Merica

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Merica graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1908. Before proceeding to the University of Berlin, he spent some time teaching in Wisconsin and in China. He obtained his doctorate in Berlin in 1914, and in that year he joined the US National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Washington. During his five years there, he investigated the causes of the phenomenon of age-hardening of the important new alloy of aluminium, Duralumin.

This phenomenon had been discovered not long before by Dr Alfred Wilm, a German research metallurgist. During the early years of the twentieth century, Wilm had been seeking a suitable light alloy for making cartridge cases for the Prussian government. In the autumn of 1909 he heated and quenched an aluminium alloy containing 3.5 per cent copper and 0.5 per cent magnesium and found its properties unremarkable. He happened to test it again some days later and was impressed to find its hardness and strength were much improved: Wilm had accidentally discovered age-hardening. He patented the alloy, but he made his rights over to Durener Metallwerke, who marketed it as Duralumin. This light and strong alloy was taken up by aircraft makers during the First World War, first for Zeppelins and then for other aircraft.

Although age-hardened alloys found important uses, the explanation of the phenomenon eluded metallurgists until in 1919 Merica and his colleagues at the NBS gave the first rational explanation of age-hardening in light alloys. When these alloys were heated to temperatures near their melting points, the alloying constituents were taken into solution by the matrix. Quenching retained the alloying metals in supersaturated solid solution. At room temperature very small crystals of various intermetallic compounds were precipitated and, by inserting themselves in the aluminium lattice, had the effect of increasing the hardness and strength of the alloy. Merica's theory stimulated an intensive study of hardening and the mechanism that brought it about, with important consequences for the development of new alloys with special properties.

In 1919 Merica joined the International Nickel Company as Director of Research, a post he held for thirty years and followed by a three-year period as President. He remained in association with the company until his death.

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merica putih

kb. 1 lada. 2 merica. -kkt. 1 membumbui dengan merica. 2 menghujani (a speaker with questions). p. mill gilingan merica. p. shaker penabur merica.

lada, merica, cabai, menghujani

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membubuhi merica

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lada, merica, cabai, menghujani

* * *

cengek, cabe, lada

{ju:'naitid}
a съединен, обединен, единен, съвместен, задружен
the UNITED Kingdom Обединеното кралство, Великобритания и Сев. Ирландия
the UNITED States (of merica) Съединените (американски) щати
the UNITED Nations Обществото на обединените нации

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{ju:'naitid} а съединен, обединен; единен; съвместен, задружен

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съвместен; съединен; сплотен; свързан; сговорен; приобщен; дружен; задружен; задружно; единица; единен; обединен;

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united[ju:´naitid] adj съединен, обединен; единен; свързан; съвместен, (за)дружен; the U. Kingdom Обединеното кралство; Великобритания; the U. States ( of America) Съединените (американски) щати; U. Nation Организация на обединените нации.

1 *tempat garam / gula yg berlubang kecil di atasnya

2 roda kecil pd kaki perabot

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[roda bangku/botol merica]

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*tempat garam/gula yang berlubang kecil di atasnya

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kastrak

sejenis merica hijau

botol kecil penyimpan merica

1) (to receive a degree, diploma etc: He graduated in German and French.) diplomirati

2) (to mark out with regular divisions: A thermometer is graduated in degrees.) razdeliti po stopnjah

- graduation

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diplomirati, promovirati; ( into) postopoma prehajati, menjati se; vzpenjati, dvigati se;

razvrščati, urejati po stopnjah; podeliti akademsko čast; chemistry koncentrirati z izhlapevanjem; titrirati; (sliko) šatirati, seniti; kalibrirati

to graduate from school — končati šolo

diplomiran, promoviran

American graduate school — visoka šola za podiplomski študij;

diplomiran študent; merica za merjenje tekočine

(lesen) vrček; merica (ca 0,14 l), šilce; slang glava, betica

1914-1990

   Natural de Nueva York, sus origenes son teatrales. En 1952 interviene como actor, produce y dirige telefilmes y otros programas televisivos. Es entonces cuando el Comite de Actividades Antinortea merica nas pone su nombre en la lista negra, de resultas de lo cual Ritt deja de trabajar en television y vuelve al teatro. En 1956 inaugura su actividad cinematografica dirigiendo Donde la ciudad termina (Edge of the City). Realiza adaptaciones de Faulkner, Heming way y Le Carre pero, sobre todo, un filme que aborda la problematica de los represaliados por el citado Co mite, La tapadera (The Front, 1975), con Woody Allen como actor principal. Resulta, cuanto menos, curiosa la relacion de Martin Ritt con el western. De los tres que dirigio, siempre con Paul Newman como protagonista, el primero lo es mas en el espiritu que en la letra, ya que se desarrolla en una epoca en la que el salvaje oeste no es sino un recuerdo; el segundo es un remake del celebre Rashomon, de Akira Kurosawa (1950); el tercero, por fin, es un western silencioso y agobiante, cuya tension resulta dificil de asimilar por parte del espectador.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    Hud (Hud). 1963. 112 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Panavision. Salem/Dover (Paramount). Paul Newman, Melvyn Douglas, Patricia Neal, Brandon De Wilde.

    The Outrage (Cuatro confesiones). 1964. 97 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Panavision. MGM. Paul Newman, Laurence Harvey, Claire Bloom, Edward G. Robinson.

    Hombre (Un hombre). 1967. 111 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Panavision. Fox. Paul Newman, Fredrich March, Richard Boone, Diane Cilento, Barbara Rush.

See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA

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Adamson, Daniel

Agricola, Georgius

Alleyne, Sir John Gay Newton

Bedson, George

Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian

Bessemer, Sir Henry

Biringuccio, Vanoccio Vincenzio Agustino Luca

Born, Ignaz Edler von

Boulsover, Thomas

Brearley, Harry

Brinell, Johann August

Carnegie, Andrew

Champion, Nehemiah

Champion, William

Charpy, Augustin Georges Albert

Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

Clerke, Sir Clement

Coolidge, William David

Cort, Henry

Coster, John

Cowper, Edward Alfred

Cowper-Coles, Sherard Osborn

Craufurd, Henry William

Darby, Abraham

Deville, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire

Dockwra, William

Dony, Jean-Jacques Daniel

Dow, Herbert Henry

Dudley, Dud

Ebener, Erasmus

Edison, Thomas Alva

Elkington, George Richard

Ercker, Lazarus

Fermi, Enrico

Fox, Samson

Gatling, Dr Richard Jordan

Gibbons, John

Gillette, King Camp

Glauber, Johann Rudolf

Guillaume, Charles-Edouard

Hadfield, Sir Robert Abbott

Hall, Charles Martin

Hall, Joseph

Haynes, Elwood

Herbert, Edward Geisler

Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint

Humfrey, William

Hunter, Matthew Albert

Huntsman, Benjamin

Izod, Edwin Gilbert

Johnson, Percival Norton

Junghans, Siegfried

Kettering, Charles Franklin

Kirkaldy, David

Krupp, Alfred

Le Chatelier, Henri Louis

Lenoir, Jean Joseph Etienne

MacArthur, John Stewart

Malouin, Paul-Jacques

Mannesmann, Reinhard

Martin, Pierre Emile

Martyn, Sir Richard

Merica, Paul Dyer

Momma, Jacob

Monell, Ambrose

Morrison, William Murray

Mushet, Robert Forester

Neilson, James Beaumont

Parry, George

Pattinson, Hugh Lee

Percy, John

Pliny the Elder

Rammler, Erich

Reynolds, Richard

Riley, James

Rosenhain, Walter

Saniter, Ernest Henry

Sendzimir, Tadeusz

Siemens, Sir Charles William

Song Yingxing

Stanley, Robert Crooks

Talbot, Benjamin

Theophilus Presbyter

Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist

Welsbach, Baron Carl Auer von

Whitworth, Sir Joseph

Wöhler, August

Wollaston, William Hyde

Woolrich, John Stephen

Wyatt, John

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Mining and extraction technology

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Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.

Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m²) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.

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kb. 1 lereng-lereng (pada sofa, kursi, tempat tidur dsb.). 2 pengail. 3 botol kecil (untuk merica, garam dsb.)

kb. kuah dibuat dari buah-buahan, daun-daun, merica. dsb.

kb. biji merica.