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121 past
past, USA n1 gen passé m ; in the past dans le passé, par le passé, autrefois ; she had taught at the school in the past elle avait enseigné à l'école par le passé ; I have done things in the past that I'm not proud of j'ai fait des choses dans le passé dont je ne suis pas fier ; there are more students/unemployed people now than in the past il y a plus d'étudiants/de chômeurs qu'autrefois or que dans le passé ; in the past we have (always) spent our holidays in Greece/taken the train jusqu'ici nous avons toujours passé nos vacances en Grèce/pris le train ; to live in the past vivre dans le passé ; that's a thing of the past c'est du passé ; soon petrol-driven cars will be a thing of the past les voitures qui fonctionnent à l'essence feront bientôt partie du passé ; he/she has a past il/elle a un passé chargé ;B adj1 ( preceding) [week, days, month etc] dernier/-ière ; during the past few days/months ces derniers jours/mois ; in the past three years/months dans les trois dernières années/derniers mois ; the past two years have been difficult ces deux dernières années ont été difficiles ;2 (previous, former) [generations, centuries, achievements, problems, experience] passé ; [president, chairman, incumbent] ancien/-ienne (before n) ; [government] précédent ; in times past autrefois, jadis ;C prep1 ( moving beyond) to walk ou go past sb/sth passer devant qn/qch ; to drive past sth passer devant qch (en voiture) ; to run past sth passer devant qch (en courant) ;2 ( beyond in time) it's past 6/midnight il est 6 heures passées/minuit passé ; twenty past two deux heures vingt ; half/quarter past two deux heures et demie/et quart ; he is past 70 il a 70 ans passés, il a plus de 70 ans ;3 ( beyond in position) après ; past the church/the park après l'église/le parc ;4 ( beyond or above a certain level) the temperature soared past 40°C la température est montée brutalement à plus de 40°C ; he didn't get past the first chapter il n'est pas allé plus loin que le premier chapitre ; he didn't get past the first interview ( for job) il n'a pas passé la barrière du premier entretien ; she can't count past ten elle ne sait compter que jusqu'à dix ;5 ( beyond scope of) to be past understanding dépasser l'entendement ; to be past caring ne plus s'en faire ; he is past playing football/working ce n'est plus de son âge de jouer au foot/de travailler.D adv1 ( onwards) to go ou walk past passer ;2 ( ago) two years past il y a deux ans.to be past it ○ avoir passé l'âge ; to be past its best [cheese, fruit etc] être un peu avancé ; [wine] être un peu éventé ; I wouldn't put it past him/them to do je ne pense pas que ça le/les gênerait de faire ; ⇒ care. -
122 downshifting
Gen Mgtthe concept of giving up all or part of your work commitment and income in exchange for improved quality of life. The term was coined by Charles Handy. Downshifting has increased in popularity because of rising stress in the workplace caused partly by the downsizing trend of the late 20th century, and may be contrasted with the concept of the organization man. Downshifting is integral to the idea of portfolio working, in which individuals opt out of a formal employee relationship to sell their services at a pace and at a price to suit themselves.Most people consider downshifting because of family demands, or because they have been asked to do something by their organization that goes strongly against their values, pushing them to question why they are working so hard for that organization. Others downshift as they approach retirement, in order to smooth the transition. People who downshift need to be very sure that that is what they really want and know why they want it, as it can be hard to reverse the decision.Someone wanting to take the risk of downshifting should make a thorough assessment of his or her short-term and long-term financial situation by way of preparation. They will need to have a good bed of savings to rely on in the first year. It may be necessary to consider moving to a smaller, cheaper place. Deciding what to keep of the old life and what to let go is another important part of the preparation. Some downshifters will want to completely leave their old work life behind them, starting a new job in a slower-paced organization, or setting up on their own. Others will want to stay with their organization but perhaps move to a less demanding job. Once these things have been considered and decided upon, it is time for the downshifter to make an action plan with a schedule which includes regular reassessment periods.
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