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  • 101 Delaware Memorial Bridge (old and new)

    Эти висячие мосты через эстуарий р. Делавэр [ Delaware River] построены в 1951 и 1968 на основной магистрали г. Вашингтон - г. Нью-Йорк [ interstate highway] и соединяют Нью-Джерсийскую и Делавэрскую скоростные платные автодороги [New Jersey Turnpike, Delaware Turnpike]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Delaware Memorial Bridge (old and new)

  • 102 Garden\ State

    New Jersey

    English-Estonian dictionary > Garden\ State

  • 103 NJ

    English-Russian cartography dictionary > NJ

  • 104 NJ

    = New Jersey
    ABBR
    (US) = New Jersey
    * * *
    = New Jersey

    English-spanish dictionary > NJ

  • 105 NJ

    (New Jersey) n. Нью Джерси [геогр.]

    Новый англо-русский словарь > NJ

  • 106 N.J.

    Нью-Джерси ( штат в США)

    English-Russian dictionary of modern abbreviations > N.J.

  • 107 n.j.

    [New Jersey] negarabagian A.S.

    English-Malay dictionary > n.j.

  • 108 Bibliografia

       ■ ADAMS, Les, y RAYNEY, Buck. Shoot’em-Ups. The Complete Reference Guide to Westerns of the Sound Era. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1978.
       ■ ANDERSON, Lindsay. About John Ford. Londres: Plexus, 1981.
       ■ ARESTE, Jose Maria. Pero….donde esta Willy? En busca de William Wyler. Madrid: Rialp, 1998.
       ■ ASTRE, Georges-Albert, y HOARAU, Albert Patrick. Univers du western. Paris: Seghers, 1973.
       ■ BELLIDO LOPEZ, Adolfo y NUNEZ SABIN, Pedro. Budd Boetticher. Un caminante solitario. Valencia: Filmoteca de la Generalitat, 1995.
       ■ BINH, N.T. Joseph L. Mankiewicz. Madrid: Catedra, 1994.
       ■ BOGDANOVICH, Peter (entrevistador). John Ford. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1983.
       ■ BOGDANOVICH, Peter. Fritz Lang en America. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1984.
       ■ BOUINEAU, Jean-Marc, CHARLOT, Alain, y FRIMBOIS, Jean-Pierre. Les 100 chefs-d’oeuvre du western. Alleur (Belgique): Marabout, 1989.
       ■ BOURGET, Jean-Loup. John Ford. Paris: Rivages, 1990.
       ■ BOURGOIN, Stephane. Roger Corman.Paris: Edilig, 1983.
       ■ BOURGOIN, Stephane. Richard Fleischer. Paris: Edilig, 1986.
       ■ BOURGOIN, Stephane y MERIGEAU, Pascal. Serie B. Paris: Edilig, 1983.
       ■ BRANSON, Clark. Howard Hawks. A Jungian Study. Santa Barbara: Capa Press, 1987.
       ■ BRION, Patrick. Richard Brooks. Paris: Chene, 1986.
       ■ BUSCOMBE, Edward (ed.). The BFI Companion to the Western. London: Andre Deutsch/BFI Publishing, 1988.
       ■ BUSCOMBE, Edward. Stagecoach. Londres, BFI, 1992.
       ■ CASAS, Quim. El western. El genero americano. Barcelona: Paidos, 1994.
       ■ CASAS, Quim. John Ford. El arte y la leyenda. Barcelona: Dirigido por, 1989.
       ■ CASAS, Quim. Howard Hawks. La comedia de la vida. Barcelona: Dirigido por, 1998.
       ■ CASAS, Quim. Fritz Lang. Madrid: Catedra, 1991.
       ■ CHARLOT, Alain, FRIMBOIS, Jean-Pierre, y BOUINEAU, Jean-Marc. Les 100 chefs-d’oeuvre du western. Alleur (Belgique): Marabout, 1989.
       ■ CIMENT, Gilles (director). John Huston. Paris: Positif-Rivages, 1988.
       ■ CIMENT, Michel (entrevistador). Elia Kazan por Elia Kazan. Madrid: Fundamentos, 1987.
       COCCHI, John. The Westerns. A Picture Quiz Book. New York: Dover, 1976.
       COMA, Javier. Diccionario del western clasico. Barcelona: Plaza y Janes, 1992.
       COMAS, Angel. Lo esencial de Anthony Mann. Madrid: T & B, 2004.
       CORMAN, Roger (con Jim Jerome). How I Made a Hundred Movies in Hollywood and Never Lost a Dime. New York: Random House, 1990.
       CUEVAS, Efren. Elia Kazan. Madrid: Catedra, 2000.
       DIXON, Wheeler W. The “B” Directors. A Biographical Directory. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1985.
       DUMONT, Herve. Robert Siodmak. El maestro del cine negro. Madrid-San sebastian: Filmoteca Espanola, 1987.
       DUMONT, Herve. William Dieterle. Antifascismo y compromiso romantico. San Sebastian-Madrid: Filmoteca Espanola, 1994.
       DURGNAT, Raymond, y SIMMON, Scott. King Vidor, American. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
       EDWARDS, Anne. The De Milles. An American Family. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988.
       ERICE, Victor y OLIVER, Jos. Nicholas Ray y su tiempo. Madrid: Filmoteca Espanola, 1986.
       FAGEN, Herb. The Encyclopedia of Westerns. Facts on File, 2003.
       FERNANDEZ-SANTOS, Angel. Mas alla del Oeste. Madrid: Ed. El Pais, 1988.
       FETROW, Alan G. Sound Films, 1927-1939. A United States Filmography. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1992.
       FINLEY, Joel W. The Movie Directors Story. Londres: Octopus, 1985.
       FRENCH, Philip. Westerns. Aspects of a Movie Genre. New York: The Viking Press, 1973.
       FRIMBOIS, Jean-Pierre, BOUINEAU, Jean-Marc, y CHARLOT, Alain. Les 100 chefs d’oeuvre du western. Alleur (Belgique): Marabout, 1989.
       GALLAGHER, Tag. John Ford. The Man and His Films. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
       GARFIELD, Brian. Western Films. A Complete Guide. New York: Da Capo, 1982.
       GEIST, Kenneth L. Pictures Will Talk. The Life & Films of Joseph L. Mankiewicz. New York: Scribner, 1978.
       GIULIANI, Pierre. Raoul Walsh. Paris: Edilig, 1986.
       GRIVEL, Daniele, y LACOURBE, Roland. Robert Wise. Paris: Edilig, 1985.
       HARDY, Phil. The Western. London: Aurum Press, Revised Edition, 1991.
       HAUSTRATE, Gaston. Arthur Penn. La vida se mueve. Valladolid: 39 Semana Internacional de Cine, 1994.
       HENRIET, G, y MAUDUY, J. Geographies du western. Une nation en marche. Paris: Nathan, 1989.
       HEREDERO, Carlos F. Sam Peckinpah. Madrid: Ediciones JC, 1982.
       HILLIER, Jim y WOLLEN, Peter (editores). Howard Hawks. American Artist. Londres: BFI, 1996.
       HITT, Jim. The American West from Fiction (1823-1976) into Film (1909-1986). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1990.
       HOARAU, Albert-Patrick, y ASTRE, Georges-Albert. Univers du western. Paris: Seghers, 1973.
       HOLLAND, Ted. B Western Actors Encyclopedia. Facts, Photos and Filmographies for More than 250 Familiar Faces. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1989.
       HURTADO, Jose A y LOSILLA, Carlos. Richard Fleischer, entre el cielo y el infierno..Valencia: Filmoteca de la Generalitat Valenciana, 1997.
       HUSTON, John. A libro abierto. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1986.
       JENSEN, Paul M. Fritz Lang. Madrid: JC, 1990.
       KAZAN, Elia. Mi vida. Madrid: Temas de Hoy, 1990.
       LACOURBE, Roland, y GRIVEL, Daniele. Robert Wise. Paris: Edilig, 1985.
       LARDIN, Ruben. Sam Peckinpah. Hermano perro. Valencia: Midons, 1988.
       LEEMAN, Sergio. Robert Wise on His Films. Los Angeles: Silman-James, 1995.
       LEUTRAT, Jean-Louis. Le Western. Archeologie d’un genre. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1987.
       LEUTRAT, Jean-Louis. L’Alliance brisee. Le Western des annees 1920. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1985.
       LEUTRAT, Jean-Louis. John Ford. La Prisonniere du desert. Paris: Adam Biro, 1990.
       LEUTRAT, J.-L., y LIANDRAT-GUIGUES, S. Les Cartes de l’ouest. Un genre cinematographique: le western. Paris: Armand Colin, 1990.
       LIANDRAT-GUIGUES, S, y LEUTRAT, J.-L. Les Cartes de l’ouest. Un genre cinematographique. Le western. Paris: Armand Colin, 1990.
       LOSILLA, Carlos y HURTADO, Jose A. Richard Fleischer, entre el cielo y el infierno. Valencia: Filmoteca de la Generalitat Valenciana, 1997.
       MAUDUY, J, y HENRIET, G. Geographies du western. Une nation en marche. Paris: Nathan, 1989.
       McBRIDE, Joseph y WILMINGTON, Michael. John Ford. Madrid: JC, 1984.
       McBRIDE, Joseph (entrevistador). Hawks segun Hawks. Madrid: Akal, 1988.
       McCARTY, John. The Films of John Huston. Secaucus: Citadel, 1987.
       McGEE, Mark Thomas. Roger Corman. The Best of the Cheap Acts. Jefferson: McFarland, 1988.
       McGOWAN, John J. J.P. McGowan. Biography of a Hollywood Pioneer. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2005.
       MEMBA, Javier. La serie B. Madrid: T & B, 2006.
       MENDEZ-LEITE VON HAFE, Fernando. Fritz Lang. Barcelona: Daimon, 1980.
       MERIDA, Pablo. Michael Curtiz. Madrid: Catedra, 1996.
       MERIGEAU, Pascal y BOURGOIN, Stephane. Serie B. Paris: Edilig, 1983.
       MERIKAETXEBARRIA, Anton. Raoul Walsh…a lo largo del sendero. San Sebastian: Ttarttalo, 1996.
       NASH, Jay Robert, y ROSS, Stanley Ralph. The Motion Picture Guide. 1927-1983. Cinebooks, 1985
       NUNEZ SABIN, Pedro y BELLIDO LOPEZ, Adolfo. Budd Boetticher. Un caminante solitario. Valencia: Filmoteca de la Generalitat, 1995.
       OKUDA, Ted. Grand National, Producers Releasing Company, and Screen Guild/Lippert. Complete Filmographies with Studio Histories. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1989.
       OLIVER, Jos y ERICE, Victor. Nicholas Ray y su tiempo. Madrid: Filmoteca Espanola, 1986.
       PARISH, James Robert, y PITTS, Michael R. The Great Western Pictures. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1976.
       PARISH, James Robert, y PITTS, Michael R. The Great Western Pictures II. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1988.
       PITTS, Michael R., y PARISH, James Robert. The Great Western Pictures. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1976.
       PITTS, Michael R., y PARISH, James Robert. The Great Western Pictures II. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1988.
       PLACE, J.A. The Western Films of John Ford. Secaucus: Citadel, 1974.
       PLACE, J.A. The Non-Western Films of John Ford. Secaucus: Citadel, 1979.
       RAINEY, Buck, y ADAMS, Les. Shoot’em-Ups. The Complete Reference Guide to Westerns of the Sound Era. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1978.
       REEMES, Dana M. Directed by Jack Arnold. Jefferson: McFarland, 1988.
       RIEUPEYROUT, Jean-Louis. La grande aventure du western. Du Far West a Hollywood (1894-1963). Paris: Ed, du Cerf, 1964.
       ROMERO GUILLEN, Maria Dolores. Las mujeres en el cine americano de Fritz Lang. Zaragoza: Mira, 2000.
       ROOS, Stanley Ralph, y NASH, Jay Robert. The Motion Picture Guide. 1927-1983. Cinebooks, 1985.
       SANCHEZ BIOSCA, Vicente (coordinador). Mas alla de la duda. El cine de Fritz Lang. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia,1992.
       SIEGEL, Don. A Siegel Film. An Autobiopraphy. London: Faber and Faber, 1993.
       SIMMON, Scott, y DURGNAT, Raymond. King Vidor, American. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
       SIMMONS, Garner. Peckinpah. A Portrait in Montage. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.
       STOWELL, Peter. John Ford. Boston: Twayne, 1986.
       TCHERNIA, Pierre. 80 grands succes du Western. Casterman, 1989.
       THOMPSON, Frank T. William A. Wellman. San Sebastian: Filmoteca Espanola, 1993.
       URKIJO, Francisco javier. Sam Peckinpah. Madrid: Catedra, 1995.
       VARIOS. John Ford. Madrid: Fimoteca espanola, 1991.
       VARIOS. King Vidor. San Sebastian: Nosferatu, n. 31, 2004.
       VARIOS. Sam Fuller. San Sebastian: Nosferatu, n. 12, 1993.
       VARIOS. Jacques Tourneur. Paris: Camera/Stylo, 1986.
       VEILLON, Olivier-Rene. Le cinema americain. Les annees trente. Paris: Du Seuil, 1986.
       VEILLON, Olivier-Rene. Le cinema americain. Les annees cinquante. Paris: Du Seuil, 1984.
       VEILLON, Olivier-Rene. Le cinema americain. Les annees quatre-vingt. Paris: Du Seuil, 1988.
       WALSH, Raoul. Un demi-siecle a Hollywood. Memoires d’un cineaste. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1976)
       WILMINGTON, Michael y McBRIDE, Joseph. John Ford. Madrid: JC, 1984.
       WOLLEN, Peter y HILLIER, Jim (editores). Howard Hawks. American Artist. Londres: BFI, 1996.
       WOOD, Robin. Howard Hawks. Madrid: JC, 1982.
       ZINNEMANN, Fred. A Life in the Movies. New York: Scribner, 1992.
       ZUMALDE, Imanol. Paisajes del odio. El dispositivo espacial de Centauros del desierto. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia, 1995.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Bibliografia

  • 109 NJB

    2) Религия: Not Just Bibles
    3) Юридический термин: New Jersey Bankruptcy Court
    4) Сокращение: New Jersey Bell
    5) Вычислительная техника: New Jersey Bell (Telephony)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > NJB

  • 110 njb

    2) Религия: Not Just Bibles
    3) Юридический термин: New Jersey Bankruptcy Court
    4) Сокращение: New Jersey Bell
    5) Вычислительная техника: New Jersey Bell (Telephony)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > njb

  • 111 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 112 N.J.

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > N.J.

  • 113 Smith, Oberlin

    [br]
    b. 22 March 1840 Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 July 1926
    [br]
    American mechanical engineer, pioneer in experiments with magnetic recording.
    [br]
    Of English descent, Smith embarked on an education in mechanical engineering, graduating from West Jersey Academy, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1859. In 1863 he established a machine shop in Bridgeton, New Jersey, that became the Ferracute Machine Company in 1877, eventually specializing in the manufacture of presses for metalworking. He seems to have subscribed to design principles considered modern even in the 1990s, "always giving attention to the development of artistic form in combination with simplicity, and with massive strength where required" (bibliographic reference below). He was successful in his business, and developed and patented a large number of mechanical constructions.
    Inspired by the advent of the phonograph of Edison, in 1878 Smith obtained the tin-foil mechanical phonograph, analysed its shortcomings and performed some experiments in magnetic recording. He filed a caveat in the US Patent Office in order to be protected while he "reduced the invention to practice". However, he did not follow this trail. When there was renewed interest in practical sound recording and reproduction in 1888 (the constructions of Berliner and Bell \& Tainter), Smith published an account of his experiments in the journal Electrical World. In a corrective letter three weeks later it is clear that he was aware of the physical requirements for the interaction between magnetic coil and magnetic medium, but his publications also indicate that he did not as such obtain reproduction of recorded sound.
    Smith did not try to develop magnetic recording, but he felt it imperative that he be given credit for conceiving the idea of it. When accounts of Valdemar Poulsen's work were published in 1900, Smith attempted to prove some rights in the invention in the US Patent Office, but to no avail.
    He was a highly respected member of both his community and engineering societies, and in later life became interested in the anti-slavery cause that had also been close to the heart of his parents, as well as in the YMCA movement and in women's suffrage.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Apart from numerous technical papers, he wrote the book Press Working of Metals, 1896. His accounts on the magnetic recording experiments were "Some possible forms of phonograph", Electrical World (8 September 1888): 161 ff, and "Letter to the Editor", Electrical World (29 September 1888): 179.
    Further Reading
    F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Recording in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (a good overview of the material collected by the Oberlin Smith Society, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in particular as regards the recording experiments; it is here that it is doubted that Valdemar Poulsen developed his ideas independently).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Smith, Oberlin

  • 114 Stanley, Robert Crooks

    [br]
    b. 1 August 1876 Little Falls, New Jersey, USA
    d. 12 February 1951 USA
    [br]
    American mining engineer and metallurgist, originator of Monel Metal
    [br]
    Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.
    Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m2) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Society for Metals Gold Medal. Institute of Metals Platinum Medal 1948.
    Further Reading
    F.B.Howard-White, 1963, Nickel, London: Methuen (a historical review).
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Stanley, Robert Crooks

  • 115 Newark

    1) Город на северо-востоке штата Нью-Джерси, в 12 км к западу от г. Нью-Йорка [ New York City]. 273,5 тыс. жителей (2000), с пригородами 2 млн. человек; самый крупный город штата. Основан в 1666, статус города с 1836. Порт на р. Пассаик [ Passaic River] и в бухте Ньюарк [Newark Bay] - один из крупнейших на восточном побережье США. Глубоководный терминал и Международный аэропорт [ Newark International Airport] находятся в ведении Управления Нью-Йоркского порта [ Port of New York Authority]. Система общественного транспорта - крупнейшая частная система в США. Химическая промышленность, металлургия, производство нефтепродуктов, электрооборудования, машиностроение, швейная промышленность, производство пластмасс и полиэтилена, пивоварение. Крупный центр страхового бизнеса. Несколько колледжей, в том числе отделения Университета Ратджерса [ Rutgers University], Колледж медицины и стоматологии [College of Medicine and Dentistry], Технологический университет Нью-Джерси [New Jersey Institute of Technology]. Среди достопримечательностей: оперный театр [New Jersey Opera], "Балет Садового штата" [Garden State Ballet], известная публичная библиотека [Newark Public Library], Историческое общество Нью-Джерси [New Jersey Historical Society], собор Священного Сердца [Cathedral of the Sacred Heart] - один из самых больших готических соборов в мире, памятник А. Линкольну работы Г. Борглума [Borglum, Gutzon]. Несколько парков. Ежегодный фестиваль цветения вишни [Cherry Blossom Festival]
    2) Город в центральной части штата Огайо. 46,2 тыс. жителей (2000). Назван в честь г. Ньюарка, шт. Нью-Джерси. Родина писателя З. Грея [ Grey, Zane]. Курганы индейской культуры Хоупвелл [ Hopewell Culture]. Дендрарий Дауэса [Dawes Arboretum], Художественный институт [Art Institute]
    3) Город на северо-западе штата Делавэр. 28,5 тыс. жителей (2000). Делавэрский университет [ Delaware, University of]. Среди достопримечательностей мемориальная библиотека [Memorial Library] и Старое здание колледжа [Old College Hall] (1834). Баптистская церковь на участке Уэлша [Welsh Tract Baptist Church] (1746). Место единственного сражения на земле Делавэра во время Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] (1777) - у моста Куча [Cooch's Bridge], во время которого американцы, согласно легенде, впервые воевали под звездно-полосатым флагом с 13 звездами
    4) Город на западе штата Калифорния, к востоку от залива Сан-Франциско [ San Francisco Bay]. 42,4 тыс. жителей (2000). Статус города с 1955. Производство соли, полупроводников. Основан как поселок при депо на железной дороге в 1877. Назван в честь г. Ньюарка, шт. Нью-Джерси.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Newark

  • 116 Holland, John Philip

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 29 February 1840 Liscanor, Co. Clare, Ireland
    d. 12 August 1915 Newark, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    Irish/American inventor of the successful modern submarine
    [br]
    Holland was educated first in his native town and later in Limerick, a seaport bustling with coastal trade ships. His first job was that of schoolteacher, and as such he worked in various parts of Ireland until he was about 32 years old. A combination of his burning patriotic zeal for Ireland and his interest in undersea technology (then in its infancy) made him consider designs for underwater warships for use against the British Royal Navy in the fight for Irish independence. He studied all known works on the subject and commenced drawing plans, but he was unable to make real headway owing to a lack of finance.
    In 1873 he travelled to the United States, ultimately settling in New Jersey and continuing in the profession of teaching. His work on submarine design continued, but in 1875 he suffered a grave setback when the United States Navy turned down his designs. Help came from an unexpected source, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, or Fenian Society, which had been founded in Dublin and New York in 1858. Financial help enabled Holland to build a 4 m (13 ft) one-person craft, which was tested in 1878, and then a larger boat of 19 tonnes' displacement that was tested with a crew of three to depths of 20 m (65 ft) in New York's harbour in 1883. Known as the Fenian Ram, it embodied most of the principles of modern submarines, including weight compensation. The Fenians commandeered this boat, but they were unable to operate it satisfactorily and it was relegated to history.
    Holland continued work, at times independently and sometimes with others, and continuously advocated submarines to the United States Navy. In 1895 he was successful in winning a contract for US$150,000 to build the US Submarine Plunger at Baltimore. With too much outside interference, this proved an unsatisfactory venture. However, with only US$5,000 of his capital left, Holland started again and in 1898 he launched the Holland at Elizabeth, New Jersey. This 16 m (52 ft) vessel was successful, and in 1900 it was purchased by the United States Government.
    Six more boats were ordered by the Americans, and then some by the Russians and the Japanese. The British Royal Navy ordered five, which were built by Vickers Son and Maxim (now VSEL) at Barrow-in-Furness in the years up to 1903, commencing their long run of submarine building. They were licensed by another well-known name, the Electric Boat Company, which had formerly been the J.P.Holland Torpedo Boat Company.
    Holland now had some wealth and was well known. He continued to work, trying his hand at aeronautical research, and in 1904 he invented a respirator for use in submarine rescue work. It is pleasing to record that one of his ships can be seen to this day at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport: HM Submarine Holland No. 1, which was lost under tow in 1913 but salvaged and restored in the 1980s.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Order of the Rising Sun, Japan, 1910.
    Bibliography
    1900, "The submarine boat and its future", North American Review (December). Holland wrote several other articles of a similar nature.
    Further Reading
    R.K.Morris, 1966 John P.Holland 1841–1914, Inventor of the Modern Submarine, Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute.
    F.W.Lipscomb, 1975, The British Submarine, London: Conway Maritime Press. A.N.Harrison, 1979, The Development of HM Submarines from Holland No. 1 (1901) to
    Porpoise (1930), Bath: MoD Ships Department (internal publication).
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Holland, John Philip

  • 117 NJT

    1) Железнодорожный термин: New Jersey Transit
    2) Сокращение: New Jet Trainer (India)
    3) Транспорт: New Jersey Turnpike
    4) Фирменный знак: New Jersey Thrifts

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > NJT

  • 118 Stevens, Robert Livingston

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 18 October 1787 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
    d. 20 April 1856 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American engineer, pioneer of steamboats and railways.
    [br]
    R.L.Stevens was the son of John Stevens and was given the technical education his father lacked. He assisted his father with the Little Juliana and the Phoenix, managed the commercial operation of the Phoenix on the Delaware River, and subsequently built many other steamboats.
    In 1830 he and his brother Edwin A.Stevens obtained a charter from the New Jersey Legislature for the Camden \& Amboy Railroad \& Transportation Company, and he visited Britain to obtain rails and a locomotive. Railway track in the USA then normally comprised longitudinal timber rails with running surfaces of iron straps, but Stevens designed rails of flat-bottom section, which were to become standard, and had the first batch rolled in Wales. He also designed hookheaded spikes for them, and "iron tongues", which became fishplates. From Robert Stephenson \& Co. (see Robert Stephenson) he obtained the locomotive John Bull, which was similar to the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Samson. The Camden \& Amboy Railroad was opened in 1831, but John Bull, a 0–4–0, proved over sensitive to imperfections in the track; Stevens and his mechanic, Isaac Dripps, added a two-wheeled non-swivelling "pilot" at the front to guide it round curves. The locomotive survives at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin.
    J.H.White Jr, 1979, A History of the American Locomotive—Its Development: 1830– 1880, New York: Dover Publications Inc.
    J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stevens, Robert Livingston

  • 119 incorporate

    in'ko:pəreit
    (to contain or include as part of the whole: The shopping centre incorporates a library and a bank.) incorporar
    tr[ɪn'kɔːpəreɪt]
    1 (make part of, include in) incorporar (in/into, a), incluir (in/into, en); (include, contain) incluir, contener
    2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (company) constituir, constituir en sociedad
    1 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (company) constituido,-a, constituido,-a en sociedad
    incorporate [ɪn'kɔrpə.reɪt] vt, - rated ; - rating
    1) include: incorporar, incluir
    2) : incorporar, constituir en sociedad (dícese de un negocio)
    adj.
    • asociado, -a adj.
    • incorporado, -a adj.
    v.
    • constituir en sociedad anónima v.
    • encarnar v.
    • incluir v.
    (§pres: incluyo...incluimos...)
    • incorporar v.
    ɪn'kɔːrpəreɪt, ɪn'kɔːpəreɪt
    1)
    a) ( take in) \<\<idea/plan\>\> incorporar
    b) (include, contain) incluir*, comprender
    2) (Busn, Law) \<\<business/enterprise\>\> constituir* (en sociedad)
    [ɪn'kɔːpǝreɪt]
    VT (=include) incluir, comprender; (=integrate) incorporar (in, into a)
    * * *
    [ɪn'kɔːrpəreɪt, ɪn'kɔːpəreɪt]
    1)
    a) ( take in) \<\<idea/plan\>\> incorporar
    b) (include, contain) incluir*, comprender
    2) (Busn, Law) \<\<business/enterprise\>\> constituir* (en sociedad)

    English-spanish dictionary > incorporate

  • 120 NJ

    abbr Am
    Post, (= New Jersey)
    * * *
    NJ
    sigla
    ( USA, New Jersey) New Jersey.

    English-Italian dictionary > NJ

Страницы

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