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subject-descriptive

  • 1 descriptivo

    adj.
    1 descriptive, narrative, graphic, representative.
    2 projective.
    * * *
    1 descriptive
    * * *
    * * *
    - va adjetivo descriptive
    * * *
    = descriptive, representational.
    Ex. The ability to write well in the descriptive mode without simply producing film scenarios with two-dimensional characters is not a quality given to many novelists.
    Ex. 'Data base' is a term referring to machine-readable collections of information, whether numerical, representational or bibliographic.
    ----
    * asiento descriptivo = descriptive entry.
    * bibliografía descriptiva = descriptive bibliography.
    * catalogación descriptiva = descriptive cataloguing.
    * descriptivo del contenido = subject-descriptive.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo descriptive
    * * *
    = descriptive, representational.

    Ex: The ability to write well in the descriptive mode without simply producing film scenarios with two-dimensional characters is not a quality given to many novelists.

    Ex: 'Data base' is a term referring to machine-readable collections of information, whether numerical, representational or bibliographic.
    * asiento descriptivo = descriptive entry.
    * bibliografía descriptiva = descriptive bibliography.
    * catalogación descriptiva = descriptive cataloguing.
    * descriptivo del contenido = subject-descriptive.

    * * *
    descriptive
    * * *

    descriptivo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    descriptive
    descriptivo,-a adjetivo descriptive

    ' descriptivo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    descriptiva
    English:
    of
    - descriptive
    * * *
    descriptivo, -a adj
    descriptive
    * * *
    adj descriptive
    * * *
    descriptivo, -va adj
    : descriptive

    Spanish-English dictionary > descriptivo

  • 2 descriptivo del contenido

    Ex. A database comprising records for recent acquisitions of Bath University Library will be enriched with subject-descriptive material (contents pages, abstracts, etc) derived from the database of Book Data Ltd.
    * * *

    Ex: A database comprising records for recent acquisitions of Bath University Library will be enriched with subject-descriptive material (contents pages, abstracts, etc) derived from the database of Book Data Ltd.

    Spanish-English dictionary > descriptivo del contenido

  • 3 indicativo del contenido

    Ex. A database comprising records for recent acquisitions of Bath University Library will be enriched with subject-descriptive material (contents pages, abstracts, etc) derived from the database of Book Data Ltd.
    * * *

    Ex: A database comprising records for recent acquisitions of Bath University Library will be enriched with subject-descriptive material (contents pages, abstracts, etc) derived from the database of Book Data Ltd.

    Spanish-English dictionary > indicativo del contenido

  • 4 contenido

    adj.
    restrained, pent-up, temperate, moderate.
    m.
    1 contents.
    2 content.
    3 meaning, subject matter, purport.
    4 quantity or volume contained, content, volume, contents.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: contener.
    * * *
    1 content, contents plural
    ————————
    1→ link=contener contener
    1 (moderado) moderate, reserved
    1 content, contents plural
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [persona] restrained, controlled
    2) [risa, emoción] suppressed
    2. SM
    1) [de recipiente, paquete] contents pl
    2) [de programa, proyecto] content
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo self-controlled; ver tb contener
    II
    masculino (de recipiente, producto, mezcla) contents; (de libro, carta) content

    contenido: 20 grageas — contents: 20 tablets

    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo self-controlled; ver tb contener
    II
    masculino (de recipiente, producto, mezcla) contents; (de libro, carta) content

    contenido: 20 grageas — contents: 20 tablets

    * * *
    contenido1
    1 = content, content(s), details, value, knowledge content, subject matter.

    Ex: An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.

    Ex: Most of the memex contents are purchased on microfilm ready for insertion.
    Ex: With minimum authorization, details of the circulation and order records are not displayed.
    Ex: A good initial value for this field will start the system off with a good guess so that claims for missing issues are not unreasonable at the beginning.
    Ex: Knowledge level description is a proposal that emphasizes the knowledge content and usage and abstracts away implementation details.
    Ex: The librarian generally looks at the book's title, subtitle, preface, contents list, etc, in order to determine the subject matter.
    * a contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * actualidad del contenido = currency.
    * análisis de contenido = content analysis, conceptual analysis.
    * análisis del contenido = document analysis, subject analysis, content analysis.
    * basado en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos = content based.
    * bloque funcional de análisis de contenido = subject analysis block.
    * con contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].
    * contenido de agua = moisture content.
    * contenido de humedad = moisture content.
    * contenido de la información = information content.
    * contenido del campo = field content.
    * contenido del documento = document content.
    * contenido digital = digital content.
    * contenido documental = document content.
    * contenido electrónico = electronic content [e-content].
    * contenido factual = factual content.
    * contenido intelectual = intellectual content.
    * contenido multimedia = multimedia content.
    * contenido temático = subject content, subject scope, knowledge content.
    * contenido web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * creador de contenido = content creator.
    * de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.
    * de contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * descripción del contenido = subject statement.
    * descriptivo del contenido = subject-descriptive.
    * descriptor del contenido = content descriptor.
    * directorio accesible por su contenido (cafs) = content-addressable file store (cafs).
    * distribución de contenido = content distribution, content delivery.
    * error de contenido = factual error.
    * filtrado de contenido = content filtering.
    * gestión del contenido = content management.
    * gestor de contenidos = content management software (CMS).
    * indicador de contenido = content designator.
    * indicativo del contenido = subject-descriptive.
    * índice de contenido = contents list, table of contents [ToC], contents table.
    * información sobre el contenido = subject information.
    * notas de contenido = contents notes.
    * obra de contenido general = general work.
    * orientado hacia el contenido = content-oriented.
    * palabra de contenido = content word.
    * palabra llena de contenido = substantive word.
    * recuperación de imágenes por el contenido = content-based image retrieval.
    * relación de contenido = contents notes.
    * representación del contenido = content representation.
    * representación del contenido temático = subject representation.
    * rico en contenido = content-rich.
    * rico en contenido temático = subject-rich.
    * ser de contenido + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in content.
    * ser rico en contenido = be rich in content.
    * sin contenido = contentless, trivial.
    * tabla de contenido = table of contents [ToC].
    * tener un alto contenido de = be high in.
    * validez del contenido = content validity.

    contenido2
    2 = pent-up, bottled-up.

    Ex: They both exploded into laughter, thereby releasing the pent-up tension.

    Ex: The aim of therapy is the gentle release of bottled-up feelings.
    * risa contenida = titter.

    * * *
    contenido1 -da
    self-controlled ver tb contener
    A (de un recipiente, producto) contents (pl)
    verter el contenido en una jarra empty the contents into a jug
    revisaron el contenido de las cajas they checked the contents of the boxes
    [ S ] contenido: 20 grageas contains 20 tablets
    [ S ] contenido inflamable inflammable, contents inflammable
    contenido vitamínico vitamin content
    C (de una obra, un discurso) content
    un libro de alto contenido político y social a book with important political and social content
    el contenido ideológico de la obra the ideological content of the work
    D contenidos mpl ( Educ, Inf) content
    proveedor de contenidos content supplier
    * * *

    Del verbo contener: ( conjugate contener)

    contenido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    contener    
    contenido
    contener ( conjugate contener) verbo transitivo
    a) [recipiente/producto/libro] to contain

    b) (parar, controlar) ‹infección/epidemia› to contain;

    ‹ tendencia› to curb;
    ‹ respiración› to hold;
    ‹risa/lágrimas› to contain (frml), to hold back;
    ‹invasión/revuelta› to contain
    contenerse verbo pronominal ( refl) to contain oneself;

    contenido sustantivo masculino (de recipiente, producto, mezcla) contents;

    (de libro, carta) content
    contener verbo transitivo
    1 to contain: ¿qué contiene esa caja?, what does that box contain?
    2 (refrenar una pasión) to hold back, restrain: ¡contén tus ansias de vengarte!, restrain your desire for revenge!
    contenido sustantivo masculino content, contents pl
    ' contenido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agitar
    - con
    - de
    - decir
    - desalentador
    - desalentadora
    - huera
    - huero
    - índice
    - jarro
    - plato
    - taza
    - tenor
    - vacía
    - vacío
    - botella
    - camión
    - copa
    - fondo
    - medida
    - miga
    - saco
    - vaciar
    - vaso
    English:
    content
    - cupful
    - dump
    - subject matter
    - video nasty
    - controlled
    - low
    - pent-up
    - rich
    - subject
    * * *
    1. [de recipiente, libro] contents;
    una bebida con un alto contenido alcohólico a drink with a high alcohol content
    2. [de discurso, redacción] content;
    un programa con alto contenido de violencia a programme containing a lot of violence
    3. Ling content
    * * *
    m content
    * * *
    contenido, -da adj
    : restrained, reserved
    : contents pl, content
    * * *
    contenido n contents

    Spanish-English dictionary > contenido

  • 5 contenido1

    1 = content, content(s), details, value, knowledge content, subject matter.
    Ex. An abstract is a concise and accurate representation of the contents of a document, in a style similar to that of the original document.
    Ex. Most of the memex contents are purchased on microfilm ready for insertion.
    Ex. With minimum authorization, details of the circulation and order records are not displayed.
    Ex. A good initial value for this field will start the system off with a good guess so that claims for missing issues are not unreasonable at the beginning.
    Ex. Knowledge level description is a proposal that emphasizes the knowledge content and usage and abstracts away implementation details.
    Ex. The librarian generally looks at the book's title, subtitle, preface, contents list, etc, in order to determine the subject matter.
    ----
    * a contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * actualidad del contenido = currency.
    * análisis de contenido = content analysis, conceptual analysis.
    * análisis del contenido = document analysis, subject analysis, content analysis.
    * basado en la adquisición de contenidos teóricos = content based.
    * bloque funcional de análisis de contenido = subject analysis block.
    * con contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].
    * contenido de agua = moisture content.
    * contenido de humedad = moisture content.
    * contenido de la información = information content.
    * contenido del campo = field content.
    * contenido del documento = document content.
    * contenido digital = digital content.
    * contenido documental = document content.
    * contenido electrónico = electronic content [e-content].
    * contenido factual = factual content.
    * contenido intelectual = intellectual content.
    * contenido multimedia = multimedia content.
    * contenido temático = subject content, subject scope, knowledge content.
    * contenido web en formato RSS = RSS feed.
    * creador de contenido = content creator.
    * de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.
    * de contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.
    * descripción del contenido = subject statement.
    * descriptivo del contenido = subject-descriptive.
    * descriptor del contenido = content descriptor.
    * directorio accesible por su contenido (cafs) = content-addressable file store (cafs).
    * distribución de contenido = content distribution, content delivery.
    * error de contenido = factual error.
    * filtrado de contenido = content filtering.
    * gestión del contenido = content management.
    * gestor de contenidos = content management software (CMS).
    * indicador de contenido = content designator.
    * indicativo del contenido = subject-descriptive.
    * índice de contenido = contents list, table of contents [ToC], contents table.
    * información sobre el contenido = subject information.
    * notas de contenido = contents notes.
    * obra de contenido general = general work.
    * orientado hacia el contenido = content-oriented.
    * palabra de contenido = content word.
    * palabra llena de contenido = substantive word.
    * recuperación de imágenes por el contenido = content-based image retrieval.
    * relación de contenido = contents notes.
    * representación del contenido = content representation.
    * representación del contenido temático = subject representation.
    * rico en contenido = content-rich.
    * rico en contenido temático = subject-rich.
    * ser de contenido + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in content.
    * ser rico en contenido = be rich in content.
    * sin contenido = contentless, trivial.
    * tabla de contenido = table of contents [ToC].
    * tener un alto contenido de = be high in.
    * validez del contenido = content validity.

    Spanish-English dictionary > contenido1

  • 6 indicativo

    adj.
    indicative, symbolic, allegorical, representative.
    m.
    1 index, indicator, parameter.
    2 indicative, indicative mode.
    * * *
    1 indicative
    1 LINGÚÍSTICA indicative
    ————————
    1 LINGÚÍSTICA indicative
    * * *
    1. (f. - indicativa)
    adj.
    2. noun m.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=sintomático)
    2) (=recomendado) [horario, precio] recommended
    2. SM
    1) (Ling) indicative
    2) (Radio) call sign, call letters pl (EEUU)
    3) (Aut)
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    a) <señal/síntoma>
    b) (Ling) indicative
    II
    a) (Ling) indicative
    b) (Telec) code; (Rad) call sign
    * * *
    = indication, indicative.
    Ex. Clearly, the only totally adequate indication of the content of a document is the text of the document in its entirety.
    Ex. His definitive article, 'Backlog to Frontlog,' Library Journal (September 15, 1969), was indicative of his creative and simple, yet effective and economical solutions to traditional library problems.
    ----
    * indicativo del contenido = subject-descriptive.
    * línea indicativa de la evolución de una gráfica = trend line [trend-line].
    * rápidamente + Indicativo = be quick to + Infinitivo.
    * resumen indicativo = indicative abstract.
    * resumen indicativo-informativo = indicative-informative abstract.
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo
    a) <señal/síntoma>
    b) (Ling) indicative
    II
    a) (Ling) indicative
    b) (Telec) code; (Rad) call sign
    * * *
    = indication, indicative.

    Ex: Clearly, the only totally adequate indication of the content of a document is the text of the document in its entirety.

    Ex: His definitive article, 'Backlog to Frontlog,' Library Journal (September 15, 1969), was indicative of his creative and simple, yet effective and economical solutions to traditional library problems.
    * indicativo del contenido = subject-descriptive.
    * línea indicativa de la evolución de una gráfica = trend line [trend-line].
    * rápidamente + Indicativo = be quick to + Infinitivo.
    * resumen indicativo = indicative abstract.
    * resumen indicativo-informativo = indicative-informative abstract.

    * * *
    A ‹señal/síntoma› indicativo DE algo indicative OF sth
    esto es indicativo de que algo marcha mal this is an indication that o this is indicative that something is wrong
    B ( Ling) indicative
    A ( Ling) indicative
    presente de indicativo present indicative
    B
    1 ( Telec) code
    2 ( Rad) call sign
    Compuesto:
    (vehicle) nationality plate
    * * *

     

    indicativo sustantivo masculino (Ling) indicative;

    indicativo,-a adjetivo
    1 indicative [de, of]
    2 Ling (modo) indicativo, indicative (mode)

    ' indicativo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    indicativa
    English:
    indicative
    - target price
    * * *
    indicativo, -a
    ♦ adj
    indicative;
    una reacción indicativa de su buen humor a reaction indicative of her good mood
    ♦ nm
    1. Gram indicative;
    presente de indicativo present indicative
    2. Rad call sign
    3. Tel Br dialling code, US area code
    * * *
    I adj indicative
    II m
    1 GRAM indicative
    2 TELEC code
    * * *
    indicativo, -va adj
    : indicative
    : indicative (mood)

    Spanish-English dictionary > indicativo

  • 7 описательная статистика

    1) Mathematics: descriptive statistics
    2) General subject: descriptive statistic

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > описательная статистика

  • 8 богатый описаниями

    General subject: descriptive style

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > богатый описаниями

  • 9 дар изображать

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > дар изображать

  • 10 изобразительный дар

    General subject: descriptive talent

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > изобразительный дар

  • 11 начертательный

    1) General subject: descriptive
    2) Mathematics: graphic

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > начертательный

  • 12 образный

    General subject: descriptive, figural, figurative, figured, figured (о языке, стиле), graphic, imaginative, picturesque, presentative, sigmate S, tropical, vivid, impressional

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > образный

  • 13 описательная ботаника

    General subject: descriptive botany

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > описательная ботаника

  • 14 техническое описание системы

    1) General subject: descriptive system document
    2) Information technology: system description manual

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > техническое описание системы

  • 15 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

    [br]
    b. 1 June 1796 Paris, France
    d. 24 August 1831 Paris, France
    [br]
    French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.
    [br]
    Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.
    It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.
    In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).
    Further Reading
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.
    Black.
    Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi

  • 16 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germany
    d. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of printing with movable type.
    [br]
    Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.
    Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.
    In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.
    Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.
    Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.
    S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum

  • 17 Hornblower, Jonathan

    [br]
    b. 1753 Cornwall (?), England
    d. 1815 Penryn, Cornwall, England
    [br]
    English mining engineer who patented an early form of compound steam engine.
    [br]
    Jonathan came from a family with an engineering tradition: his grandfather Joseph had worked under Thomas Newcomen. Jonathan was the sixth child in a family of thirteen whose names all began with "J". In 1781 he was living at Penryn, Cornwall and described himself as a plumber, brazier and engineer. As early as 1776, when he wished to amuse himself by making a small st-eam engine, he wanted to make something new and wondered if the steam would perform more than one operation in an engine. This was the foundation for his compound engine. He worked on engines in Cornwall, and in 1778 was Engineer at the Ting Tang mine where he helped Boulton \& Watt erect one of their engines. He was granted a patent in 1781 and in that year tried a large-scale experiment by connecting together two engines at Wheal Maid. Very soon John Winwood, a partner in a firm of iron founders at Bristol, acquired a share in the patent, and in 1782 an engine was erected in a colliery at Radstock, Somerset. This was probably not very successful, but a second was erected in the same area. Hornblower claimed greater economy from his engines, but steam pressures at that time were not high enough to produce really efficient compound engines. Between 1790 and 1794 ten engines with his two-cylinder arrangement were erected in Cornwall, and this threatened Boulton \& Watt's near monopoly. At first the steam was condensed by a surface condenser in the bottom of the second, larger cylinder, but this did not prove very successful and later a water jet was used. Although Boulton \& Watt proceeded against the owners of these engines for infringement of their patent, they did not take Jonathan Hornblower to court. He tried a method of packing the piston rod by a steam gland in 1781 and his work as an engineer must have been quite successful, for he left a considerable fortune on his death.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1781, British patent no. 1,298 (compound steam engine).
    Further Reading
    R.Jenkins, 1979–80, "Jonathan Hornblower and the compound engine", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 11.
    J.Tann, 1979–80, "Mr Hornblower and his crew, steam engine pirates in the late 18th century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 51.
    J.Farey, 1827, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, Historical, Practical and Descriptive, reprinted 1971, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (an almost contemporary account of the compound engine).
    D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, From Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermo dynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Hornblower, Jonathan

  • 18 Muybridge, Eadweard

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1830 Kingston upon Thames, England
    d. 8 May 1904 Kingston upon Thames, England
    [br]
    English photographer and pioneer of sequence photography of movement.
    [br]
    He was born Edward Muggeridge, but later changed his name, taking the Saxon spelling of his first name and altering his surname, first to Muygridge and then to Muybridge. He emigrated to America in 1851, working in New York in bookbinding and selling as a commission agent for the London Printing and Publishing Company. Through contact with a New York daguerreotypist, Silas T.Selleck, he acquired an interest in photography that developed after his move to California in 1855. On a visit to England in 1860 he learned the wet-collodion process from a friend, Arthur Brown, and acquired the best photographic equipment available in London before returning to America. In 1867, under his trade pseudonym "Helios", he set out to record the scenery of the Far West with his mobile dark-room, christened "The Flying Studio".
    His reputation as a photographer of the first rank spread, and he was commissioned to record the survey visit of Major-General Henry W.Halleck to Alaska and also to record the territory through which the Central Pacific Railroad was being constructed. Perhaps because of this latter project, he was approached by the President of the Central Pacific, Leland Stanford, to attempt to photograph a horse trotting at speed. There was a long-standing controversy among racing men as to whether a trotting horse had all four hooves off the ground at any point; Stanford felt that it did, and hoped than an "instantaneous" photograph would settle the matter once and for all. In May 1872 Muybridge photographed the horse "Occident", but without any great success because the current wet-collodion process normally required many seconds, even in a good light, for a good result. In April 1873 he managed to produce some better negatives, in which a recognizable silhouette of the horse showed all four feet above the ground at the same time.
    Soon after, Muybridge left his young wife, Flora, in San Francisco to go with the army sent to put down the revolt of the Modoc Indians. While he was busy photographing the scenery and the combatants, his wife had an affair with a Major Harry Larkyns. On his return, finding his wife pregnant, he had several confrontations with Larkyns, which culminated in his shooting him dead. At his trial for murder, in February 1875, Muybridge was acquitted by the jury on the grounds of justifiable homicide; he left soon after on a long trip to South America.
    He again took up his photographic work when he returned to North America and Stanford asked him to take up the action-photography project once more. Using a new shutter design he had developed while on his trip south, and which would operate in as little as 1/1,000 of a second, he obtained more detailed pictures of "Occident" in July 1877. He then devised a new scheme, which Stanford sponsored at his farm at Palo Alto. A 50 ft (15 m) long shed was constructed, containing twelve cameras side by side, and a white background marked off with vertical, numbered lines was set up. Each camera was fitted with Muybridge's highspeed shutter, which was released by an electromagnetic catch. Thin threads stretched across the track were broken by the horse as it moved along, closing spring electrical contacts which released each shutter in turn. Thus, in about half a second, twelve photographs were obtained that showed all the phases of the movement.
    Although the pictures were still little more than silhouettes, they were very sharp, and sequences published in scientific and photographic journals throughout the world excited considerable attention. By replacing the threads with an electrical commutator device, which allowed the release of the shutters at precise intervals, Muybridge was able to take series of actions by other animals and humans. From 1880 he lectured in America and Europe, projecting his results in motion on the screen with his Zoopraxiscope projector. In August 1883 he received a grant of $40,000 from the University of Pennsylvania to carry on his work there. Using the vastly improved gelatine dry-plate process and new, improved multiple-camera apparatus, during 1884 and 1885 he produced over 100,000 photographs, of which 20,000 were reproduced in Animal Locomotion in 1887. The subjects were animals of all kinds, and human figures, mostly nude, in a wide range of activities. The quality of the photographs was extremely good, and the publication attracted considerable attention and praise.
    Muybridge returned to England in 1894; his last publications were Animals in Motion (1899) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901). His influence on the world of art was enormous, over-turning the conventional representations of action hitherto used by artists. His work in pioneering the use of sequence photography led to the science of chronophotography developed by Marey and others, and stimulated many inventors, notably Thomas Edison to work which led to the introduction of cinematography in the 1890s.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1887, Animal Locomotion, Philadelphia.
    1893, Descriptive Zoopraxography, Pennsylvania. 1899, Animals in Motion, London.
    Further Reading
    1973, Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, Stanford.
    G.Hendricks, 1975, Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture, New York. R.Haas, 1976, Muybridge: Man in Motion, California.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Muybridge, Eadweard

  • 19 Pickard, James

    [br]
    fl. c. 1780 Birmingham, England
    [br]
    English patentee of the application of the crank to steam engines.
    [br]
    James Pickard, the Birmingham button maker, also owned a flour mill at Snow Hill, in 1780, where Matthew Wasborough installed one of his rotative engines with ratchet gear and a flywheel. In August 1780, Pickard obtained a patent (no. 1263) for an application to make a rotative engine with a crank as well as gearwheels, one of which was weighted to help return the piston in the atmospheric cylinder during the dead stroke and overcome the dead centres of the crank. Wasborough's flywheel made the counterweight unnecessary, and engines were built with this and Pickard's crank. Several Birmingham business people seem to have been involved in the patent, and William Chapman of Newcastle upon Tyne was assigned the sole rights of erecting engines on the Wasborough-Pickard system in the counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Wasborough was building engines in the south until his death the following year. The patentees tried to bargain with Boulton \& Watt to exchange the use of the crank for that of the separate condenser, but Boulton \& Watt would not agree, probably because James Watt claimed that one of his workers had stolen the idea of the crank and divulged it to Pickard. To avoid infringing Pickard's patent, Watt patented his sun-and-planet motion for his rotative engines.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    August 1780, British patent no. 1,263 (rotative engine with crank and gearwheels).
    Further Reading
    J.Farey, 1827, A Treatise on the Steam Engine, Historical, Practical and Descriptive, reprinted 1971, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (contains an account of Pickard's crank). R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides an account of Pickard's crank).
    R.A.Buchanan, 1978–9, "Steam and the engineering community in the eighteenth century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 ("Thomas Newcomen. A commemorative symposium") (provides details about the development of his engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Pickard, James

  • 20 описательная предметная рубрика

    1. first element of subject heading
    2. descriptive subject heading

     

    описательная предметная рубрика
    Сложная предметная рубрика, в которой комбинация лексических единиц чаще всего отделенных друг от друга предлогами и союзами, представлена в виде единого словосочетания.
    [ГОСТ 7.74-96]

    Тематики

    EN

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > описательная предметная рубрика

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