small+farmer

concretely, specifically; exactly.

Se refirió concretamente a dos he referred specifically to two

No es concretamente una fiesta it's not exactly a party

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► adverbio

1 (exactamente) exactly

■ no entiendo concretamente lo que quieres decir I don't understand exactly what you mean

2 (en particular) specifically, in particular

■ me ofreció ese libro concretamente he specifically offered me that book

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1) (=específicamente) specifically

2) (=exactamente) exactly

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adverbio specifically

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= specifically, concretely.

Ex. Note that these provisions do not include research reports which have been prepared within a government agency but specifically authored by an individual = Nótese que estas disposiciones no afectan a informes de investigaciones procedentes de una agencia gubernamental aunque realizados concretamente por un individuo.

Ex. The support should stem from a set of concretely defined guidelines that are visualized in simple process charts.

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* más concretamente = more to the point.

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adverbio specifically

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vive en Wisconsin, concretamente en Madison he lives in Wisconsin, in Madison to be precise

los problemas del campo y, más concretamente los del pequeño agricultor problems which affect farmers and, more specifically o especially, those of the small farmer

no sé concretamente a qué ha venido I don't exactly know why he has come

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◊ vive en Wisconsin, concretamente en Madison he lives in Wisconsin, in Madison to be precise

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concretamente adv

specifically;

la mayoría de los niños, concretamente cuatro de cada cinco, prefieren… the majority of children, four out of five to be precise, prefer…;

me estoy refiriendo concretamente a los países del Mediterráneo I am referring specifically to the Mediterranean countries;

le preocupa la evolución de la economía y, más concretamente, el crecimiento del paro he is worried about the way the economy is going, and, more specifically o in particular, the increase in unemployment

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adv specifically, precisely

1 Labour.

2 labor, industrial, labour.

1 Labour Party supporter or member.

los laboristas Labour

2 labor member, labor supporter, labour member, labour supporter.

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► adjetivo

1 Labour

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 Labour (Party) member

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ADJ Labour antes de s

2. SMF

1) [en Gran Bretaña] (Pol) Labour Party member, Labour supporter

2) CAm (=trabajador) small farmer, smallholder

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adjetivo Labour (before n)

masculino y femenino member of the Labour Party

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* Partido Laborista, el = Labour Party, the.

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adjetivo Labour (before n)

masculino y femenino member of the Labour Party

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* Partido Laborista, el = Labour Party, the.

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Labour ( before n)

el partido laborista the Labour Party

member of the Labour Party

los laboristas defienden una reforma social más profunda the Labour Party is o are arguing for a more profound social reform

los laboristas en el parlamento Labour members of Parliament

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♦ adj

Labour

♦ nmf

Labour Party supporter o member;

los laboristas Labour

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I Br

Labour

II m/f Labor o Br

Labour party supporter

small farmer.

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(n.) = smallholder

Ex. The article is entitled 'Optimising fisheries information for decision making among Kenyan fish pond smallholders'.

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smallholder (UK), small farmer

n. small farmer, peasant

m. small farmer.

m. small farmer.

m. (1. viṡ) « a settler», small farmer, tenant, neighbour, dependent, vassal RV. Kāṭh. (once in VS. véṡa);

peas·ant [ʼpez^ənt] n

1) ( small farmer) [Klein]bauer, -bäuerin m, f;

2)(pej!) ( fam) Bauer m ( pej) n

modifier [klein]bäuerlich;

\peasant clothing Bauerntracht f;

\peasant food Hausmannskost f;

\peasant revolt [or uprising] Bauernaufstand m;

\peasant tradition bäuerliches Brauchtum;

\peasant woman Bäuerin f

Klein·bau·er, -bäu·e·rin m, f

small farmer, smallholder

- hektarowy gospodarz a small farmer

   This word is commonly used in contemporary French, and is not usually pejorative like the English word "peasant". It simply means 'small farmer'. A synonym is agriculteur.

1) poor man, pauper

2) small farmer, poor peasant

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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Ferguson's father was a small farmer who expected his son to help on the farm from an early age. As a result he received little formal education, and on leaving school joined his brother in a backstreet workshop in Belfast repairing motor bikes. By the age of 19 he had built his own bike and began hill-climbing competitions and racing. His successes in these ventures gained useful publicity for the workshop. In 1907 he built his own car and entered it into competitions, and in 1909 became the first person in Britain to build and fly a machine that was heavier than air.

On the outbreak of the First World War he was appointed by the Irish Department of Agriculture to supervise the operation and maintenance of all farm tractors. His experiences convinced him that even the Ford tractor and the implements available for it were inadequate for the task, and he began to experiment with his own plough designs. The formation of the Ferguson-Sherman Corporation resulted in the production of thousands of the ploughs he had designed for the Ford tractor, but in 1928 Ford discontinued production of tractors, and Ferguson returned to Ireland. He immediately began to design his own tractor. Six years of development led to the building of a prototype that weighed only 16 cwt (813kg). In 1936 David Brown of Huddersfield, Yorkshire, began production of these tractors for Ferguson, but the partnership was not wholly successful and was dissolved after three years. In 1939 Ferguson and Ford reached their famous "Handshake agreement", in which no formal contract was signed, and the mass production of the Ford Ferguson system tractors began that year. During the next nine years 300,000 tractors and a million implements were produced under this agreement. However, on the death of Henry Ford the company began production, under his son, of their own tractor. Ferguson returned to the UK and negotiated a deal with the Standard Motor Company of Coventry for the production of his tractor. At the same time he took legal action against Ford, which resulted in that company being forced to stop production and to pay damages amounting to US$9.5 million.

Aware that his equipment would only operate when set up properly, Ferguson established a training school at Stoneleigh in Warwickshire which was to be a model for other manufacturers. In 1953, by amicable agreement, Ferguson amalgamated with the Massey Harris Company to form Massey Ferguson, and in so doing added harvesting machinery to the range of equipment produced. A year later he disposed of his shares in the new company and turned his attention again to the motor car. Although a number of experimental cars were produced, there were no long-lasting developments from this venture other than a four-wheel-drive system based on hydraulics; this was used by a number of manufacturers on occasional models. Ferguson's death heralded the end of these developments.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Heathcote was the son of a small farmer who became blind, obliging the family to move to Long Whatton, near Loughborough, c.1790. He was apprenticed to W.Shepherd, a hosiery-machine maker, and became a frame-smith in the hosiery industry. He moved to Nottingham where he entered the employment of an excellent machine maker named Elliott. He later joined William Caldwell of Hathern, whose daughter he had married. The lace-making apparatus they patented jointly in 1804 had already been anticipated, so Heathcote turned to the problem of making pillow lace, a cottage industry in which women made lace by arranging pins stuck in a pillow in the correct pattern and winding around them thread contained on thin bobbins. He began by analysing the complicated hand-woven lace into simple warp and weft threads and found he could dispense with half the bobbins. The first machine he developed and patented, in 1808, made narrow lace an inch or so wide, but the following year he made much broader lace on an improved version. In his second patent, in 1809, he could make a type of net curtain, Brussels lace, without patterns. His machine made bobbin-net by the use of thin brass discs, between which the thread was wound. As they passed through the warp threads, which were arranged vertically, the warp threads were moved to each side in turn, so as to twist the bobbin threads round the warp threads. The bobbins were in two rows to save space, and jogged on carriages in grooves along a bar running the length of the machine. As the strength of this fabric depended upon bringing the bobbin threads diagonally across, in addition to the forward movement, the machine had to provide for a sideways movement of each bobbin every time the lengthwise course was completed. A high standard of accuracy in manufacture was essential for success. Called the "Old Loughborough", it was acknowledged to be the most complicated machine so far produced. In partnership with a man named Charles Lacy, who supplied the necessary capital, a factory was established at Loughborough that proved highly successful; however, their fifty-five frames were destroyed by Luddites in 1816. Heathcote was awarded damages of £10,000 by the county of Nottingham on the condition it was spent locally, but to avoid further interference he decided to transfer not only his machines but his entire workforce elsewhere and refused the money. In a disused woollen factory at Tiverton in Devonshire, powered by the waters of the river Exe, he built 300 frames of greater width and speed. By continually making inventions and improvements until he retired in 1843, his business flourished and he amassed a large fortune. He patented one machine for silk cocoon-reeling and another for plaiting or braiding. In 1825 he brought out two patents for the mechanical ornamentation or figuring of lace. He acquired a sound knowledge of French prior to opening a steam-powered lace factory in France. The factory proved to be a successful venture that lasted many years. In 1832 he patented a monstrous steam plough that is reputed to have cost him over £12,000 and was claimed to be the best in its day. One of its stated aims was "improved methods of draining land", which he hoped would develop agriculture in Ireland. A cable was used to haul the implement across the land. From 1832 to 1859, Heathcote represented Tiverton in Parliament and, among other benefactions, he built a school for his adopted town.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Jedediah Strutt was the second of three sons of William, a small farmer and maltster at South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, where the only industry was a little framework knitting. At the age of 14 Jedediah was apprenticed to Ralph Massey, a wheelwright near Derby, and lodged with the Woollats, whose daughter Elizabeth he later married in 1755. He moved to Leicester and in 1754 started farming at Blackwell, where an uncle had died and left him the stock on his farm. It was here that he made his knitting invention.

William Lee's knitting machine remained in virtually the same form as he left it until the middle of the eighteenth century. The knitting industry moved away from London into the Midlands and in 1730 a Nottingham workman, using Indian spun yarn, produced the first pair of cotton hose ever made by mechanical means. This industry developed quickly and by 1750 was providing employment for 1,200 frameworkers using both wool and cotton in the Nottingham and Derby areas. It was against this background that Jedediah Strutt obtained patents for his Derby rib machine in 1758 and 1759.

The machine was a highly ingenious mechanism, which when placed in front of an ordinary stocking frame enabled the fashionable ribbed stockings to be made by machine instead of by hand. To develop this invention, he formed a partnership first with his brother-in-law, William Woollat, and two leading Derby hosiers, John Bloodworth and Thomas Stamford. This partnership was dissolved in 1762 and another was formed with Woollat and the Nottingham hosier Samuel Need. Strutt's invention was followed by a succession of innovations which enabled framework knitters to produce almost every kind of mesh on their machines. In 1764 the stocking frame was adapted to the making of eyelet holes, and this later lead to the production of lace. In 1767 velvet was made on these frames, and two years later brocade. In this way Strutt's original invention opened up a new era for knitting. Although all these later improvements were not his, he was able to make a fortune from his invention. In 1762 he was made a freeman of Nottingham, but by then he was living in Derby. His business at Derby was concerned mainly with silk hose and he had a silk mill there.

It was partly his need for cotton yarn and partly his wealth which led him into partnership with Richard Arkwright, John Smalley and David Thornley to exploit Arkwright's patent for spinning cotton by rollers. Together with Samuel Need, they financed the Arkwright partnership in 1770 to develop the horse-powered mill in Nottingham and then the water-powered mill at Cromford. Strutt gave advice to Arkwright about improving the machinery and helped to hold the partnership together when Arkwright fell out with his first partners. Strutt was also involved, in London, where he had a house, with the parliamentary proceedings over the passing of the Calico Act in 1774, which opened up the trade in British-manufactured all-cotton cloth.

In 1776 Strutt financed the construction of his own mill at Helper, about seven miles (11 km) further down the Derwent valley below Cromford. This was followed by another at Milford, a little lower on the river. Strutt was also a partner with Arkwright and others in the mill at Birkacre, near Chorley in Lancashire. The Strutt mills were developed into large complexes for cotton spinning and many experiments were later carried out in them, both in textile machinery and in fireproof construction for the mills themselves. They were also important training schools for engineers.

Elizabeth Strutt died in 1774 and Jedediah never married again. The family seem to have lived frugally in spite of their wealth, probably influenced by their Nonconformist background. He had built a house near the mills at Milford, but it was in his Derby house that Jedediah died in 1797. By the time of his death, his son William had long been involved with the business and became a more important cotton spinner than Jedediah.

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