормативное значение) upper limit of the (instrument) range; ( обиходное значение) range of the instrumentрастя́гивать преде́л измере́ния прибо́ра — expand the scale (of an instrument)расширя́ть преде́л измере́ния прибо́ра — extend the range (of an instrument)преде́л насыще́ния — saturation pointни́жний преде́л — lower [inferior] limitпреде́л обнаруже́ния — threshold of detectability, detection limitпреде́л пласти́чности — plastic limitпреде́л ползу́чести — creep strength, creep limitпреде́л пропорциона́льности — proportional limit, limit of proportionalityпреде́л про́чности — ultimate strengthпреде́л про́чности при изги́бе — bending strengthпреде́л про́чности при круче́нии — torsional strengthпреде́л про́чности при растяже́нии — tensile strengthпреде́л про́чности при сдви́ге — shear strengthпреде́л про́чности при сжа́тии — compression [compressive] strengthпреде́л про́чности, теорети́ческий — ultimate strengthпреде́л про́чности, техни́ческий — proof strengthпреде́л регули́рования — control limitпреде́л слы́шимости — limit of audibilityпреде́л теку́чести — yield point; yield strengthпреде́л упру́гости — limit of elasticityпреде́л уста́лости — endurance [fatigue] limitпреде́л усто́йчивости — stability limitпреде́л фази́рования ( в фототелеграфии и буквопечатающей телеграфии) — orientation range* * * -
55 out of
I jumped \out of bed ich sprang aus dem Bett;my daughter's just come \out of [the] hospital meine Tochter ist gerade aus dem Krankenhaus entlassen worden;he came \out of prison er wurde aus dem Gefängnis entlassen;he took an apple \out of his backpack er nahm einen Apfel aus seinem Rucksackhe is \out of town this week er ist diese Woche nicht in der Stadt;Mr James is \out of the country until July 4th Herr James hält sich bis zum 4. Juli außer Landes auf;there are many Americans living \out of the country viele Amerikaner leben im Ausland;she's \out of the office at the moment sie ist zurzeit nicht an ihrem [Arbeits]platz [o nicht im Büro]; after n außerhalb +gen, von +dat... entfernt;five miles \out of San Francisco fünf Meilen außerhalb von San Francisco;he's from \out of town er ist nicht von hier [o fremd hier] [o aus einer anderen Gegend];buy a house \out of the inheritance von [o mit Geld aus] der Erbschaft ein Haus kaufen;he copied his essay straight \out of a textbook er schrieb seinen Aufsatz wörtlich aus einem Lehrbuch ab;you should not expect too much \out of life man sollte nicht zu viel vom Leben erwarten;\out of one's pocket aus der eigenen Tasche;she had to pay for it \out of her pocket sie musste es aus der eigenen Tasche bezahlen;she gets a lot of joy \out of working with children es macht [o bereitet] ihr große Freude, mit Kindern zu arbeiten;they get a lot of fun \out of practicing dangerous sports das Betreiben gefährlicher Sportarten macht ihnen einen Riesenspaß;they didn't make a dime \out of that deal sie haben bei dem Geschäft keinen Pfennig verdient; after n aus +dat;the report \out of the Middle East der Bericht aus dem Nahen Osten;like a character \out of a 19th century novel wie eine Figur aus einem Roman des neunzehnten Jahrhundertsthey voted him \out of the town board er wurde aus dem Stadtrat abgewählt;he's \out of the team er ist aus der Mannschaft ausgeschieden;I'm glad to be \out of it ich bin froh, dass ich das hinter mir habe [o damit nichts mehr zu tun habe];it's hard to get \out of trouble es ist schwer, aus den Schwierigkeiten wieder herauszukommen;giving up is \out of the question Aufgeben kommt überhaupt nicht infrage [o in Frage];after injuring his knee, he was \out of the race nachdem er sich am Knie verletzt hatte, war er aus dem Rennen;Oxford United are \out of the FA Cup Oxford United ist aus der FA-Pokalrunde ausgeschieden;I've got \out of the habit of cycling to work ich fahre nicht mehr ständig mit dem Fahrrad zur Arbeit;he talked her \out of going back to smoking er redete es ihr aus, wieder mit dem Rauchen anzufangenI couldn't get the secret \out of her ich konnte ihr das Geheimnis nicht entlocken;we'll get the information \out of him wir werden die Informationen [schon] aus ihm herauskriegena bench fashioned \out of a tree trunk eine aus einem Baumstamm gearbeitete Bankto do sth \out of sth etw aus etw tun;\out of jealousy over her new boyfriend aus Eifersucht wegen ihres neuen Freundes;she did it \out of spite sie tat es aus Boshaftigkeitno one got 20 \out of 20 for the test niemand bekam alle 20 möglichen Punkte für den Test;nine times \out of ten neun von zehn Malen9) ( without)\out of sth ohne etw +akk;he was \out of money er stand ohne Geld da;they were \out of luck sie hatten kein Glück [mehr];you're \out of time Ihre Zeit ist um [o abgelaufen];they had run \out of cash sie hatten kein Bargeld mehr, ihnen war das Bargeld ausgegangen;she was finally \out of patience schließlich riss ihr der Geduldsfaden;they were \out of gas sie hatten kein Benzin mehr, ihnen war das Benzin ausgegangen;[all] \out of breath [völlig] außer Atem;be \out of work ohne Arbeit [o arbeitslos] sein;he was \out of a job er hat seine Stelle verloren;I'm sorry sir, we're \out of the salmon tut mir leid, der Lachs ist aus [o ist uns ausgegangen];\out of bounds außerhalb des Spielfeldes;\out of reach außer Reichweite;\out of sight/ earshot außer Sicht[weite]/Hörweite;\out of [firing] range außer Schussweite;the photo is \out of focus das Foto ist unscharf;the patient is \out of danger der Patient ist außer [Lebens]gefahr;\out of order außer Betrieb;the delay is \out of our control die Verspätung entzieht sich unserer Kontrolle;baseball is \out of season at the moment zurzeit ist nicht Baseballsaison;deer are \out of season Hirsche haben Schonzeit;he's been \out of touch with his family for years er hat seit Jahren keinen Kontakt mehr zu seiner Familie;\out of the way aus dem Weg;get \out of the way! aus dem Weg!, mach Platz!;be [a bit] \out of sb's way ein [kleiner] Umweg für jdn sein;go \out of one's way to mail the letters einen Umweg machen, um die Briefe einzuwerfen;she went \out of her way to get the work handed in on time sie gab sich ganz besondere Mühe, um die Arbeit rechtzeitig abzugebenhe was so cold he had to come \out of the snow ihm war so kalt, dass er dem Schnee entfliehen musste;get \out of the rain/ the summer heat dem Regen/der sommerlichen Hitze entrinnenyou're really \out of touch with the music scene du hast keine Ahnung, was auf der Musikszene angesagt ist;she's really \out of touch with reality sie hat jeglichen Bezug zur Realität verlorenPHRASES:he's come \out of the closet and admitted that he's homosexual er hat sich geoutet und zugegeben, dass er schwul ist;to get \out of hand außer Kontrolle geraten;\out of line unangebracht;he must be \out of his mind! [or head] er muss den Verstand verloren haben!;he was \out of his mind with jealousy er war völlig verrückt [o drehte völlig durch] vor Eifersucht;[jump] \out of the pan and into the fire ( and into the fire) vom Regen in die Traufe [kommen];\out of place fehl am Platz;I felt really \out of it ich fühlte mich richtig ausgeschlossen;( unaware)you can't be completely \out of it! du musst doch irgendwas davon mitgekriegt haben!;(Am) ( drowsy)she felt sleepily, still \out of it sie fühlte sich schläfrig, war noch nicht ganz da;(drunk, drugged)after twenty vodkas he was completely \out of it nach zwanzig Wodka war er total benebelt -
56 влияние влияни·е
influence, effect, impact; (особ. политическое) leverageвыйти из-под влияния — to get beyond / out of control
иметь влияние — to have influence (on)
оказывать влияние на чьё-л. мнение — to bias smb.'s opinion
оказывать отрицательное / положительное влияние — to bias for the worse / for the better
ослабить влияние — to diminish / to lessen / to reduce one's influence (on)
поддаваться влиянию, попасть под влияние — to fall / to come under the influence (of), to be influenced (by)
пользоваться (большим) влиянием — to have (a lot of) influence; to carry (a lot of) weight
противодействовать чьему-л. влиянию — to counteract smb.'s influence
распространять своё влияние — to spread / to extend one's influence
усилить влияние — to consolidate / to strengthen one's influence (on)
благотворное влияние — salutary / wholesome influence
большое (политическое) влияние — clout
возрастающее влияние — increasing / growing influence
закулисное влияние — behind-the-scenes / backstairs influence
идейное / идеологическое влияние — ideological influence
непосредственное влияние — direct / immediate influence
огромное влияние — enormous / tremendous influence
пагубное влияние — disastrous / pernicious influence
стабилизирующее влияние — stabilizing / steadying influence
тлетворное влияние — pernicious / corrupting influence
влияние сдерживания путём устрашения — deterrence / deterring effect(s)
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57 bar
1. n кусок, брусокchocolate bar — плитка шоколада; шоколадный батон
2. n брикет3. n метал. болванка, чушка4. n тех. пруток, штанга, стержень; арматурное железо5. n эл. пластина; шина6. n спец. линейка; планка; рейка7. n разг. руль велосипедаhandle bar — руль; тяга
8. n горн. горизонтальный переклад; верхняк9. n засов, щеколдаbar up — запирать на засов, на задвижку
locking bar — засов; замыкающий стержень
10. n шлагбаумtoll bar, the bar of a gatehouse — шлагбаум заставы
toll bar — застава, шлагбаум
11. n геральд. полоса12. n решёткаbehind the bars — за решёткой, в тюрьме
13. n амер. воен. противомоскитная сетка14. n нанос песка, отмель, бар; гряда; перекатoffshore bar — береговой вал, отмель вдоль берега, бар
bar girl — проститутка, подбирающая клиентов в барах
cocktail bar — коктейль-бар, бар высшего разряда
15. n горн. россыпь в рекеcloud bar — гряда облаков, облачный вал
front lying support hang on low bar — вис лежа на н.ж.
cast off the high bar — отмах назад в вис из упора на в.ж.
rear lying support hang on low bar — вис лежа сзади на н.ж.
16. n горн. бар врубовой машины17. n горн. колонка бурильного молотка18. n горн. буровая штанга19. n горн. геол. жила, пересекающая рудный шток20. n горн. такт21. n горн. тактовая черта22. n спорт. перекладина23. n спорт. брусья24. n спорт. планка для прыжков в высоту25. n спорт. жердь26. n спорт. гантели27. n спорт. штанга с постоянным весом28. n воен. полоска29. n воен. орденская планка, колодка с орденскими ленточками30. n воен. пряжка на орденской лентеscroll bar — зона "прокрутки"
31. v запирать32. v набивать решётки; забивать33. v закрывать; загораживать, перегораживать; преграждать34. v тормозить, препятствовать, мешать; останавливать35. v запрещать36. v удерживать37. v исключать, отстранять38. v разг. не любить, не выносить39. v испещрять полосами, исполосовыватьcalender bar — полоса, образующаяся при каландрировании
40. v юр. аннулировать, отменить41. v спец. не засчитывать, признавать недействительным42. prep уст. исключая, не считаяbar none — без всяких исключений; все или всё без исключения
43. n барьер, отделяющий судейcolour bar — цветной барьер; расовая дискриминация
44. n судебное присутствие; суд в полном составеat the bar — на суде, на открытом заседании
45. n суд, мнение, суждение46. n адвокатура, коллегия адвокатов; сословие адвокатов; барристерыto go to the Bar — быть принятым в адвокатское сословие, стать адвокатом
47. n юр. правовое препятствие; возражение; отвод; приостановкаplea in bar — возражение по существу иска, возражение против права предъявлять иск
48. n бар, закусочная; буфет49. n стойка, прилавок50. n прилавок, стол51. n сервировочный столик52. n спец. черта над символомstraddle over low bar — перемах ноги врозь над н.ж.
Синонимический ряд:1. band (noun) band; ribbon; stripe2. bank (noun) bank; key; reef; ridge; sandbank; sand-bar; sand-bunk; shallow; shoal; spit3. barroom (noun) barroom; buvette; cabaret; cantina; cocktail lounge; drinkery; drunkery; inn; lounge; pothouse; pub; public house; road house; rummery; rumshop; saloon; tap; taproom; tavern; watering hole; watering place4. block (noun) block; cake; ingot5. buffet (noun) buffet; counter; table6. legal profession (noun) advocates; attorneys; attorneys-at-law; board; court; judgment-seat; judiciary; law practice; lawcourt; lawyers; legal profession; tribunal7. rod (noun) billet; boom; pole; rail; rod; rule; shaft; slab; standard; stick; strip8. stop (noun) barricade; barrier; blank wall; blockade; check; Chinese wall; crimp; deterrent; fence; hamper; hindrance; hurdle; impediment; mountain; obstacle; obstruction; roadblock; rub; snag; stop; stumbling block; traverse; wall9. ban (verb) ban; boycott; prohibit10. exclude (verb) bate; close; count out; debar; eliminate; except; exclude; exile; forbid; keep out; outlaw; rule out; shut out; suspend11. limit (verb) circumscribe; confine; delimit; delimitate; limit; prelimit; restrict12. obstruct (verb) barricade; block; brake; check; dam; frustrate; hinder; impede; inhibit; obstruct; overslaugh; prevent; restrain; stop13. apart from (other) apart from; aside from (US); barring; beyond; but; except; excepting; outside of; save; saving; short of; with the exception ofАнтонимический ряд:allow; clear; encourage; suffer -
58 Schemata
Once we have accepted a configuration of schemata, the schemata themselves provide a richness that goes far beyond our observations.... In fact, once we have determined that a particular schema accounts for some event, we may not be able to determine which aspects of our beliefs are based on direct sensory information and which are merely consequences of our interpretation. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 38)Through most of its history, the notion of the schema has been rejected by mainstream experimental psychologists as being too vague. As a result, the concept of the schema was largely shunned until the mid-1970s. The concept was then revived by an attempt to offer more clearly specified interpretation of the schema in terms of explicitly specified computer implementations or, similarly, formally specified implementations of the concept. Thus, Minsky (1975) postulated the concept of the frame, Schank and Abelson (1977) focused on the concept of the script, and Bobrow and Norman (1975) and Rumelhart (1975) developed an explicit notion of the schema. Although the details differed in each case, the idea was essentially the same.... Minsky and the others argued that some higher-level "suprasentential" or, more simply, conceptual structure is needed to represent the complex relations implicit in our knowledge base. The basic idea is that schemata are data structures for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata for generalized concepts underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions, and sequences of actions. Roughly, schemata are like models of the outside world. To process information with the use of a schema is to determine which model best fits the incoming information. Ultimately, consistent configurations of schemata are discovered which, in concert, offer the best account for the input. This configuration of schemata together constitutes the interpretation of the input. (Rumelhart, Smolensky, McClelland & Hinton, 1986, pp. 17-18)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Schemata
См. также в других словарях:
beyond — be|yond1 [ bı jand ] function word *** Beyond can be used in the following ways: as a preposition (followed by a noun): the world beyond the prison wall as an adverb (without a following noun): The empire extended to the Danube River and beyond.… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
beyond — I UK [bɪˈjɒnd] / US [bɪˈjɑnd] adverb, preposition *** Summary: Beyond can be used in the following ways: as a preposition (followed by a noun): the world beyond the prison wall as an adverb (without a following noun): The empire extended to the… … English dictionary
control — 1 noun 1 MAKE SB/STH DO WHAT YOU WANT (U) the ability or power to make someone or something do what you want: Generally your driving s OK, but your clutch control isn t very good. (+ of/over): Babies are born with very little control over their… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
control — con|trol1 W1S1 [kənˈtrəul US ˈtroul] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(make somebody/something do what you want)¦ 2¦(power)¦ 3¦(way of limiting something)¦ 4¦(ability to stay calm)¦ 5¦(machine/vehicle)¦ 6¦(people who organize activity)¦ 7¦(scientific test)¦… … Dictionary of contemporary English
control */*/*/ — I UK [kənˈtrəʊl] / US [kənˈtroʊl] noun Word forms control : singular control plural controls Get it right: control: The noun control is sometimes followed by of and sometimes by over. The choice of preposition depends on the verb that comes… … English dictionary
Outside — Out side , n. 1. The external part of a thing; the part, end, or side which forms the external surface; that which appears, or is manifest; that which is superficial; the exterior. [1913 Webster] There may be great need of an outside where there… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Outside (David Bowie album) — Outside Studio album by David Bowie Released 26 September 1995 … Wikipedia
Beyond Beowulf — (ISBN 0595373585) is a modern sequel to the Anglo Saxon legend of Beowulf written by Christopher L. Webber and published in 2006. Taking place immediately after the funeral of the Geatish hero king Beowulf, the poetic novel follows the remaining… … Wikipedia
control — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 power over sb/sth ADJECTIVE ▪ absolute, complete, full, total ▪ effective, proper (esp. BrE) ▪ close … Collocations dictionary
beyond — be|yond1 W1S2 [bıˈjɔnd US ˈja:nd] prep, adv [: Old English; Origin: begeondan, from geondan beyond , from geond; YONDER] 1.) on or to the further side of something ▪ They crossed the mountains and headed for the valleys beyond. ▪ Beyond the river … Dictionary of contemporary English
Outside broadcasting — Exterior of a 1 TV Mobil Outside broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production (EFP) of television or radio programmes (typically to cover television news and sports television events) from a mobile remote broadcast television studio.… … Wikipedia