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81 BJARGA

salvage

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I)

(berg; barg, burgum; borginn), v.

1) to help, save, with dat.;

nema Þ. byrgi honum, unless Th. helped him;

sá er öldum bergr, who saves mankind (viz. against the giants, i. e. Thor);

guðs son er öllum heimi barg, who saved the whole world;

impers., e-m er borgit, one is saved, comes safe and sound out of danger (brutu skip sitt ok týndu fé öllu, en mönnum varð borgit flestum);

bjarga skipshöfn, to rescue the shipwrecked;

bjarga skipi, to haul a ship out of the reach of the tide;

bjarga hval, to secure a dead whale (by dragging it ashore);

bjarga konum, to help labouring women (cf. bjargrúnar);

bjarga kúm, to attend cows calving;

bjarga nám, to render the last service to dead bodies (cf. nábjargir);

bjarga sök, máli, to succeed in winning a case, a suit;

2) refl., bjargast, to keep up the heart, esp. against cold or hunger;

Oddr bargst vel á fjallinu (in a snow storm);

bjargast sjálfr, to gain one’s bread;

bjargast á sínar hendr, to support oneself with one’s own hands;

bjargast úti, to find one’s food (graze) in the field (of cattle);

Snorri góði fann, at nafni hans bargst lítt við ostinn, that he got on slowly with eating the cheese;

verði þér nú at bjargast við slík sem til er, you must now put up with what you can get.

II)

(að), v. (rare), = preceding (bjargat mun málinu verða).

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barg, burgu, borgit; pres. bergr, pl. björgum; imperat. bjarg; pret. subj. byrga: in mod. use after the Reformation this verb is constantly used weak, bjarga, að, pres. bjargar, pret. bjargat; the only remnant of the old is the sup. borgit, etc. In Norway this weak form occurs very early, e. g. bjargar, servat, Hom. 17; in Icel. the weak seldom occurs before the 15th century; bjargaðist, Fs. 143, and bjargat (sup.) = borgit, Lv. 11, are probably due to these passages being left in paper MSS.; the weak bjargaði, however, occurs in a vellum MS. of the 15th century, Þorf. Karl. 388; 1st pers. pres. bjarga, Fms. xi. 150 (MS. 13th century) seems to be a Norse idiom, [Goth. bairgan; Hel. bergan; A. S. beargan; cp. birgr]:—to save, help; with dat., bergr hverjum sem eigi er feigr (a proverb), Sturl. iii. 220; sá er öldum bergr, who saves mankind, viz. against the giants, i. e. Thor, Hým. 22; nema Þorgeirr byrgi honum, Rd. 295: absol., Guð barg (by God’s grace) er konungrinn varð eigi sárr, Fms. v. 268: in theol. sense, vildu þeir eigi snúast til mín at ek byrga þeim, 656 C. 23, Hom. l. c.: impers., e-m er borgit, is saved, comes safe and sound out of danger, Fær. 178, Hkv. Hjörv. 29.

2. a law term; b. sök, máli, to find a point of defence; hann bergr þeim kosti sökinni, at …, Grág. i. 40; bergsk hann við bjargkviðinn, he is free by virtue of the verdict, 36; borgit mun nú verða at lögum, i. e. there will be some means of putting it right, Lv. 11, Nj. 36.

3. special phrases; b. skipshöfn, to pick up the shipwrecked, Þorf. Karl. l. c., Fms. xi. 412; skipi, to haul a ship out of the reach of tides and waves, Grág. ii. 385; hval, to drag a dead whale ashore, Gþl. 461: to help labouring women (v. bjargrúnar), Sdm. 9; b. nám (v. nábjargir), to render the last service to a dead body, 33; b. kúm, to attend cows casting calf, Bjarn. 32; b. búfé, to milk ewes, N. G. L. i. 10; b. brókum, cacare, Fms. xi. 150.

II. recipr. of mutual help; bjargast at allir saman, to be saved all in common, Hkr. ii. 347.

III. reflex., bjargask vel, to behave well, keep the heart up, esp. in cold or hunger; Oddr bargst vel á fjallinu (in snow storm), Sturl. iii. 215, Orkn. 324, of one shipwrecked; b. úti, of cattle, to graze, N. G. L. i. 25; b. sjálfr, to gain one’s bread, Grág. i. 294; b. á sínar hendr (spýtur), to support oneself with one’s own hands, Fms. ii. 159: of food or drink, cp. bergja; Snorri goði fann, at nafni hans bargst lítt við ostinn, that he got on slowly eating the cheese, Eb. 244; hann spurði, hví hann byrgist svá lítt (v. l. mataðist svá seint), … why he ate so slowly, id.; verði þér nú at bjargast við slíkt sem til er, you must put up with what you can get, Germ. für lieb nehmen, Eg. 204; hon bað fyrir þær matar ok burgust þær við þat, Clem. 26; hon bjargaðist (= bargst) lítt við þá fæðu er til var, she could hardly eat the food they had (v. l. hjúkaðist), Fs. 174. Part. borginn, used as adj. and even in compar.; impers., erat héra (héri = hegri = duck) at borgnara þótt hæna beri skjöld, the drake is none the better off though a hen shield him, metaph. of a craven, Fs. 174, Fms. vii. 116: [Early Engl. to borrow = to save, ‘who borrowed Susanna out of wo,’ Sir Guy of Warwick.]

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BJARGA
82 EIÐR

(-s, -ar), m. oath; vinna, sverja eið, to take (swear) an oath; rjúfa eið, to break an oath; ganga til eiða, to proceed to the taking of oaths; eigi verðr einn eiðr alla, a single oath does not clear all men.

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m. [Ulf. aiþs; A. S. að; Engl. oath; North. E. aith; Swed. ed; Dan. eed; Germ. eid]

I. an oath; vinna eið, but also sverja eið, to take an oath, to swear, Glúm. 387, Nj. 36, Grág., Sdm. 23; ganga til eiða, to proceed to the taking an oath, Nj., Grág.; eiðar, orð ok særi, Vsp. 30; fullr e., a full, just oath, Grett. 161; rjúfa eið, to break an oath (eið-rofi); perjury is mein-særi, rarely mein-eiðr (Swed.-Dan. men-ed, Germ. mein-eid); eiðar úsærir, false, equivocal oaths, Sks. 358; hence the proverb, lítið skyldi í eiði úsært, with the notion that few oaths can bear a close scrutiny, Grett. 161; trúnaðar-e., hollustu-e., an oath of fealty, allegiance: cp. the curious passages in Sturl. i. 66 and iii. 2, 3; dýr eiðr, a solemn oath; sáluhjálpar-e., sverja dýran sáluhjálpar-eið, to swear an oath of salvation (i. e. as I wish to be saved). In the Norse law a man was discharged upon the joint oath of himself and a certain number of men (oath-helpers, compurgators, or oath-volunteers); oaths therefore are distinguished by the number of compurgators,—in grave cases of felony (treason etc.), tylptar-e., an oath of twelve; in slighter cases of felony, séttar-e., an oath of six, (in N. G. L. i. 56, ch. 133, ‘vj á hvára hönd’ is clearly a false reading instead of ‘iij,’ three on each side, cp. Jb. Þb. ch. 20); grímu-eiðr, a mask oath, a kind of séttar-e.; lýrittar-e., an oath of three; and lastly, ein-eiði or eins-eiði, an oath of one, admissible only in slight cases, e. g. a debt not above an ounce; whence the old law proverb, eigi verðr einn eiðr alla, a single oath is no evidence for all ( cases), Sighvat, Fms. iv. 375, v. l., Bjarn. 22, Nj. 13: other kinds of oaths, dular-e., an oath of denial; jafnaðar-e., an oath of equity, for a man in paying his fine had to take an oath that, if he were plaintiff himself, he would think the decision a fair one: vide N. G. L. i. 56, 254–256, 394, Jb. and Js. in many passages. In the Icel. law of the Commonwealth, oaths of compurgators are hardly mentioned, the kviðr or verdict of neighbours taking their place; the passage Glúm. ch. 24, 25 is almost unique and of an extraordinary character, cp. Sir Edmund Head’s remarks on these passages in his notes to the Saga, p. 119, cp. also Sturl. iii. 2; but after the union with Norway the Norse procedure was partly introduced into Icel.; yet the Js. ch. 49 tries to guard against the abuse of oaths of compurgators, which led men to swear to a fact they did not know. As to the Icel. Commonwealth, it is chiefly to be noticed that any one who had to perform a public duty (lög-skil) in court or parliament, as judge, pleader, neighbour, witness, etc., had to take an oath that he would perform his duty according to right and law (baug-eiðr ring-oath, bók-eiðr gospel-oath, lög-eiðr lawful-oath), the wording of which oath is preserved in Landn. (Mantissa) 335, cp. Þórð. S. (Ed. 1860) p. 94, Band. (MS.)

COMPDS: eiðabrigði, eiðafullting, eiðakonur, eiðalið, eiðamál, eiðasekt, eiðatak.

II. a pr. name, Landn.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > EIÐR
83 GÖRA

ð, also spelt görva, giörva, geyra, giora, gera: prop. gøra, not gra (the ø was sounded nearly as y or ey), so that the g is to be sounded as an aspirate, however the word is spelt; and the insertion of i or j (giöra, gjöra), which is usual in mod. writing, and often occurs in old, is phonetic, not radical, and göra and gjöra represent the same sound. The word in the oldest form had a characteristic v, and is spelt so on the Runic stones in the frequent Runic phrase, gaurva kubl, Baut., and Danske Runemind. passim; but also now and then in old Icel. MSS., e. g. the Kb. of Sæm. (cited from Bugge’s Edit.), gorva, Am. 75, Skv. 1. 34, 3. 20, Hm. 123, Og. 29; gerva, Am. 64, Bkv. 3; giorva, Rm. 9; giorfa, 28; gorvir, Hkv. Hjörv. 41; gørvom, Hým. 6; gorviz, Am. 35; gerviz, Merl. 2. 89:—this characteristic v has since been dropped, and it is usually spelt without it in MSS., gora, Hým. 1, Og. 23, Ls. 65; gera, Am. 85; gorir, Hm. 114: the pret. always drops the v, gorþi, Hym. 21; gorðo or gorþo, fecerunt, Hm. 142, Am. 9; gorðumz, Hðm. 28; gerþi, Am. 74; gerþit, 26:—with i inserted, Rm. 9, 22; giordu, 11; in the Mork. freq. giavra. The ö is still sounded in the east of Icel., whereas gera is the common form in speech, gjöra in writing:—the old pres. indic. used by the poets and in the laws is monosyllabic görr, with suffixed negative, görr-a, Hkr. i. (in a verse); mod. bisyllabic görir, which form is also the usual one in the Sagas:—the old part. pass. was görr or gerr, geyrr, Fms. ix. 498, x. 75, where the v was kept before a vowel, and is often spelt with f, gorvan, gorvir, and gorfan, gorfir: dat. so-goro or so-guru adverbially = sic facto: the mod. part. gjörðr, gerðr, görðr, as a regular part. of the 2nd weak conjugation, which form occurs in MSS. of the 15th century, e. g. Bs. i. 877, l. 21. [This is a Scandin. word; Dan. gjöre; Swed. göra; Old Engl. and Scot. gar, which is no doubt of Scandin. origin, the Saxon word being do, the Germ. thun, neither of which is used in the Scandin.; the word however is not unknown to the Teut., though used in a different sense; A. S. gervan and gearvjan = parare; O. H. G. karwan; Germ. gerben, garben, but esp. the adj. and adv. gar, vide above s. v. gör-.] To make, to do; the Icel. includes both these senses.

A. To make:

I. to build, work, make, etc.; göra himin ok jörð, 623. 36, Hom. 100; göra hús, to build a house, Fms. xi. 4, Rb. 384; göra kirkju, Bjarn. 39; göra skip, N. G. L. i. 198; göra langskip, Eg. 44; göra stólpa, Al. 116; göra tól (= smíða), Vsp. 7; göra (fingr)-gull, Bs. i. 877; göra haug, to build a cairn, Eg. 399; göra lokhvílu, Dropl. 27; göra dys, Ld. 152; göra kistu ( coffin), Eg. 127; göra naust, N. G. L. i. 198; göra jarðhús, Dropl. 34; göra veggi, Eg. 724: also, göra bók, to write a book, Íb. 1, Rb. 384; göra kviðling, to make a song, Nj. 50; göra bréf, to draw up a deed ( letter), Fms. ix. 22; göra nýmæli, to frame a law, Íb. 17.

2. adding prep.; göra upp, to repair, rebuild, restore, Fb. ii. 370; göra upp Jórsala-borg, Ver. 43; göra upp skála, Ld. 298; göra upp leiði, to build up a grave.

II. to make, prepare, get ready; göra veizlu, drykkju, brúðkaup, erfi, and poët. öl, öldr, to make a feast, brew bridal ale, Fs. 23, Fms. xi. 156, Dropl. 6, Am. 86; göra seið, blót, to perform a sacrifice, Ld. 152; göra bú, to set up a house, Grág. i. 185, Ld. 68; göra eld, to make a fire, Fs. 100, K. Þ. K. 88; göra rekkju, to make one’s bed, Eg. 236; göra upp hvílur, Sturl. ii. 124; göra graut, to make porridge, Eg. 196, N. G. L. i. 349; göra drykk, to make a drink, Fms. i. 8; göra kol, or göra til kola, to make charcoal, Ölk. 35.

III. in somewhat metaph. phrases; göra ferð, to make a journey, Fms. x. 281; görði heiman för sína, he made a journey from home, Eg. 23; göra sinn veg, to make one’s way, travel, Mar.; göra uppreisn, to make an uprising, to rebel, Rb. 384, Fms. ix. 416; göra úfrið, to make war, 656 C. 15; göra sátt, göra frið, to make peace, Hom. 153, Bs. i. 24; göra féskipti, Nj. 118; göra tilskipan, to make an arrangement, Eg. 67; göra ráð sitt, to make up one’s mind, Nj. 267, Fms. ix. 21; göra hluti, to cast lots, Fms. x. 348.

2. to make, give, pay, yield; göra tíund, to pay tithes, Hom. 180; hann skal göra Guði tíunda hlut verðsins, id.; göra ölmusu, to give alms, 64; göra ávöxt, to yield fruit, Greg. 48; gefa né göra ávöxt, Stj. 43; göra konungi skatt eða skyld, Fms. xi. 225.

3. to contract; göra vináttu, félagskap, to contract friendship, Nj. 103, Eg. 29; göra skuld, to contract a debt, Grág. i. 126: göra ráð með e-m, to take counsel with, advise one, Eg. 12; göra ráð fyrir, to suppose, Nj. 103, Fms. ix. 10; göra mun e-s, to make a difference, i. 255, Eb. 106.

4. to make, make up, Lat. efficere; sex tigir penninga göra eyri, sixty pence make an ounce, Grág. i. 500, Rb. 458.

5. to grant, render; göra kost, to make a choice, to grant, Nj. 130, Dropl. 6, Fms. xi. 72, (usually ellipt., kostr being understood); vil ek at þér gerit kostinn, Nj. 3; ok megit þér fyrir því göra ( grant) honum kostinn, 49, 51; göra e-m lög, to grant the law to one, 237; göra guðsifjar, to make ‘gossip’ with one, to be one’s godfather, Fms. ii. 130.

6. special usages; göra spott, háð, gabb, … at e-u, to make sport, gibes, etc. at or over a thing, Fms. x. 124; göra iðran, to do penance, Greg. 22; göra þakkir, to give thanks, Hom. 55; göra róm at máli e-s, to cheer another’s speech, shout hear, hear! var görr at máli hans mikill rómr ok góðr, his speech was much cheered, Nj. 250,—a parliamentary term; the Teutons cheered, the Romans applauded (with the hands), cp. Tacit. Germ.

7. with prepp.; gera til, to make ready or dress meat; láta af ( to kill) ok göra til ( and dress), K. Þ. K. 80, Ísl. ii. 83, 331, Fs. 146, 149, Bjarn. 31, Finnb. 228; göra til nyt, to churn milk, K. Þ. K. 78; göra til sverð, to wash and clean the sword, Dropl. 19; máttu þeir eigi sjá, hversu Þorvaldr var til gerr, how Th. got a dressing, Nj. 19.

β. göra at e-u, to mend, make good, put right (at-görð), ek skal at því gera, Fms. xi. 153, Eg. 566, Nj. 130: to heal, Bárð. 171, Eg. 579, Grág. i. 220; göra at hesti, K. Þ. K. 54, Nj. 74: göra við e-u, vide B. II.

8. adding acc. of an adj., part., or the like; göra mun þat margan höfuðlausan, Nj. 203; göra mikit um sik, to make a great noise, great havoc, Fb. i. 545, Grett. 133, Fms. x. 329; göra e-n sáttan, to reconcile one, Grág. i. 336; göra sér e-n kæran, to make one dear to oneself, Hkr. i. 209; göra sik líkan e-m, to make oneself like to another, imitate one, Nj. 258; göra sik góðan, to make oneself good or useful, 74, 78; göra sik reiðan, to take offence, 216; göra sér dælt, to make oneself at home, take liberties, Ld. 134, Nj. 216; göra langmælt, to make a long speech, Sks. 316; göra skjót-kjörit, to make a quick choice, Fms. ii. 79; göra hólpinn, to ‘make holpen,’ to help, x. 314; göra lögtekit, to make a law, issue a law, xi. 213, Bs. i. 37; hann gerði hann hálshöggvinn, he had him beheaded, Fms. ix. 488, v. l.; ok görðu þá handtekna alla at minsta kosti, Sturl. i. 40; várir vöskustu ok beztu menn era görfir handteknir, 41.

β. göra sér mikit um e-t, to make much of, admire, Eg. 5, Fms. x. 254, 364; göra e-t at ágætum, to make famous, extol a thing, vii. 147; göra at orðum, to notice as remarkable, Fas. i. 123; göra at álitum, to take into consideration, Nj. 3; göra sér úgetið at e-u, to be displeased with, Ld. 134; göra vart við sik, to make one’s presence noticed, Eg. 79; göra sér mikit, lítið fyrir, to make great, small efforts, Finnb. 234; göra sér í hug, to brood over; hann gerði sér í hug at drepa jarl, Fs. 112; göra sér í hugar lund, to fancy, think: göra af sér, to exert oneself, ef þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, Edda 32; hvárt hann var með Eiríki jarli, eðr görði hann annat af sér, or what else he was making of himself, Fms. xi. 157.

9. phrases, gera fáleika á sik, to feign, make oneself look sad, Nj. 14; esp. adding upp, gera sér upp veyki, to feign sickness, (upp-gerð, dissimulation); göra sér til, to make a fuss, (hence, til-gerð, foppishness.)

B. To do:

I. to do, act; allt þat er hann gerir síðan ( whatever he does), þat á eigandi at ábyrgjask, Gþl. 190; þér munut fátt mæla eðr gera, áðr yðr munu vandræði af standa, i. e. whatsoever you say or do will bring you into trouble, Nj. 91; göra e-t með harðfengi ok kappi, 98; ger svá vel, ‘do so well,’ be so kind! 111; gerit nú svá, góði herra (please, dear lord!), þiggit mitt heilræði, Fms. vii. 157: and in mod. usage, gerið þér svo vel, gerðu svo vel, = Engl. please, do! sagði, at hann hafði með trúleik gört, done faithfully, Eg. 65; göra gott, to do good; göra íllt, to do evil, (góð-görð, íll-görð); ok þat var vel gört, well done, 64; geyrða ek hotvetna íllt, I did evil in all things, Niðrst. 109; hefir hann marga hluti gört stór-vel til mín, he has done many things well towards me, I have received many great benefits at his hands, Eg. 60: with dat., svá mikit gott sem jarl hefir mér gert, Nj. 133; þér vilda ek sízt íllt göra, I would least do harm to thee, 84: göra fúlmennsku, to do a mean act, 185; göra vel við e-n, to do well to one, Fs. 22; göra stygð við e-n, to offend one, Fms. x. 98; göra sæmiliga til e-s, to do well to one, Ld. 62, Nj. 71; göra sóma e-s, to do honour to one, Fms. vii. 155; göra e-m gagn, to give help to one, Nj. 262; göra e-m sæmd, skomm, to do ( shew) honour, dishonour, to one, 5, Fms. x. 43; göra háðung, xi. 152; göra styrk, to strengthen one, ix. 343; göra e-m skapraun, to tease one; göra ósóma, Vápn. 19; göra skaða ( scathe), Eg. 426; göra óvina-fagnað, to give joy to one’s enemies, i. e. to do just what they want one to do, Nj. 112; göra til skaps e-m, to conform to one’s wishes, 80; gerum vér sem faðir vár vill, let us do as our father wishes, 198; vel má ek gera þat til skaps föður míns at brenna inni með honum, id.; göra at skapi e-s, id., 3; var þat mjök gert móti mínu skapi, Fms. viii. 300; gera til saka við e-n, to offend, sin against one, Nj. 80; gera á hluta e-s, to wrong one, Vígl. 25; göra ílla fyrir sér, to behave badly, Fms. vii. 103.

II. adding prep.; göra til e-s, to deserve a thing (cp. til-görð, desert, behaviour); hvat hafðir þú til gört, what hast thou done to deserve it? Nj. 130; framarr en ek hefi til gört, more than I have deserved, Fms. viii. 300; ok hafit þér Danir heldr til annars gört, ye Danes have rather deserved the reverse, xi. 192, Hom. 159:—göra eptir, to do after, imitate, Nj. 90:—göra við e-u (cp. við-görð, amendment), to provide for, amend, ok mun úhægt vera at göra við forlögum þeirra, Ld. 190; er úhægt at göra við ( to resist) atkvæðum, Fs. 22; ok mun ekki mega við því gera, Nj. 198:—göra af við e-n (cp. af-görð, evil doing), to transgress against one, ek hefi engan hlut af gört við þik, Fms. vii. 104, viii. 241; ok iðrask nú þess er hann hefir af gert, 300; göra af við Guð, to sin against God, Hom. 44.

2. special usages; göra … at, to do so and so; spurði, hvat hann vildi þá láta at gera, he asked what he would have done, Nj. 100; hann gerði þat eina at, er hann átti, he did only what be ought, 220; þeir Flosi sátu um at rengja, ok gátu ekki at gert, F. tried, and could do nothing, 115, 242; þér munut ekki fá at gert, fyrr en …, 139; Flosi ok hans menn fengu ekki at gert, 199; mikit hefir þú nú at gert, much hast thou now done ( it is a serious matter), 85; er nú ok mikit at gert um manndráp siðan, 256; hann vildi taka vöru at láni, ok göra mikit at, and do great things, Ld. 70; Svartr hafði höggit skóg ok gert mikit at, Nj. 53; slíkt gerir at er sölin etr, so it happens with those who eat seaweed, i. e. that (viz. thirst) comes of eating seaweed, Eg. 605.

β. göra af e-u, to do so and so with a thing; hvat hafið ér gert af Gunnari, Njarð. 376; ráð þú draumana, vera má at vér gerim af nokkut, may be that we may make something out of it, Ld. 126; gör af drauminum slíkt er þér þykkir líkligast, do with the dream ( read it) as seems to thee likeliest, Ísl. ii. 196: göra við e-n, to do with one; þá var um rætt, hvað við þá skyldi göra, what was to be done with them? Eg. 232; ærnar eru sakir til við Egil, hvat sem eg læt göra við hann, 426; eigi veit ek hvat þeir hafa síðan við gört, 574: göra fyrir e-t, to provide; Jón var vel fjáreigandi, ok at öllu vel fyrir gört, a wealthy and well-to-do man, Sturl. iii. 195; þótt Björn sé vel vígr maðr, þá er þar fyrir gört, því at …, but that is made up, because …: fyrir göra (q. v.), to forfeit.

C. METAPH. AND SPECIAL USAGES:

I. to do, help, avail; nú skulum vér ganga allir á vald jarlsins, því at oss gerir eigi annat, nothing else will do for us, Nj. 267; þat mun ekki gera, that wont do, 84; en ek kann ekki ráð til at leggja ef þetta gerir ekki, Fms. ii. 326; konungr vill þat eigi, þvi at mér gerir þat eigi ( it will not do for me) at þér gangit hér upp, x. 357; þat gerir mér ekki, at þér gangit á Orminn, … en hitt má vera at mér komi at gagni, ii. 227; þóttisk þá vita, at honum mundi ekki gera ( it would do nothing) at biðja fyrir honum, Fb. i. 565; engum gerði við hann at keppa, 571; ekki gerði þeim um at brjótask, Bárð. 10 new Ed.; sagða ek yðr eigi, at ekki mundi gera at leita hans, Sks. 625; hvat gerir mér nú at spyrja, Stj. 518; ekki gerir at dylja, no use hiding it, Fbr. 101 new Ed.; ætla þat at fáir þori, enda geri engum, Band. 7; bæði var leitað til annarra ok heima, ok gerði ekki, but did no good, 4; hét hann þeim afarkostum, ok gerði þat ekki, but it did no good, Fms. ii. 143.

II. to send, despatch, cp. the Engl. to ‘do’ a message; hann gerði þegar menn frá sér, Eg. 270; hann hafði gört menn sex á skóginn fyrir þá, 568; þá gerði Karl lið móti þeim, Fms. i. 108; jarl gerði Eirík at leita Ribbunga, ix. 314; hann gerði fram fyrir sik Álf á njósn, 488; hann gerði menn fyrir sér at segja konunginum kvámu sína, x. 10; hleypi-skúta var gör norðr til Þrándheims, vii. 206; jafnan gerði jarl til Ribbunga ok drap menn af þeim, ix. 312; vilja Ósvífrs-synir þegar gera til þeirra Kotkels, despatch them to slay K., Ld. 144; skulu vér nú göra í mót honum, ok láta hann engri njósn koma, 242:—göra eptir e-m, to send after one, Nero bað göra eptir postulunum ok leiða þangat, 656 C. 26; nú verðr eigi eptir gört at miðjum vetri, Grág. i. 421; frændr Bjarnar létu göra eptir (Germ. abholen) líki hans, Bjarn. 69; síðan gerðu þeir til klaustrs þess er jómfrúin var í, Fms. x. 102:—gera e-m orð, njósn, to do a message to one; hann gerði orð jörlum sínum, Eg. 270; ætluðu þeir at göra Önundi njósn um ferðir Egils, 386, 582; vóru þangat orð gör, word was sent thither, Hkr. ii. 228.

III. with infin. as an auxiliary verb, only in poetry and old prose (laws); ef hón gerði koma, if she did come, Völ. 5; gerðit vatn vægja, Am. 25; gramr gørr-at sér hlífa, he does not spare himself, Hkr. i. (in a verse); gerðut vægjask, id., Fs. (in a verse); hann gerðisk at höggva, Jb. 41; görðir at segja, Bkv. 15; görðisk at deyja, Gkv. 1. 1: in prose, eigi gerir hugr minn hlægja við honum, Fas. i. 122; góðir menn göra skýra sitt mál með sannsögli, 677. 12; Aristodemus görði eigi enn at trúa, Post.: esp. in the laws, ef þeir göra eigi ganga í rúm sín, Grág. i. 8; ef goðinn gerr eigi segja, 32; ef hann gerr eigi í ganga, 33; ef þeir göra eigi hluta meðr sér, 63; ef dómendr göra eigi dæma, 67; ef dómendr göra eigi við at taka, id.; ef goðinn gerr eigi ( does not) nefna féráns-dóm, 94; nú göra þeir menn eigi úmaga færa, 86; ef þeir göra eigi nefna kvöðina af búanum, Kb. ii. 163; ef þeir göra eigi segja, hvárt …, Sb. ii. 52; nú gerr sá eigi til fara, Kb. ii. 96; göra eigi koma, 150; ef hann gerr eigi kjósa, § 113.

IV. a law term, göra um, or gera only, to judge or arbitrate in a case; fékksk þat af, at tólf menn skyldu göra um málit, Nj. 111; villt þú göra um málit, 21; bjóða mun ek at göra um, ok lúka upp þegar görðinni, 77; mun sá mála-hluti várr beztr, at góðir menn geri um, 88; málin vóru lagið í gerð, skyldu gera um tólf menn, var þá gert um málin á þingi, var þat gert, at … (follows the verdict), 88; vil ek at þú sættisk skjótt ok látir góða menn gera um …, at hann geri um ok enir beztu menn af hvárra liði lögliga til nefndir, 188; Njáll kvaðsk eigi gera mundu nema á þingi, 105; þeir kváðusk þat halda mundu, er hann gerði, id.; skaltú gera sjálfr, 58; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt málit, 120; ek vil bjóðask til at göra milli ykkar Þórðar um mál yðar, Bjarn. 55; Þorsteinn kvað þat þó mundi mál manna, at þeir hefði góða nefnd um sættir þótt hann görði, 56; nú er þegar slegit í sætt málinu með því móti, at Áskell skal göra um þeirra í milli, Rd. 248; er nú leitað um sættir milli þeirra, ok kom svá at þeir skulu göra um málin Þorgeirr goði frá Ljósa-vatni ok Arnórr ór Reykjahlíð, sú var görð þeirra at …, 288; svá kemr at Ljótr vill at Skapti görði af hans hendi, en Guðmundr vill sjálfr göra fyrir sína hönd, skyldi Skapti gerð upp segja, Valla L. 225; eigi hæfir þat, leitum heldr um sættir ok geri Þorgeirr um mál þessi, Lv. 12; var jafnt gört sár Þórðar ok sár Þórodds, Eb. 246; þær urðu mála-lyktir at Þórðr skyldi göra um …, 24; ok vóru þá görvar miklar fésektir, 128; var leitað um sættir, ok varð þat at sætt, at þeir Snorri ok Steindórr skyldi göra um, 212; þit erut gerfir héraðs-sekir sem íllræðis-menn, Fs. 58: göra görð, Sturl. i. 63, 105: adding the fine, to fix the amount, þat er gerð mín, at ek geri verð húss ok matar, I fix the amount of the value of the house and (stolen) stores, Nj. 80; gerði Njáll hundrað silfrs, N. put it at a hundred silver pieces, 58; margir mæltu, at mikit vaeri gert, that the amount was high, id.; slíkt fégjald sem gert var, 120; vilit ér nokkut héraðs-sektir göra eða utanferðir, 189; hann dæmdi þegar, ok görði hundrað silfrs, 6l; síðan bauð Bjarni Þorkatli sætt ok sjálfdæmi, görði Bjarni hundrað silfrs, Vápn. 31; ek göri á hönd Þóri hundrað silfrs, Lv. 55; ek göri á hönd þér hundrað silfrs, id.; vilit þér, at ek göra millum ykkar? síðan görði konungr konuna til handa Þórði ok öll fé hennar, Bjarn. 17; Rafn kvað hann mikit fé annat af sér hafa gört, at eigi þætti honum þat betra, Fs. 30; Gellir görði átta hundrað silfrs, Lv. 97; fyrir þat gerði Börkr hinn digri af honum eyjarnar, B. took the isles from him as a fine, Landn. 123: adding the case as object, Gunnarr gerði gerðina, G. gave judgment in the case, Nj. 80; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt málit, till the other case was decided, 120; þá sætt er hann görði Haraldi jarli, that settlement which he made for earl Harold, Fms. viii. 300: Flosi var görr utan ok allir brennu-menn, F. was put out ( banished) and all the burners, Nj. 251: metaph., nema þau vili annat mál á gera, unless they choose to settle it otherwise, Grág. i. 336.

2. in the phrase, göra sekð, to make a case of outlawry, Grág. i. 118; eigi um görir sekð manns ella, else the outlawry takes no effect; en hann um görir eigi ella sekðina, else he cannot condemn him, 119.

3. to perform; eptir-gerðar þeirrar sem hverr nennti framast at gera eptir sinn náung, Fms. viii. 103; en þat grunaði konung, at hann mundi ætla at göra eptir sumar sættir, i. e. that he had some back door to escape by, Orkn. 58 (cp. Ó. H.); allt þat er þér gerit nú fyrir þeirra sálum, id.

V. special usages, to make allowance for; gera fóðr til fjár, to make an arbitrary allowance for, Ísl. ii. 138; hence, to suppose, en ef ek skal göra til fyrir fram ( suggest) hvat er hón (the code) segir mér, þá segi ek svá, at …, Fms. ix. 331; gera sér í hug, Fs. 112; göra sér í hugar-lund, to fancy; göra e-m getsakir, to impute to one; gera orð á e-u, to report a thing; þat er ekki orð á því geranda, ‘tis not worth talking about; eigi þarf orð at göra hjá því (‘tis not to be denied), sjálfan stólkonunginn blindaði hann, Mork. 14 (cp. Fms. vi. 168, l. c.); gera sér létt, to take a thing lightly, Am. 70; göra sér far um, to take pains; göra sér í hug, hugar-lund, to suppose.

D. IMPERS. it makes one so and so, one becomes; hann görði fölvan í andliti, he turned pale, Glúm. 342; leysti ísinn ok görði varmt vatnið, the water became warm, 623. 34; veðr görði hvast, a gale arose, Eg. 128; hríð mikla gerði at þeim, they were overtaken by a storm, 267; þá gerði ok á hríð (acc.) veðrs, 281; féll veðrit ok gerði logn (acc.), and became calm, 372; görði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high, 600; til þess er veðr lægði ok ljóst gerði, and till it cleared up, 129; um nóttina gerði á æði-veðr ok útsynning, 195; görir á fyrir þeim hafvillur, they lost their course (of sailors), Finnb. 242; mér gerir svefnhöfugt, I grow sleepy, Nj. 264; þá görði vetr mikinn þar eptir hinn næsta, Rd. 248.

E. REFLEX, to become, grow, arise, and the like; þá görðisk hlátr, then arose laughter, Nj. 15; görðisk bardagi, it came to a fight, 62, 108; sá atburðr görðisk, it came to pass, Fms. x. 279; þau tíðendi er þar höfðu görzt, Ld. 152; gerðisk með þeim félagskapr, they entered into fellowship, Eg. 29; gerðisk svá fallit kaup, Dipl. ii. 10; Sigurðr konungr gerðisk ( grew up to be) ofstopa-maðr …, görðisk mikill maðr ok sterkr, Fms. vii. 238; hann görðisk brátt ríkr maðr ok stjórnsamr, xi. 223; Unnr görðisk þá mjök elli-móð, U. became worn with age, Ld. 12; sár þat er at ben görðisk, a law term, a wound which amounted to a bleeding wound, Nj. passim:—to be made, to become, görask konungr, to become king, Eg. 12; ok görðisk skáld hans, and became his skáld, 13; görðisk konungs hirðmaðr, 27; görask hans eigin-kona, to become his wedded wife, Fms. i. 3; at hann skyldi görask hálf-konungr yfir Dana-veldi, 83; vill Hrútr görask mágr þinn, Nj. 3; hann gerðisk síðan óvarari, he became less cautious, Fms. x. 414.

2. with the prep. svá, to happen, come to pass so and so; svá görðisk, at …, it so happened, that …, Nj. 167; görðisk svá til, at …, Fms. x. 391; þá görðisk svá til um síðir, at…, at last it came to pass. that …, 392; enda vissi hann eigi, at þingför mundi af görask, in case he knew not that it would entail a journey to parliament, Grág. i. 46: with at added, to increase, þá görðisk þat mjök at um jarl ( it grew even worse with the earl) at hann var úsiðugr um kvenna-far, görðisk þat svá mikit, at …, it grew to such a pitch, that …, Hkr. i. 245; hence the mod. phrase, e-ð á-görist, it increases, gains, advances, esp. of illness, bad habits, and the like, never in a good sense.

3. impers. with dat., honum gerðisk ekki mjök vært, he felt restless, Ld. 152; næsta gerisk mér kynlegt, I feel uneasy, Finnb. 236.

4. to behave, bear oneself; Páll görðisk hraustliga í nafni Jesu, Post. 656 C. 13.

5. to set about doing, be about; fám vetrum síðan görðisk hann vestr til Íslands, Fms. x. 415; maðr kom at honum ok spurði, hvat hann gerðisk, what he was about, Ó. H. 244; görðisk jarl til Ribbunga, Fms. ix. 312, v. l.; tveir menn görðusk ferðar sinnar, two men set out for a journey, x. 279; görðusk menn ok eigi til þess at sitja yfir hlut hans, Eg. 512; at þessir menn hafa görzk til svá mikils stórræðis, Fms. xi. 261; eigi treystusk menn at görask til við hann, Bárð. 160.

6. (mod.) to be; in such phrases as, eins og menn nú gerast, such as people now are; eins og flestir menn gerast.

F. PART. PASS. görr, geyrr (Fms. ix. 498, x. 75), gjörr, gerr, as adj., compar. görvari, superl. görvastr; [A. S. gearu; gare, Chaucer, Percy’s Ballads; O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar]:—skilled, accomplished; vaskligr, at sér görr, Ld. 134; vel at sér görr, Ísl. ii. 326, Gísl. 14; gerr at sér um allt, Nj. 51; hraustir ok vel at sér görvir, Eg. 86; at engi maðr hafi gervari at sér verit en Sigurðr, Mork. 221; allra manna snjallastr í máli ok görvastr at sér, Hkr. iii. 360: the phrase, leggja görva hönd á e-t, to set a skilled hand to work, to be an adept, a master in a thing; svá hagr, at hann lagði allt á görva hönd, Fas. i. 391, (á allt görva hönd, iii. 195.)

2. ready made, at hand; in the saying, gott er til geyrs (i. e. görs, not geirs) at taka, ‘tis good to have a thing at hand, Hkm. 17; ganga til görs, to have it ready made for one, Ld. 96; gör gjöld, prompt punishment, Lex. Poët.:—with infin., gerr at bjóða, ready to offer, Gh. 17; gervir at eiskra, in wild spirits, Hom. 11; görvar at ríða, Vsp. 24: with gen. of the thing, gerr ílls hugar, prone to evil, Hým. 9; gerr galdrs, prone to sorcery, Þd. 3; skulut þess görvir, be ready for that! Am. 55.

II. [cp. görvi, Engl. gear], done, dressed; svá görvir, so ‘geared,’ so trussed, Am. 40.

III. adverb. phrases, so-gurt, at soguru, so done; verða menn þat þó so-gurt at hafa, i. e. there is no redress to be had, Hrafn. 9; hafi hann so-gurt, N. G. L. i. 35, Nj. 141; kvað eigi so-gort duga, 123, v. l.; at (með) so-guru, this done, quo facto, Skv. 1. 24, 40; freq. with a notion of being left undone, re infecta. Germ. unverrichteter sache, Eg. 155, Glúm. 332, Ó. H. 202; enda siti um so-gort, and now let it stand, Skálda 166; við so-gurt, id., 655 vii. 4; á so-gurt ofan, into the bargain, Bs. i. 178, Ölk. 36, Fas. i. 85.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > GÖRA
84 heimildar-kviðr

m. a verdict of neighbours as to right of possession, Grág.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > heimildar-kviðr
85 ORÐ

n.

1) word;

ef maðr mælir nökkuru orði í mót, if a man speaks a word against it;

segja í sínu orði hvárt, to say one thing in one breath and another in the next;

taka til orða, to begin to speak;

kveða at orði, to say, utter;

hafa við orð, to hint at;

vel orði farinn, well-spoken, eloquent;

fornkveðit orð, an old saw;

2) word, repute, report (gott, illt orð);

fyrir orðs sakir, because of what people might say;

leggja e-t til orðs, to talk about;

þótt okkr sé þat til orðs lagit, although we are blamed for it;

3) message (senda, gøra e-m orð).

* * *

n. [Ulf. waurd = λόγος, ρημα; a word common to all Teut. languages, old and mod.; cp. also Lat. verbum]:—a word. In the earliest usage, as in Old Engl., every sentence, clause, or saw is called a word, cp. Germ. sprüch-wort; an address or a reply is ‘a word,’ cp. Germ. ant-wort; the grammatical notion (Lat. vox, verbum) is later and derived; hann skyldi hafa þau þrjú orð í framburði sínum, þat it fyrsta orð, ‘at allir menn skyldu Kristnir vera;’ þat annat ‘at úheilög skyldi vera hof öll ok skurðgoð;’ þat var it þriðja orð, ‘at fjörbaugsgarð skyldi varða blót öll, ef váttnæm yrði,’ Fms. ii. 237; þau eru orð þrjú er skóggang varða öll, ef maðr kallar mann ragan eðr stroðinn eðr sorðinn, enda á maðr vígt í gegn þeim orðum þremr, Grág. ii. 147; orð mér af orði orðs leitaði verk mér af verki verks leitaði, Hm. 142: the saw, ferr orð ef um munn líðr, Þorst. Síðu H., Vápn. 15; ef maðr mælir nokkuru orði í mót, if he says a word against it, Nj. 216; trúa öngu orði því er ek segi, 265; vil eg eiga leiðrétting orða minna, 132; cp. the saying, allir eiga leiðrétting orða sinna: satt orð, Fms. vii. (in a verse); sinna þrimr orðum við e-n, to exchange three words with a person, Hm. 126; mæla mörgum orðum, 104; skilin orð, 135; spyrja einu orði, Fms. vi. (in a verse); fá orð, a few words; góð orð good words; íll orð, bad language; hálft orð, in the phrase, eg vildi tala hálft orð við þig (half a word, i. e. a few words), lofa e-n í hverju orði; lasta hann í hverju orði; í einu orði, in one word; segja í sínu orði hvárt, to say one thing in one breath and another in the next, Nj. 261; auka tekið orð; orð eptir orð, word for word, Dipl. iii. 11; taka til orða orðs, to begin to speak, Nj. 122, 230; kveða at orði, to say, utter, 233, 238; hafa við orð, to hint at, 160; hafa þat orð á, to give out, Fms. vii. 285; göra orð á e-u, to notice, Nj. 197; vel orði farinn, well spoken, eloquent, Fms. xi. 193, Ld. 122; varð þeim mjök at orðum, they came to high words, Nj. 27 (sundr-orða, and-orða):—allit., orð ok verk (orig. vord ok verk), words and work, Grág. i. 162, ii. 336; fullréttis-orð, 147; fornkveðit orð, an old saw, Eg. 520; Heilög orð, holy words, Grág. i. 76; fá sér e-ð til orða, to notice, to resent; eg vil ekki fá mér það til orða, Vídal. ii. 41.

2. vísu-orð, a verse line, the eighth part of a strophe, Edda (Ht.); átta menn yrki alla vísu, ok yrki eitt orð hverr þeirra, if eight persons make a strophe, each of them making a ‘word,’ of a libel, Grág. ii. 152; ef maðr yrkir tvau orð en annarr önnur tvau ok ráða þeir báðir samt um ok varðar skóggang hvárum-tveggja, 148 (of a libel); síðan kváðu þær vísu þessa, ok kvað sitt orð hver, Sturl. ii. 9.

3. gramm. a word, verb; sögn er inn minnsti hluti samansetts máls, sú sögn er af alþyðu kölluð orð, Skálda 180; nafn ok orð, noun and verb, id.; viðr-orð, adverb, id.; þóat þat orð sé í tvau samstöfur deilt, 164.

II. metaph. and special usages:

1. word, fame, report; gott orð, good report, Fs. 17, Nj. 16; þar féll hann fyrir Barða, ok hafði gott orð, Ísl. ii. 366; íllt orð, evil report, Fms. vii. 59; lék hit sama orð á, Fs. 75; er þat hætt við orði, it will give rise to evil report. Band. 12 new Ed.; fyrir orðs sakir, for report’s sake, because of what people say, Nj. 6; þótt okkr sé þat til orðs lagit, although we are blamed for it, 246; þat lagði Skamkell mér til orðs, 85; aðrir leggja þeim þetta til orðs, Gísl. 84; en mér er þat lítt at skapi at hón hljóti af þér nökkut orð, Fbr. 30 new Ed.

2. a message; senda, göra e-m orð, Eg. 19, 26, 742, Nj. 163: a word, reply, sendimaðr sagði honum orð Úlfs, 160: a request, entreaty, ef þú vill ekki göra fyrir mín orð, 88; hann hefr upp orð sin ok biðr hennar, Eg. 26 (bónorð).

3. as a law phrase, an indictment, summons; enda á hann orði at ráða við hinn er við tekr, the receiver has the right of indictment or summoning, Grág. i. 334; hann á kost at sækja þann er hann vill um ok ráða sjálfr orði, 401; ok á sá orði um at ráða er eggver á, ii. 307; ok á þá hinn orði at ráða um við hann er fé þat átti, 309: orð ok særi, words and oaths, Vsp. 30:—a word, verdict, vote, or the like, kveðja búa allra þeirra orða, er hann skylda lög til um at skilja, Grág. i. 369, Nj. 238; sækja orð (vote) lögréttumanns til búðar, Grág. 1. 9; þá skal sækjandi bera fram vætti þat er nefnt var at orðum biskups, þá er hann lofaði fjár-heimting, 377.

III. bón-orð, wooing; heit-orð, lof-orð, a promise; dóms-orð, a sentence; vátt-orð, testimony; urðar-orð, the ‘weird’s word,’ fate, Fsm. May there not be some etymological connection between ‘word’ and ‘weird,’ Icel. orð and urðr, qs. word, wurðr? the notion of weird, doom prevails in compds, as ban-orð, dauða-orð, = death-weird, fate; other compds denote state, condition, as in leg-orð, vit-orð, = Ulf. wit-ods; goð-orð, priesthood; met-orð, rank; gjaf-orð, marriage, being given away.

B. COMPDS: orðaatvik, orðaákast, orðabelgr, orðabók, orðadráttr, orðafar, orðafjöldi, orðaframburðr, orðaframkast, orðafullting, orðfyndni, orðaglæsur, orðagnótt, orðagrein, orðahagr, orðahald, orðahendingar, orðheppinn, orðahjaldr, orðahnippingar, orðhof, orðskviðr, orðskviðaháttr, orðakvöð, orðalag, orðlagðr, orðalauss, orðaleiðing, orðalengd, orðlengja, orðamaðr, orðreyrr, orðarómr, orðræmðr, orðasafn, orðasamr, orðasemi, orðaskak, orðaskil, orðaskipan, orðaskipti, orðaskortr, orðaskrap, orðaskrum, orðastaðr, orðstafir, orðasveimr, orðsvif, orðatiltekja, orðatiltæki, orðstírr.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ORÐ
86 praerogativa

praerogativae N F

tribe/centuria which voted first; its verdict; omen; prior right/prerogative

Latin-English dictionary > praerogativa
87 drive

I 1. [draɪv]
nome

1) (car journey)

to go for a drive — andare a fare un giro in auto

it's only five minutes' drive from here — è solo a cinque minuti d'auto da qui

it's a 40 km drive to the hospital — ci sono 40 km (di strada) fino all'ospedale

2) (campaign, effort) campagna f., sforzo m. ( against contro; for, towards per; to do per fare)

3) (motivation, energy) iniziativa f., energia f.; (inner urge) pulsione f., istinto m.

the drive to win — la volontà di vincere

4) inform. drive m., unità f.

5) mecc. trasmissione f.

6) (path) (of house) vialetto m., strada f. privata

7) sport (in golf) drive m., colpo m. lungo; (in tennis) drive m., diritto m.
2.
modificatore mecc. [ mechanism] di trasmissione
II 1. [draɪv]
verbo transitivo (pass. drove; p.pass. driven)

1) [ driver] guidare, condurre [car, bus, train]; pilotare [ racing car]; trasportare [cargo, load, passenger]; percorrere (in auto) [ distance]

to drive sb. home — portare a casa qcn. (in auto)

to drive sth. into — portare qcs. dentro [garage, space]

2) (force, compel) [poverty, urge] spingere [ person] ( to do a fare)

he was driven to drink — fu spinto all'alcolismo (by da)

to be driven out of business — essere costretto a cessare l'attività, a ritirarsi dagli affari

to drive sb. mad o crazy — colloq. fare impazzire o diventare matto qcn. (anche fig.)

3) (chase or herd) spingere, condurre [herd, cattle]; spingere [ game]

he was driven from o out of the country — fu cacciato dal paese

4) (power, propel) azionare, fare funzionare [engine, pump]

what drives the economy? — qual è il motore dell'economia?

5) (push) [tide, wind] spingere, sospingere [boat, clouds]; [ person] piantare, conficcare [ nail]

to drive sth. into sb.'s head — fig. fare entrare qcs. nella testa di qcn., ficcare qcs. in testa a qcn

6) (force to work hard) incalzare, fare lavorare sodo [pupil, recruit]

7) sport (in golf) colpire, tirare con un driver [ ball]; (in tennis) colpire di diritto [ ball]
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. drove; p.pass. driven)

1) aut. guidare

I took pictures as we drove along — feci delle foto mentre viaggiavamo in auto

you can't drive along the High Street — non è possibile percorrere in auto la via principale

to drive to work — andare a lavorare in auto

to drive into — entrare (con l'auto) in [garage, space]; andare a sbattere contro [tree, lamppost]

to drive up, down a hill — salire su, scendere da una collina (in auto)

to drive past — passare (con l'auto)

2) sport (in golf) fare un drive; (in tennis) tirare di diritto, fare un drive
3.
verbo riflessivo

1) aut.

the Minister drives himself — il ministro in persona guida l'auto

2) (push oneself)

to drive oneself to do — sforzarsi di fare

to drive oneself too hard — sforzarsi troppo

•

- drive at

- drive away

- drive back

- drive off

- drive on

- drive out

* * *
1. past tense - drove; verb
1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) guidare

2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) portare

3) (to force or urge along: Two men and a dog were driving a herd of cattle across the road.) spingere innanzi

4) (to hit hard: He drove a nail into the door; He drove a golf-ball from the tee.) battere; scagliare

5) (to cause to work by providing the necessary power: This mill is driven by water.) azionare
2. noun
1) (a journey in a car, especially for pleasure: We decided to go for a drive.) gita in automobile

2) (a private road leading from a gate to a house etc: The drive is lined with trees.) viale d'accesso, strada privata

3) (energy and enthusiasm: I think he has the drive needed for this job.) energia

4) (a special effort: We're having a drive to save electricity.) campagna

5) (in sport, a hard stroke (with a golf-club, a cricket bat etc).) colpo

6) ((computers) a disk drive.) drive, lettore, unità

•

- driver
- driver's license
- drive-in
- drive-through
- driving licence
- be driving at
- drive off
- drive on
* * *
drive /draɪv/
n.

1 giro (o viaggio) in macchina: to go for a drive, fare un giro in macchina; to take sb. for a drive, portare q. a fare un giro in macchina; It's two hours' drive there and back, ci sono due ore di macchina per andare e venire; a long and boring drive, un viaggio in macchina lungo e noioso; a 50 mile drive, un percorso in macchina di 50 miglia; The mountains are a short drive away, ci vuole poco in macchina per andare in montagna; a drive in the country [along the coast], un giro in macchina in campagna [lungo la costa]

2 strada carrozzabile; (spec.) viale, vialetto ( di una casa): The house is reached by means of a tree-lined drive, si raggiunge la casa per mezzo di un viale alberato

3 ( in nomi di vie) «drive»: 4 Privet Drive, Privet Drive No 4

4 [u] determinazione, volontà: the drive to succeed, la volontà di riuscire; You need a lot of drive to succeed in business, ci vuole molta determinazione per riuscire in affari

5 [uc] (psic.) pulsione, impulso: basic human drives, le pulsioni fondamentali dell'essere umano; the sex drive, l'impulso sessuale

6 [u] aspirazione: the drive for peace, l'aspirazione alla pace; the drive for perfection [improvement, change], l'aspirazione alla perfezione [al miglioramento, al cambiamento]

7 ( anche comm.) sforzo collettivo, campagna: a recruitment [sales] drive, una campagna di assunzioni [di vendite]; an export drive, una campagna per promuovere le esportazioni; a concerted drive to raise the firm's profile, una campagna comune per far salire il profilo dell'azienda

8 (comput.) drive; ( anche) lettore, unità: hard ( disk) drive, hard disk, disco fisso; disk drive, unità disco

9 ( sport) colpo ( dato a una palla); ( tennis) diritto, drive; ( calcio) tiro; ( golf) colpo lungo, drive; ( pallavolo) attacco, schiacciata: drive against the post, palo ( il tiro sul montante); drive at goal, tiro in porta; drive down the sideline, lungolinea (sost.)

10 [uc] (autom.) guida ( il meccanismo, lo sterzo): left-hand drive, guida a sinistra ( negli automezzi dei paesi in cui il traffico tiene la destra); right-hand drive, guida a destra ( negli automezzi dei paesi in cui il traffico tiene la sinistra)

11 [uc] (autom., mecc.) trazione: front-[rear-]wheel drive, trazione anteriore [posteriore]; four-wheel drive, trazione integrale

12 [uc] (mecc.) comando trasmissione; presa: belt drive, trasmissione a cinghia; direct drive, presa diretta

13 battuta di caccia; inseguimento

14 (mil.) attacco; offensiva

15 [uc] (ind. min.) scavo di galleria; avanzamento; ( anche) galleria in direzione

16 (ingl.: nei giochi di carte) torneo: a whist drive, un torneo di whist

● drive belt, cinghia di trasmissione □ (mecc.) drive gear, ingranaggio conduttore □ (elettr.) drive pulse, impulso di comando □ (mecc.) drive screw, vite autofilettante □ (mecc.) drive wheel, ruota motrice.
♦ (to) drive /draɪv/
(pass. drove, p. p. driven)

A v. t.

1 guidare ( un veicolo); ( sport) pilotare: to drive a car [a van, a bus, a train], guidare una macchina [un furgone, un autobus, un treno]; to drive a racing car, pilotare una vettura da corsa; What do you drive?; che macchina hai?

2 accompagnare, portare (q.) in macchina: to drive sb. home, accompagnare q. a casa in macchina; Can you drive me to the office?, puoi portarmi in macchina in ufficio?

3 (fig.) spingere, portare (q. a qc.): to drive sb. to drink, spingere q. a bere (o a darsi all'alcol); to drive sb. to suicide, spingere q. al suicidio; to drive sb. to despair, portare q. alla disperazione; His insane jealousy drove her to leave him, la sua folle gelosia l'ha spinta a lasciarlo; High interest rates drove them to bankruptcy, gli alti tassi di interesse li hanno portati al fallimento; ( anche fig.) to drive sb. crazy (o mad) fare impazzire q.; (fam.) to drive sb. nuts (o round the bend, round the twist, up the wall) fare impazzire q.

4 spingere, motivare: He is driven by a need to outshine his older brother, è motivato dal bisogno di superare il fratello più grande; I want to find out what drives him, voglio scoprire cos'è che lo motiva; His novels are driven by plot rather than character, i suoi romanzi sono incentrati più sulla trama che sui personaggi

5 condurre un gregge (o una mandria) di: to drive sheep [cattle], condurre un gregge di pecore [una mandria di bovini]

6 (fig.) far lavorare (duro): He drives his employees hard, fa lavorare duro i suoi dipendenti; She drives herself too hard, si dà troppo da fare

7 ( sport) battere, scagliare; ( calcio) spedire ( la palla); ( tennis) colpire di diritto; ( golf) colpire con un driver: ( baseball) The batter drove the ball into the bleachers, il battitore ha scagliato la palla nelle gradinate

8 conficcare, piantare: to drive a stake into the ground [a nail into a wall], piantare un palo per terra [un chiodo nel muro]

9 scavare: to drive a tunnel through a mountain, scavare una galleria attraverso un monte

10 sospingere: The storm drove the boat onto the reef, la tempesta ha sospinto la barca sulla scogliera

11 fare andare, cacciare: The enemy were driven out of the town, i nemici sono stati cacciati dalla città; They drove the animals away by shouting and waving their arms, hanno mandato via gli animali urlando e agitando le braccia; Heavy rain drove them inside, la forte pioggia li ha fatti rientrare in casa; Thousands were driven from their home, migliaia di persone sono state costrette a lasciare la loro casa; Lots of holidaymakers were driven away by the bad weather, il cattivo tempo ha fatto partire in tutta fretta molti vacanzieri

12 (di solito al passivo) azionare; far funzionare: The turbines are driven by water, le turbine sono azionate dall'acqua

13 ( nella caccia) stanare ( la selvaggina); battere ( un terreno)

B v. i.

1 (autom.) guidare: He's learning to drive, sta imparando a guidare; Let me drive, please!, fa' guidare me, per favore; I can't drive, non so guidare; He drives very well [too fast], guida molto bene [troppo forte]; Shall we drive back?, torniamo indietro?; He drove into a wall, è andato a sbattere con la macchina contro un muro; to drive out of the garage, uscire dal garage

2 andare ( con un veicolo privato); andare in macchina: Shall we drive or walk?, andiamo in macchina o a piedi?; They drove to the airport, sono andati all'aeroporto in macchina; We got into the car and drove home, siamo saliti in macchina e siamo andati a casa; I don't drive anymore into town, there's never anywhere to park, non vado più in centro in macchina, non si trova mai parcheggio; After waiting for five minutes, the taxi-driver drove away, dopo avere aspettato cinque minuti, il tassista è andato via

3 ( di veicolo) andare: The car drove into a lamppost, la macchina è andata a sbattere contro un lampione

4 ( della pioggia, ecc.) cadere (forte); battere: The snow was driving down, nevicava forte; Rain was driving against the windows, la pioggia batteva contro le finestre

5 (mil.) spingersi; addentrarsi: Napoleon drove ( ahead) into the plains of Russia, Napoleone si addentrò nelle pianure della Russia

6 (ind. min.) avanzare ( con lo scavo)

7 (naut., spesso to drive along) correre in poppa; fuggire il tempo

● to drive oneself, guidare: She can't drive herself any more, her daughter has to do it, non può più guidare, deve accompagnarla sua figlia □ ( slang USA) to drive the big (o the porcelain) bus, vomitare nella toilette □ (ingl.) to drive a coach and horses through st., mostrare chiaramente tutte le falle di qc.: This verdict drives a coach and horses through the legislation, questo verdetto mostra chiaramente tutte le falle della legislazione □ (autom., GB) to drive with excess alcohol, guidare in stato di ebbrezza □ to drive st. home, chiarire (bene) qc.: to drive home one's point, chiarire bene il proprio punto di vista; I drove home to them what the problem was, gli ho fatto capire qual era il problema □ to drive a hard bargain, fare un accordo molto vantaggioso □ to drive a wedge between, seminare zizzania tra □ (fig.) to drive sb. into a corner, mettere q. alle strette (o con le spalle al muro) □ (fig.) to drive st. into the ground, portare qc. alla rovina: They drove the business into the ground, hanno portato l'azienda alla rovina □ to drive prices through the roof, far salire i prezzi alle stelle.

* * *
I 1. [draɪv]
nome

1) (car journey)

to go for a drive — andare a fare un giro in auto

it's only five minutes' drive from here — è solo a cinque minuti d'auto da qui

it's a 40 km drive to the hospital — ci sono 40 km (di strada) fino all'ospedale

2) (campaign, effort) campagna f., sforzo m. ( against contro; for, towards per; to do per fare)

3) (motivation, energy) iniziativa f., energia f.; (inner urge) pulsione f., istinto m.

the drive to win — la volontà di vincere

4) inform. drive m., unità f.

5) mecc. trasmissione f.

6) (path) (of house) vialetto m., strada f. privata

7) sport (in golf) drive m., colpo m. lungo; (in tennis) drive m., diritto m.
2.
modificatore mecc. [ mechanism] di trasmissione
II 1. [draɪv]
verbo transitivo (pass. drove; p.pass. driven)

1) [ driver] guidare, condurre [car, bus, train]; pilotare [ racing car]; trasportare [cargo, load, passenger]; percorrere (in auto) [ distance]

to drive sb. home — portare a casa qcn. (in auto)

to drive sth. into — portare qcs. dentro [garage, space]

2) (force, compel) [poverty, urge] spingere [ person] ( to do a fare)

he was driven to drink — fu spinto all'alcolismo (by da)

to be driven out of business — essere costretto a cessare l'attività, a ritirarsi dagli affari

to drive sb. mad o crazy — colloq. fare impazzire o diventare matto qcn. (anche fig.)

3) (chase or herd) spingere, condurre [herd, cattle]; spingere [ game]

he was driven from o out of the country — fu cacciato dal paese

4) (power, propel) azionare, fare funzionare [engine, pump]

what drives the economy? — qual è il motore dell'economia?

5) (push) [tide, wind] spingere, sospingere [boat, clouds]; [ person] piantare, conficcare [ nail]

to drive sth. into sb.'s head — fig. fare entrare qcs. nella testa di qcn., ficcare qcs. in testa a qcn

6) (force to work hard) incalzare, fare lavorare sodo [pupil, recruit]

7) sport (in golf) colpire, tirare con un driver [ ball]; (in tennis) colpire di diritto [ ball]
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. drove; p.pass. driven)

1) aut. guidare

I took pictures as we drove along — feci delle foto mentre viaggiavamo in auto

you can't drive along the High Street — non è possibile percorrere in auto la via principale

to drive to work — andare a lavorare in auto

to drive into — entrare (con l'auto) in [garage, space]; andare a sbattere contro [tree, lamppost]

to drive up, down a hill — salire su, scendere da una collina (in auto)

to drive past — passare (con l'auto)

2) sport (in golf) fare un drive; (in tennis) tirare di diritto, fare un drive
3.
verbo riflessivo

1) aut.

the Minister drives himself — il ministro in persona guida l'auto

2) (push oneself)

to drive oneself to do — sforzarsi di fare

to drive oneself too hard — sforzarsi troppo

•

- drive at

- drive away

- drive back

- drive off

- drive on

- drive out

English-Italian dictionary > drive
88 judge

I [dʒʌdʒ]
nome

1) 27 dir. giudice m.

2) (adjudicator) (at competition) membro m. della giuria; sport giudice m. di gara

3) fig.

to be a good judge of character — essere bravo a giudicare il carattere (di una persona)

to be no judge of — non essere un conoscitore o intenditore di [art, wine]

••

to be as sober as a judge — (not drunk) = avere la mente lucida; (solemn) = avere un atteggiamento solenne o maestoso
II 1. [dʒʌdʒ]
verbo transitivo

1) giudicare [ person] (anche dir.)

2) (adjudicate) fare da giudice, arbitro in [ competition]

3) (estimate) (currently) valutare, stimare [distance, age]; (in the future) prevedere [outcome, reaction]

4) (consider) considerare, ritenere
2.
verbo intransitivo giudicare

judging by o from... — a giudicare da

* * *
1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) giudicare

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) giudicare, fare da giudice

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) giudicare; stimare

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) giudicare
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) giudice

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.) arbitro, giudice

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) esperto

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement
* * *
I [dʒʌdʒ]
nome

1) 27 dir. giudice m.

2) (adjudicator) (at competition) membro m. della giuria; sport giudice m. di gara

3) fig.

to be a good judge of character — essere bravo a giudicare il carattere (di una persona)

to be no judge of — non essere un conoscitore o intenditore di [art, wine]

••

to be as sober as a judge — (not drunk) = avere la mente lucida; (solemn) = avere un atteggiamento solenne o maestoso
II 1. [dʒʌdʒ]
verbo transitivo

1) giudicare [ person] (anche dir.)

2) (adjudicate) fare da giudice, arbitro in [ competition]

3) (estimate) (currently) valutare, stimare [distance, age]; (in the future) prevedere [outcome, reaction]

4) (consider) considerare, ritenere
2.
verbo intransitivo giudicare

judging by o from... — a giudicare da

English-Italian dictionary > judge
89 find

find [faɪnd]

(preterite, past participle found)

1. transitive verb

   a. trouver ; [+ lost person or object] retrouver

• to find one's place in a book retrouver sa page dans un livre

• they soon found him again ils l'ont vite retrouvé

• we left everything as we found it nous avons tout laissé en l'état

• he was found dead in bed on l'a trouvé mort dans son lit

• the castle is to be found near Tours le château se trouve près de Tours

• to find work trouver du travail

• I can never find anything to say to him je ne trouve jamais rien à lui dire

• to find the courage to do trouver le courage de faire

• I can't find time to read je n'arrive pas à trouver le temps de lire

• to find one's feet s'acclimater

• to find some difficulty in doing éprouver une certaine difficulté à faire

• I couldn't find it in my heart to refuse je n'ai pas eu le cœur de refuser

• he finds it difficult to walk il lui est difficile de marcher

• I find that I have plenty of time il se trouve que j'ai tout mon temps

► find + way

• they couldn't find the way back ils n'ont pas pu trouver le chemin du retour

• can you find your own way out? pouvez-vous trouver la sortie tout seul ?

• it found its way into my bag ça s'est retrouvé dans mon sac► to find o.s.

• I found myself wondering je me suis surpris à me demander

• I found myself thinking that... je me suis surpris à penser que...

• he found himself at last il a enfin trouvé sa voie

   b. ( = realize) constater ; [+ cure, solution, answer] trouver

• you will find that I am right vous constaterez que j'ai raison

• I went there yesterday, only to find her out j'y suis allé hier, mais elle était sortie

   c. to find sb guilty déclarer qn coupable

• how do you find the accused? quel est votre verdict ?

2. intransitive verb

• to find against the accused se prononcer contre l'accusé

3. noun

trouvaille f

• that was a lucky find ça, c'est une trouvaille !

► find out

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = make enquiries) se renseigner ( about sur)

   b. ( = know) we didn't find out about it in time nous ne l'avons pas su à temps

2. separable transitive verb

   a. ( = discover) découvrir ; [+ answer] trouver

   b. ( = discover the misdeeds of) [+ person] démasquer

• she doesn't want her parents to find out elle ne veut pas que ses parents le sachent

* * *
[faɪnd] 1.
noun ( discovery) gen découverte f; ( lucky purchase) trouvaille f
2.
transitive verb (prét, pp found)

1) ( discover by chance) trouver [thing, person]

to leave something as one found it — laisser quelque chose dans l'état où on l'a trouvé

to find somebody doing — trouver quelqu'un en train de faire

to find that — constater que

2) ( discover by looking) trouver, retrouver [thing, person]

to find one's way out of — arriver à sortir de [building, forest, city]

to find one's own way home — se débrouiller tout seul pour rentrer chez soi

3) ( discover desired thing) trouver [job, car, seat, solution]; avoir assez de [time, energy, money]

to find something for somebody —

to find somebody something — trouver quelque chose pour quelqu'un

to find oneself something — se trouver quelque chose

4) ( encounter) trouver [word, term, species]

it is to be found in the Louvre — on peut le voir au Louvre

5) (judge, consider) trouver ( that que)

to find somebody a bore — trouver quelqu'un ennuyeux

to find somebody/something to be — trouver que quelqu'un/quelque chose est

to find something easy to do — trouver quelque chose facile à faire

to find it easy to do — trouver facile de faire

to find it incredible that — trouver incroyable que (+ subj)

6) ( experience) éprouver [pleasure, satisfaction] (in dans); trouver [comfort] (in dans)

7) ( reach)

to find its mark/its target — toucher son but/sa cible

to find its way to/into — arriver dans [bin, pocket, area]

8) Law

to find that — conclure que

to find somebody guilty — déclarer quelqu'un coupable

9) ( arrive to find) [letter, card, day] trouver [person]

the next day found him feeling ill — le lendemain il se sentait malade

10) Computing rechercher
3.
intransitive verb (prét, pp found) Law

to find for/against somebody — se prononcer en faveur de/contre quelqu'un
4.
reflexive verb (prét, pp found)

to find oneself

1) ( discover suddenly) se retrouver

to find oneself unable to do — se sentir incapable de faire

to find oneself doing — se surprendre à faire

2) ( discover one's vocation) se découvrir

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- find out

••

to find one's feet — [person] prendre ses marques; [company] prendre pied

to take somebody as one finds him/her — prendre quelqu'un comme il/elle est

English-French dictionary > find
90 judge

[dʒʌdʒ] 1. n ( JUR)
sędzia(-ina) m(f); ( in competition) sędzia(-ina) m(f), juror(ka) m(f); ( fig) ekspert m
2. vt
competition, match sędziować; ( estimate) określać (określić perf), oceniać (ocenić perf); ( evaluate) oceniać; ( consider) uznawać (uznać perf) za +acc
3. vi
wydawać (wydać perf) opinię

she's a good judge of character — ona zna się na ludziach

I'll be the judge of that — ja to ocenię

judging/to judge by his expression — sądząc z jego wyrazu twarzy

as far as I can judge — o ile się orientuję

I judged it necessary to inform him — uznałem za konieczne poinformować go

* * *
1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) sądzić

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) sędziować

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) oceniać

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) osądzać
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) sędzia

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.) sędzia

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) znawca

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement

English-Polish dictionary > judge
91 judge

1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) tiesāt

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) vērtēt (sacensībās)

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) spriest; vērtēt

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) tiesāt
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) tiesnesis

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.) arbitrs; eksperts

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) lietpratējs; pazinējs

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement
* * *

tiesnesis; arbitrs, eksperts; lietpratējs, pazinējs; Soģu grāmata; tiesāt; būt par arbitru; spriest, vērtēt

English-Latvian dictionary > judge
92 judge

1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) teisti, spręsti

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) teisėjauti

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) spręsti, įvertinti

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) smerkti
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) teisėjas

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.) teisėjas

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) žinovas

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement

English-Lithuanian dictionary > judge
93 judge

n. domare, lagman; bedömare; sakkunnig, expert
--------
v. döma, avgöra; fälla en dom, bestämma; bedöma; anta; sitta som domare

* * *
1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) döma, vara domare

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) döma, vara domare

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) döma, bedöma, avgöra

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) döma
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) domare

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.) domare

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) bedömare, kännare, sakkunnig

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement

English-Swedish dictionary > judge
94 judge

1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) soudit

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) posuzovat

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) hodnotit; odhadovat

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) odsuzovat
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) soudce, -kyně

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.) rozhodčí

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) znalec

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement
* * *

• posuzovat

• posoudit

• rozhodčí

• soudkyně

• soudit

• soudce

English-Czech dictionary > judge
95 judge

1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) súdiť

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) rozhodovať

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) hodnotiť; odhadnúť

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) posudzovať, súdiť
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) sudca, -kyňa

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.) rozhodca

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) znalec

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement
* * *

• uzatvárat

• usúdit

• usudzovat

• vládnut

• vyšetrovat

• znalec

• sudca

• súdit

• expert

• hodnotit

• domnievat sa

• riešit

• rozhodca

• rozsúdit

• rozhodnút

• rozriešit

• posúdit

• posudzovat

• považovat za

• posudzovatel

• kritizovat

• mat za to

• nazdávat sa

• odborník

• odhadnút

• odsudzovat

• ocenit

• ocenovat

English-Slovak dictionary > judge
96 il|e

Ⅰ pron. 1. (pytajny) (z policzalnymi) how many; (z niepoliczalnymi) how much
- ile drzew/jajek? how many trees/eggs?

- ilu mężczyzn/nauczycieli? how many men/teachers?

- ilu was/ich było w samochodzie? how many of you/them were there in the car?

- ile razy widziałeś ten film? how many times have you seen this film?

- ile razy mam ci przypominać? how many times a. how often do I have to remind you?

- powiedz mi, ilu masz uczniów tell me how many pupils you have

- ile mleka/pieniędzy? how much milk/money?

- ile czasu wam to zajmie? how long will it take you?

- ile czasu nam jeszcze zostało? how much longer a. how much more time have we got?

- ciekawe, ile jest prawdy w tych pogłoskach I wonder how much truth there is in these rumours

- ile to kosztuje? how much is this/it?

- po a. na pot. ile są pomidory? how much are the tomatoes?; how much for the tomatoes? pot.

- ile jestem ci winien? how much do I owe you?

- ile jest siedem razy sześć? how much is seven times six?

- ile masz lat? how old are you?

- ile tu ludzi! what a crowd!

- ile tu śmieci! look at all this rubbish GB a. trash! US

- a ile przy tym było śmiechu! it was such a laugh, though!

- ile jest stąd do Krakowa? how far is it from here to Cracow?

- ile było dzisiaj rano? what was the temperature this morning?

- same lekarstwa ile kosztują! the medicines alone cost a packet! pot.

- nie wyobrażasz sobie, ile pracuję you’ve no idea how hard I work

- ile jeszcze mam czekać? how much longer do I have to wait?

- ile można rozmawiać przez telefon! how long can you spend talking over a. on the phone!

- o ile szybciej się teraz podróżuje! how much quicker travelling is nowadays!
2. (względny) (przed policzalnymi) as many; (przed niepoliczalnymi) as much
- weź, ile chcesz take as many/much as you like

- zaproś tyle osób, ile pomieści sala invite as many people as the hall will hold

- było w niej tyle uroku, ile zwykłej bezczelności she had as much charm as she had barefaced impudence

- to jest warte tyle, ile ktoś jest za to gotów zapłacić it’s worth as much as anybody is prepared to pay for it

- liczba X jest o tyle większa od Y, o ile Y jest większe od Z X exceeds Y by as much as Y exceeds Z

- z iloma osobami rozmawiałem, tyle różnych zdań usłyszałem I heard a. got as many different opinions as the number of people I asked

- zaoferowali jej dwa razy tyle, ile w poprzedniej pracy they offered her twice as much as she earned in her previous job
Ⅱ ile razy (zawsze kiedy) each a. every time, whenever
- ile razy prosił ją o pomoc, zawsze odmawiała every time he asked her for help, she refused
Ⅲ na ile how, to what extent a. degree
- na ile sprawa jest poważna? how serious a matter a. problem is it?

- nie wiem, na ile prawdziwe są te pogłoski I don’t know how accurate these rumours are

- trudno powiedzieć, na ile to miało wpływ na wyrok it’s difficult to say to what extent a. how far it influenced the verdict
Ⅳ o tyle, o ile a. na tyle, na ile pot. to the extent that, in so far as; (only) inasmuch as książk.
- interesował się tym problemem o tyle, o ile miało to związek z jego badaniami he was interested in this problem to the extent that a. only in as much as it was connected with his research
Ⅴ nie tyle…, ile… tyle Ⅵ o ile (jeśli) as long as, provided, providing; (z przeczeniem) unless
- o ile firma nie zbankrutuje as long as a. provided the firm doesn’t go bankrupt

- farba wyschnie do rana, o ile nie będzie padać the paint will be dry by the morning providing a. as long as it doesn’t rain a. unless it starts raining

- o ile to będzie możliwe if possible; (z powątpiewaniem) if it’s a. that’s (at all) possible

- o ile wiem a. o ile mi wiadomo,… as far as I know…

- o ile dobrze pamiętam,… as far as I remember,…, if I remember correctly,…

- o ile się nie mylę,… if I’m not mistaken,…

- o ile nie coś gorszego if not something worse

- tysiące, o ile nie miliony thousands, if not millions
Ⅶ o ile…, o tyle… a. o ile…, to… while…
- o ile Robert lubi westerny, o tyle Anna woli melodramaty while Robert likes westerns, Anna prefers melodramas

■ o tyle o ile pot. [interesować się, znać] to a degree; up to a point

- „lubisz fizykę?” – „o tyle o ile” ‘do you like physics?’ – ‘it’s okay a. all right’ pot.

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > il|e
97 są|d

m (G sądu) 1. Prawo (organ wymiaru sprawiedliwości) court (of law a. justice), law court
- sąd cywilny/karny a civil/criminal court

- sąd pierwszej instancji a court of first instance, a trial court US

- jawna rozprawa sądu a trial in open court

- wyrok/orzeczenie sądu a court sentence/verdict

- dostać wezwanie do sądu to receive a summons a. be summoned to appear in a. at court

- mieć sprawę w sądzie za napad to be in court for robbery

- oddać sprawę do sądu to take one’s/a case to court, to go to court

- podać a. zaskarżyć kogoś do sądu za coś Prawo to sue sb for sth

- pójść z czymś do sądu pot. to bring sth to court

- pozwać kogoś do sądu to take sb to court

- składać zeznanie w sądzie to testify a. give evidence in court

- sprawa/skarga wpłynęła do sądu rejonowego a case/complaint has come up in a. come to a district court

- stawić się w sądzie to appear in court

- wygrać/przegrać sprawę w sądzie to win/lose one’s court case
2. Prawo (zespół sędziów) court
- posiedzenie sądu court sitting

- skazany przez sąd obradujący za zamkniętymi drzwiami sentenced by a court sitting in camera

- sąd obraduje a. odbywa posiedzenie the court is in session

- sądowi przewodniczył sędzia X the court was presided over by judge X

- sąd postanawia, że… the court rules a. holds that…

- sąd wydał wyrok/oddalił powództwo the court passed a sentence/dismissed a complaint

- Wysoki Sądzie! Your Lordship! GB, Your Honor! US
3. Prawo (proces) trial
- skazać/ukarać kogoś bez sądu to convict/punish sb without trial

- odprawiać a. odbywać sąd nad kimś za coś to try sb for sth

- każdy ma prawo do sądu everyone has the right to receive a fair trial
4. Prawo (siedziba) court; (budynek) courthouse, court building 5. (opinia) judgement, judgment (o kimś/czymś a. na temat kogoś/czegoś of sb/sth)
- subiektywny/pochopny/opaczny sąd a subjective/a snap/an impaired judgement

- wydać sąd o kimś/czymś to pronounce judgement on sb/sth

- być ostrożnym w wygłaszaniu a. wypowiadaniu sądów to be careful in making judgements

- wstrzymać się z wydawaniem sądów o czymś to reserve judgement on sth

- utwierdzam się w moich sądach o tej sztuce I’m confirmed in my judgement of the play
6. Log. proposition
- □ sąd administracyjny Prawo administrative court

- sąd apelacyjny Prawo court of appeal GB, appellate court

- sąd arbitrażowy Prawo independent body appointed to settle industrial disputes

- sąd asertoryczny Log. assertion

- sąd asesorski Hist., Prawo ≈ chancery court

- Sąd Boży Hist., Relig. trial by ordeal

- sąd dla nieletnich Prawo juvenile court, youth court GB

- sąd doraźny Prawo summary proceedings, court of summary jurisdiction GB

- sąd grodzki Hist., Prawo (w Polsce międzywojennej) court of first instance; (w dawnej Polsce) law court in a borough

- sąd hipotetyczny Log. hypothetical proposition

- sąd honorowy court of honour GB, court of chivalry GB

- sąd kapturowy Hist., Prawo law court during the interregna in Poland; przen. (nieoficjalny, tajny) kangaroo court

- sąd koleżeński body that arbitrates disputes within a group, staff, or organization

- sąd konieczny Log. necessary judgement

- sąd konsystorski Prawo, Relig. consistory (court)

- Sąd Najwyższy Prawo Supreme Court

- Sąd Ostateczny Relig. the Last a. Final Judgement

- sąd polowy Prawo, Wojsk. court-martial

- sąd polubowny (zespół) panel of arbitrators; (instytucja) court of conciliation (and arbitration); (proces, decyzja) arbitrament

- sąd powszechny Prawo court of general jurisdiction

- sąd pracy Prawo industrial tribunal

- sąd przysięgłych Prawo jury

- sąd rewizyjny Prawo ≈ court of appeal

- sąd rodzinny Prawo Family Division GB, court of domestic relations US, family court US

- sąd skorupkowy Hist. ostracism

- sąd wojenny Prawo, Wojsk. court-martial

- sąd wojewódzki Prawo voivodship court (superior court in an administrative department in Poland)

- sąd wojskowy Prawo, Wojsk. military tribunal GB, military court US

■ ciągać a. włóczyć a. wodzić kogoś po sądach pot., pejor. to repeatedly take sb to court

- iść pod sąd książk. to stand trial

- oddać kogoś pod sąd a. stawić kogoś przed sąd pot. to take sb to court

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > są|d
98 judge

1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) a judeca

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) a arbitra

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) a aprecia, a evalua

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) a critica, a dezaproba
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) judecător

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.)

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) cunoscător

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement

English-Romanian dictionary > judge
99 judge

1. verb
1) (to hear and try (cases) in a court of law: Who will be judging this murder case?) δικάζω

2) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) κρίνω, γνωμοδοτώ

3) (to consider and form an idea of; to estimate: You can't judge a man by his appearance; Watch how a cat judges the distance before it jumps; She couldn't judge whether he was telling the truth.) κρίνω

4) (to criticize for doing wrong: We have no right to judge him - we might have done the same thing ourselves.) επικρίνω
2. noun
1) (a public officer who hears and decides cases in a law court: The judge asked if the jury had reached a verdict.) δικαστής

2) (a person who decides which is the best in a competition etc: The judge's decision is final (= you cannot argue with the judge's decision); He was asked to be on the panel of judges at the beauty contest.) κριτής

3) (a person who is skilled at deciding how good etc something is: He says she's honest, and he's a good judge of character; He seems a very fine pianist to me, but I'm no judge.) κριτής

•

- judgement
- judgment
- judging from / to judge from
- pass judgement on
- pass judgement

English-Greek dictionary > judge
100 pass

[pɑːs] 1. сущ.
1)

а) проход, путь, дорога прям. и перен.

б) ущелье; перевал

Syn:

mountain pass, gorge, canyon

в) воен. стратегически важный проход; стратегическое укрепление, высота

Syn:

passage, road, route

г) фарватер, пролив, судоходный канал

д) переулок, проулок, узкая улица

е) проход для рыбы в плотине

2)

а) прохождение, проход, проезд, переход

Primary function of the subsystem is to correct the flight trajectory to assure a close pass by Mars. — Основная функция подсистемы - это корректировать траекторию полёта, чтобы обеспечить прохождение в максимальной близости от Марса.

Syn:

passage

б) уход из жизни, смерть

в) карт. пас

г) информ. передача, пересылка; проход, просмотр

3) оценка "зачёт"; сдача экзамена

4) стечение обстоятельств, сложившаяся ситуация

Things have come to a pretty pass. — Дела приняли скверный оборот.

Syn:

juncture, predicament

5)

а) пропуск

б) воен. увольнительная

The soldier had a weekend pass. — Солдат получил увольнительную на неделю.

в) проездной документ

- free pass

г) контрамарка

6) выпад ( в фехтовании)

Syn:

lunge, thrust

7) пасс, движение рук (гипнотизёра, фокусника, жонглёра); фокус

- make the pass
- make a pass at smb.
Syn:

trick

8) спорт. пас, передача, бросок

to block a pass — блокировать бросок

to complete / throw a pass — делать, выполнять бросок

to intercept a pass — перехватить передачу

forward pass — пас вперёд

incomplete pass — нерезультативный бросок

lateral pass — боковой бросок

touchdown pass — гол ( в регби)

••

- bring to pass
- come to pass
- hold the pass
- pass in review 2. гл.
1)

а) идти; проходить, проезжать

to pass unheeded / unnoticed — проходить незамеченным

to pass a mile — пройти милю

Pass right along, please! — Проходите мимо, пожалуйста!

The guard allowed the visitor to pass. — Охранник разрешил посетителю пройти.

She passed close by me without a sign of recognition. — Она прошла мимо меня и не узнала.

I've never passed the spot without thinking of her. — Я никогда не проходил мимо этого места, не вспомнив о ней.

Syn:

go by, go on, go past, go ahead

б) идти, проходить, тянуться ( о дороге)

The path passes round a bay, where there is a solitary cottage. — Тропинка бежит вокруг залива, в окрестностях которого стоит одинокий коттедж.

2)

а) пересекать, переходить, переезжать; переправляться

to pass a mountain range — перевалить через хребет

to pass the river and the marshy ground — переправиться через реку и пересечь болотистую местность

Syn:

cross, traverse

б) переправлять, перевозить

Syn:

carry, convey, transport

3) ходить, циркулировать, распространяться

to pass current — быть общепринятым

4) скрывать своё происхождение

"Freddy's parents were trying to pass," she went on sombrely. "Like so many rich German Jews." — "Родители Фредди старались скрыть своё происхождение", - продолжала она грустно. - "Как многие богатые немецкие евреи."

5)

а) переходить (из одних рук в другие, из одного места в другое); переходить по наследству

б) превращаться, переходить ( из одного состояния в другое), меняться

A substance passes from the solid to the liquid state. — Вещество переходит из твёрдого состояния в жидкое.

The sky was a deep pink, passing into gold. — Небо было тёмно-розового цвета, постепенно переходящего в золотой.

в) ( pass into) становиться частью

The deeds of these few brave men have passed into history. — Дела этих храбрецов вошли в историю.

6) обмениваться (репликами, информацией, письмами)

The Count entered. Salutations passed. — Вошёл граф. Произошёл обмен приветствиями.

7)

а) уходить, оставлять, покидать

б) отклоняться, отходить

8) эвф.;.= pass on, = pass away, = pass over уйти, отойти ( умереть)

to pass to God / heaven — отправиться к Богу, на небеса

to pass away by smth. — умереть от чего-л.

to pass on in one's bed — умереть естественной смертью

I'm sorry to hear that your favourite uncle passed over last week. — С прискорбием узнал, что ваш любимый дядя скончался на прошлой неделе.

There passed from among us a man who held a high position in English literature. — От нас ушёл человек, который занимал важное место в английской литературе.

About 6 o'clock he was seen to turn on his left side, breathe a deep sigh, and pass hence. — Около 6 часов заметили, как он повернулся на левый бок, глубоко вздохнул и отошёл.

Syn:

decease, die

9)

а) идти, проходить, пролетать ( о времени)

Time passes quickly on vacation. — На отдыхе время проходит быстро.

Syn:

elapse, glide by

б) проходить, кончаться, прекращаться; исчезать

Wait for the rain to pass. — Подожди, пока пройдёт дождь.

The danger has passed. — Опасность миновала.

to pass out of use — выходить из употребления

10) мелькнуть, появиться

11) предолевать ( цензуру); проходить ( без проверки или испытания); удаваться, быть успешным (в качестве уловки, трюка)

12)

а) принимать, утверждать (закон, резолюцию)

Congress is expected to pass the bill. — Ожидается, что конгресс утвердит законопроект.

б) быть принятым, быть одобренным ( законодательном органом)

The bill passed without substantial alteration. — Законопроект был принят без существенных изменений.

13)

а) сдать ( экзамен), выдержать, пройти ( испытание)

Very few could pass even the most elementary examination. — Очень немногие могли сдать даже самый простой экзамен.

My son hopes to pass for a lawyer. — Мой сын надеется сдать экзамен на адвоката.

to pass the tests — пройти испытание

to pass standards — удовлетворять нормам

б) ставить зачёт; пропускать ( экзаменующегося)

в) ( pass into) поступить в ( учебное заведение)

It is not easy to pass into this medical school. — На этот медицинский факультет поступить непросто.

г) ( pass through) пройти, окончить курс (в колледже, университете)

He passed through three years of college without really learning anything. — Он три года проучился в колледже, но толком ничему не научился.

14) происходить, случаться, иметь место

I saw what was passing. — Я видел, что происходило.

Tell no one of the secret that has passed between us. — Никому не говори о том, что между нами произошло.

Syn:

take place, occur, happen

15)

а) = pass (up)on выносить (решение, приговор)

to pass the death sentence on smb. — вынести кому-л. смертный приговор

Syn:

adjudicate

б) быть вынесенным (о решении, приговоре)

The verdict and judgment passed for the defendant. — Решение присяжных и суда было вынесено в пользу ответчика.

16) спорт. делать выпад ( в фехтовании)

Syn:

thrust, lunge

17) делать пассы, перемещать объекты с одного места на другое ( при демонстрации фокусов)

18) карт. пасовать, объявлять "пас"

19)

а) пропускать, опускать, не упоминать

б) проходить незамеченным, сходить

Let that pass. — Не будем об этом говорить.

20) = pass through испытывать, выносить, выдерживать

to pass (through) many perils — испытать много опасностей

Syn:

experience, undergo, endure, suffer, put up with

21)

а) обгонять, опережать

No passing! — Обгон воспрещён!

Syn:

outrun, outstrip

б) превышать, превосходить; выходить за пределы, переходить границы

Dick has already passed his father in height. — Дик уже выше своего отца.

It passes all comprehension. — Это превосходит всякое понимание.

Syn:

overstep, transgress

22) проводить (чем-л. по чему-л.); помещать

to pass a wet sponge over smth. — провести мокрой губкой по чему-л.

to pass smth. through a filter — пропускать что-л. через фильтр

He passed his sword through his enemy's body. — Он пронзил врага мечом.

Pass your eyes over this letter. — Просмотрите это письмо.

He passed his hand across his forehead. — Он провёл рукой по лбу.

You'd look neater if you passed a comb through your hair now and again. — Ты бы выглядел приличнее, если бы иногда причёсывался.

Passing his hand through the hole, he could feel a hard object. — Засунув руку в дыру, он нашёл что-то твёрдое.

23) проводить, коротать

to pass a pleasant evening — провести приятный вечер

to pass an anxious day — провести беспокойный день

Mother passes her time knitting. — Мама всё время вяжет.

- pass the winter

24)

а) передавать

to pass the word — передать устно информацию; отдавать приказ

to pass round the hat — пустить шапку по кругу, устроить сбор пожертвований

Please pass me the salt. — Передай мне, пожалуйста, соль.

Pass the news along. — Передай эту новость дальше.

When you've read the letter, will you pass it back to me? — Когда прочтёшь письмо, отдай мне его обратно.

- pass the buck

Syn:

hand over, hand, transfer

б) спорт. пасовать, передавать мяч ( в футболе)

в) пускать в обращение

г) быть в обращении, иметь хождение ( о деньгах)

This coin will not pass. — Эту монету не примут.

25) давать (слово, клятву, обещание)

to pass the word of honour — дать слово чести

26)

а) издавать, произносить, высказывать

to pass a remark — высказать мнение, сделать замечание

He called her Fatty and passed remarks about her figure. — Он называл её Толстушкой и отпускал всякие замечания относительно её фигуры.

Syn:

utter, pronounce

б) читать, зачитывать, оглашать ( в официальном порядке)

when sentence of death was passed upon him — когда ему зачитали смертный приговор

27) мед. иметь ( стул); испускать ( мочу)

•

- pass as
- pass away
- pass by
- pass down
- pass in
- pass off
- pass on
- pass out
- pass over
- pass up
••

a lot of water has passed under the bridge — (с того времени) утекло много воды

to pass by on the other side — не оказать помощи, не проявить сочувствия

to pass in one's checks — разг. умереть

- pass on the torch

Англо-русский современный словарь > pass

Страницы

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