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21 Nanduti
A very fine lace made of pita fibre in South America. Sometimes cotton is used, and very occasionally silk. It is a native cottage industry. Nanduti is used almost entirely locally for shawls, handkerchiefs, mantillas, etc. It is made in small squares or fancy circle joined together, the design is laid out on cardboard and the lace made on this with the needle. The word is said to be of native Indian (Guaranian) origin meaning " spider web." -
22 home
həum
1. noun1) (the house, town, country etc where a person etc usually lives: I work in London but my home is in Bournemouth; When I retire, I'll make my home in Bournemouth; Africa is the home of the lion; We'll have to find a home for the kitten.) casa2) (the place from which a person, thing etc comes originally: America is the home of jazz.) cuna, patria3) (a place where children without parents, old people, people who are ill etc live and are looked after: an old folk's home; a nursing home.) asilo, orfanato4) (a place where people stay while they are working: a nurses' home.) hogar5) (a house: Crumpy Construction build fine homes for fine people; He invited me round to his home.) casa
2. adjective1) (of a person's home or family: home comforts.) casero, del hogar2) (of the country etc where a person lives: home produce.) local; nacional3) ((in football) playing or played on a team's own ground: the home team; a home game.) en/de casa
3. adverb1) (to a person's home: I'm going home now; Hallo - I'm home!) a casa; en casa2) (completely; to the place, position etc a thing is intended to be: He drove the nail home; Few of his punches went home; These photographs of the war brought home to me the suffering of the soldiers.) completamente; justamente, (dar) en el blanco•- homeless- homely
- homeliness
- homing
- home-coming
- home-grown
- homeland
- home-made
- home rule
- homesick
- homesickness
- homestead
- home truth
- homeward
- homewards
- homeward
- homework
- at home
- be/feel at home
- home in on
- leave home
- make oneself at home
- nothing to write home about
home1 adj1. natal2. casero3. de casa / localhome2 adv a casahome3 n1. casa / hogar2. residenciatr[həʊm]1 (house) hogar nombre masculino, casa2 formal use domicilio3 (institution) asilo4 (country, village etc) patria, tierra5 SMALLZOOLOGY/SMALL hábitat nombre masculino6 SMALLSPORT/SMALL casa1 casero,-a2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (del) interior3 (native) natal4 SMALLSPORT/SMALL de casa, en casa1 en casa, a casa, de casa\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat home en casahome sweet home hogar dulce hogarto be nothing to write home about no ser nada del otro mundo, no ser nada del otro juevesto come home to somebody darse cuenta■ it suddenly came home to me that I was all alone de repente me di cuenta de que estaba totalmente soloto feel at home figurative use estar a gusto, sentirse en casato make oneself at home ponerse cómodo,-aHome Office SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL Ministerio del Interiorhome rule autonomíahome help asistentahome page (Internet) página inicial, página principalhome run (in baseball) carrera completahome team equipo local, equipo de casahome town pueblo natal, patria chicahome ['ho:m] n1) : casa f, hogar m, domicilio mto feel at home: sentirse en casa2) institution: residencia f, asilo madj.• casero, -a adj.• doméstico, -a adj.• hogareño, -a adj.• nacional adj.• patrio, -a adj.adv.• a casa adv.n.• asilo s.m.• casa s.f.• fuego s.m.• habitación s.f.• hogar s.m.• patria s.f.• patria chica s.f.• posada s.f.v.• mandar a casa v.
I həʊm1) u c ( of person)a) ( dwelling) casa fto own one's own home — tener* casa propia
marital home — domicilio m conyugal; see also at home, home I 3); (before n)
b) ( in wider sense)they made their home in Germany — se establecieron en Alemania, fijaron su residencia en Alemania (frml)
to leave home — irse* de casa
those remarks were uncomfortably close to home — esos comentarios me (or le etc) tocaban muy de cerca
a home away from home o (BrE) a home from home — una segunda casa
home is where the heart is — el verdadero hogar está donde uno tiene a los suyos
c) ( family environment) hogar m2) ca) (of object, group, institution)can you find a home for these files somewhere? — (colloq) a ver si encuentras dónde guardar estos archivos
b) (of animal, plant) (Bot, Zool) hábitat m3) at homea) ( in house) en casawhat's that when it's at home? — (colloq) ¿y eso con qué se come? (fam)
b) ( at ease)make yourself at home — ponte cómodo, estás en tu casa
c) ( not abroad)d) ( Sport) en casato be/play at home — jugar* en casa
4) c ( institution) ( children's home) asilo m (AmL), orfanatorio m (Méx), centro m de acogida de menores (Esp); ( old people's home) residencia f de ancianosdogs' home — (BrE) perrera f
5) ( Sport)a) u ( the finish) meta f•Phrasal Verbs:- home in
II
1)a) ( where one lives) <come/arrive> a casanothing to write home about — nada del otro mundo or (fam) del otro jueves
b) ( from abroad)the folks back home — (AmE) la familia
2) ( Sport)the first horse/runner home — el primer caballo/corredor en llegar a la meta
to be home free o (BrE) home and dry — tener* la victoria asegurada
3) ( to desired place)to get something home to somebody — hacerle* entender algo a alguien
to drive something home (to somebody) — hacer(le)* entender algo (a alguien)
try to drive it home to him that... — hazle entender que...; see also strike home
III
adjective (before n)a) <address/telephone number> particular; <background/environment> familiar; <cooking/perm> caserohome comforts — comodidades fpl
home delivery — ( of purchases) entrega f a domicilio
home visit — ( by doctor) (BrE) visita f a domicilio
b) ( of origin)home state — ( in US) estado m natal or de procedencia
c) ( not foreign) <affairs/market> nacional[hǝʊm]1. N1) (=house) casa f ; (=residence) domicilio m•
at home — en casais Mr Lyons at home? — ¿está el señor Lyons?
I'm not at home in Japanese — apenas me defiendo en japonés, sé muy poco de japonés
for us this is a home from home — aquí estamos como en casa, esta es como una segunda casa para nosotros
•
he comes from a good home — es de buena familia•
home sweet home — hogar, dulce hogar2) (=refuge) hogar m ; (=hospital, hostel) asilo m3) (=country) patria f ; (=town) ciudad f natal; (=origin) cuna f4) (Bio) hábitat m5) (Sport) (=target area) meta f (=home ground)6) (Comput) punto m inicial, punto m de partida2. ADV1) (lit) (=at home) en casa; (=to home) a casato be home — estar en casa; (=upon return) estar de vuelta en casa
I'll be home at five o'clock — (upon return) estaré en casa a las cinco
•
as we say back home — como decimos en mi tierraback home in Australia — en mi tierra, (en) Australia
•
to come home — volver a casa•
to get home — llegar a casa•
to go home — volver a casa; (from abroad) volver a la patria•
he leaves home at eight — sale de casa a las ocho•
that remark came near home — esa observación le hirió en lo vivo•
to see sb home — acompañar a algn a su casa•
to send sb home — mandar a algn a casa•
to stay home — quedarse en casa2) (fig)•
to bring sth home to sb — hacerle ver algo a algn•
it came home to me — me di cuenta de ello•
to drive sth home, to drive a point home — subrayar un puntopress 2., 7)•
to strike home — (=hit target) [shell, bullet] dar en el blanco; (=go right in) [hammer, nail] remachar3.VI [pigeons] volver a casa4.CPDhome address N — (on form) domicilio m
my home address — mi dirección particular, las señas de mi casa
home assembly N — montaje m propio
home-assembly•
for home assembly — para montaje propiohome automation N — domótica f
home banking N — banco m en casa
home base N — [of person] lugar m de residencia; [of guerrillas] base f de operaciones; [of company] sede f
home birth N — parto m a domicilio
home brew N — (=beer) cerveza f casera; (=wine) vino m casero
home buying N — compra f de vivienda
home comforts NPL — comodidades fpl domésticas
home computer N — ordenador m doméstico
home computing N — informática f doméstica
home cooking N — cocina f casera
the Home Counties NPL — (Brit) los condados alrededor de Londres
home country N — patria f, país m de origen
home delivery N — [of food] entrega f a domicilio; [of baby] parto m a domicilio
home economics NSING — (Scol) ciencia f del hogar
home field (US) N — (Sport) casa f
•
to play on one's home field — jugar en casahome fries NPL — (US) carne picada frita con patatas y col
home front N — frente m interno
home ground N (Sport) —
to be on home ground — (fig) estar en su terreno or lugar
Home Guard N — (Brit) cuerpo de voluntarios para la defensa nacional durante la segunda guerra mundial
home help N — (=act) atención f domiciliaria, ayuda f a domicilio; (Brit) (=person) asistente(-a) m / f (especialmente los que, a cargo de la seguridad social, ayudan en las tareas domésticas a personas necesitadas)
home helper N — (US) asistente(-a) m / f
home improvements NPL — reformas fpl en casa
home industries NPL — (Comm) industrias fpl nacionales
home journey N — viaje m a casa, viaje m de vuelta
home leave N — permiso m para irse a casa
home market N — (Comm) mercado m nacional, mercado m interior
home match N — (Sport) partido m en casa
home movie N — película f hecha por un aficionado
home nations NPL (Brit) —
•
the home nations — las cuatro naciones británicasHome Office N — (Brit) Ministerio m del Interior, Gobernación f (Mex)
home owner N — propietario(-a) m / f de una casa
home owners — propietarios mpl de viviendas
home ownership N — propiedad f de viviendas
home page N — (Internet) (=personal page) página f personal; (=webpage) página f web; (=start page) página f de inicio
home product N — (Comm) producto m nacional
home run N — (Baseball) jonrón m ; (=return journey) [of ship, truck] viaje m de vuelta
home sales NPL — ventas fpl nacionales
Home Secretary N — (Brit) Ministro m del Interior
home shopping N — venta f por correo; (TV, Telec) televenta f
the home side N — (Sport) el equipo de casa, el equipo local
home straight N — (Sport) recta f final
to be in the home straight — (fig) estar en la última recta
home stretch N — = home straight
the home team N — (Sport) el equipo de casa, el equipo local
home trade N — (Comm) comercio m interior
home truths NPL —
home victory N — (Sport) victoria f en casa
home video N — vídeo m amateur, video m amateur (LAm)
home visit N — visita f a domicilio
home waters NPL — aguas fpl territoriales
HOME COUNTIES Los Home Counties son los condados que se encuentran en los alrededores de Londres: Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent y Middlesex, un alto porcentaje de cuya población se encuentra en buena posición económica. De ahí que el término Home Counties haya adquirido dimensiones culturales y a la gente que vive en ellos se les considere en general personas adineradas de clase media-alta que, además, tienen al hablar un acento muy particular, conocido como RP.home win N — (Sport) victoria f en casa
See:see cultural note ENGLISH in English* * *
I [həʊm]1) u c ( of person)a) ( dwelling) casa fto own one's own home — tener* casa propia
marital home — domicilio m conyugal; see also at home, home I 3); (before n)
b) ( in wider sense)they made their home in Germany — se establecieron en Alemania, fijaron su residencia en Alemania (frml)
to leave home — irse* de casa
those remarks were uncomfortably close to home — esos comentarios me (or le etc) tocaban muy de cerca
a home away from home o (BrE) a home from home — una segunda casa
home is where the heart is — el verdadero hogar está donde uno tiene a los suyos
c) ( family environment) hogar m2) ca) (of object, group, institution)can you find a home for these files somewhere? — (colloq) a ver si encuentras dónde guardar estos archivos
b) (of animal, plant) (Bot, Zool) hábitat m3) at homea) ( in house) en casawhat's that when it's at home? — (colloq) ¿y eso con qué se come? (fam)
b) ( at ease)make yourself at home — ponte cómodo, estás en tu casa
c) ( not abroad)d) ( Sport) en casato be/play at home — jugar* en casa
4) c ( institution) ( children's home) asilo m (AmL), orfanatorio m (Méx), centro m de acogida de menores (Esp); ( old people's home) residencia f de ancianosdogs' home — (BrE) perrera f
5) ( Sport)a) u ( the finish) meta f•Phrasal Verbs:- home in
II
1)a) ( where one lives) <come/arrive> a casanothing to write home about — nada del otro mundo or (fam) del otro jueves
b) ( from abroad)the folks back home — (AmE) la familia
2) ( Sport)the first horse/runner home — el primer caballo/corredor en llegar a la meta
to be home free o (BrE) home and dry — tener* la victoria asegurada
3) ( to desired place)to get something home to somebody — hacerle* entender algo a alguien
to drive something home (to somebody) — hacer(le)* entender algo (a alguien)
try to drive it home to him that... — hazle entender que...; see also strike home
III
adjective (before n)a) <address/telephone number> particular; <background/environment> familiar; <cooking/perm> caserohome comforts — comodidades fpl
home delivery — ( of purchases) entrega f a domicilio
home visit — ( by doctor) (BrE) visita f a domicilio
b) ( of origin)home state — ( in US) estado m natal or de procedencia
c) ( not foreign) <affairs/market> nacional -
23 Lombe, John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. c. 1693 probably Norwich, Englandd. 20 November 1722 Derby, England[br]English creator of the first successful powered textile mill in Britain.[br]John Lombe's father, Henry Lombe, was a worsted weaver who married twice. John was the second son of the second marriage and was still a baby when his father died in 1695. John, a native of the Eastern Counties, was apprenticed to a trade and employed by Thomas Cotchett in the erection of Cotchett's silk mill at Derby, which soon failed however. Lombe went to Italy, or was sent there by his elder half-brother, Thomas, to discover the secrets of their throwing machinery while employed in a silk mill in Piedmont. He returned to England in 1716 or 1717, bringing with him two expert Italian workmen.Thomas Lombe was a prosperous London merchant who financed the construction of a new water-powered silk mill at Derby which is said to have cost over £30,000. John arranged with the town Corporation for the lease of the island in the River Derwent, where Cotchett had erected his mill. During the four years of its construction, John first set up the throwing machines in other parts of the town. The machines were driven manually there, and their product helped to defray the costs of the mill. The silk-throwing machine was very complex. The water wheel powered a horizontal shaft that was under the floor and on which were placed gearwheels to drive vertical shafts upwards through the different floors. The throwing machines were circular, with the vertical shafts running through the middle. The doubled silk threads had previously been wound on bobbins which were placed on spindles with wire flyers at intervals around the outer circumference of the machine. The bobbins were free to rotate on the spindles while the spindles and flyers were driven by the periphery of a horizontal wheel fixed to the vertical shaft. Another horizontal wheel set a little above the first turned the starwheels, to which were attached reels for winding the silk off the bobbins below. Three or four sets of these spindles and reels were placed above each other on the same driving shaft. The machine was very complicated for the time and must have been expensive to build and maintain.John lived just long enough to see the mill in operation, for he died in 1722 after a painful illness said to have been the result of poison administered by an Italian woman in revenge for his having stolen the invention and for the injury he was causing the Italian trade. The funeral was said to have been the most superb ever known in Derby.[br]Further ReadingSamuel Smiles, 1890, Men of Invention and Industry, London (probably the only biography of John Lombe).Rhys Jenkins, 1933–4, "Historical notes on some Derbyshire industries", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 14 (provides an acount of John Lombe and his part in the enterprise at Derby).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (briefly covers the development of early silk-throwing mills).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (includes a chapter on "Lombe's Silk Machine").P.Barlow, 1836, Treatise of Manufactures and Machinery of Great Britain, London (describes Lombe's mill and machinery, but it is not known how accurate the account may be).RLH -
24 местность
жен. region, district, locality, place горная местность живописная местность дачная местность равнинная местность равнинная местность сельская местность труднопроходимая местность характер местности пересеченная местностьместн|ость - ж.
1. locality, country;
гористая ~ hilly country;
2. (край, район) district, region;
~ый local;
~ый житель local inhabitant;
~ый уроженец native;
~ый говор local dialect;
~ое сырьё local raw materials pl. ;
~ые органы власти local authorities;
~ый наркоз local anaestesia;
~ая валюта local currency;
~ое время local time;
~ый колорит local colour;
~ая промышленность local industry;
~ый падеж грам. locative( case).Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > местность
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25 american
1. [əʹmerıkən] n1. американец; американка; гражданин или гражданка Соединённых Штатовthe Americans - собир. американцы
2. житель или уроженец американского континентаFirst /Native/ Americans - первые /коренные/ американцы ( самоназвание индейцев)
4. английский язык в Америке (обыкн. American English)2. [əʹmerıkən] a1. американскийNorth [South, Latin] American - североамериканский [южноамериканский, латиноамериканский]
American states - а) американские государства; страны американского континента; б) редк. страны Западного полушария
American colonies - ист. английские колонии в Северной Америке
2. американский, относящийся к Соединённым ШтатамAmerican citizen - американский гражданин или американская гражданка, гражданин или гражданка Соединённых Штатов
American technology [industry, universities] - американская техника [промышленность, -ие университеты]
3. относящийся к северо- или южноамериканским индейцам -
26 Illinois
I [ˏɪlǝˊnɔɪ] Иллинойс, штат на Среднем Западе США <инд. племя высоких людей + фр. суффикс -ois>. Сокращение: IL. Прозвища: «штат прерий» [*Prairie State], «страна Линкольна» [*Land of Lincoln], «кукурузный штат» [*Corn State], «штат простаков» [*Sucker State]. Житель штата: иллинойсец [Illinoisan]. Столица: г. Спрингфилд [Springfield]. Девиз: «Суверенитет штатов, национальный союз» [*‘State sovereignty, national union']. Цветок: фиалка [*Native violet]. Дерево: белый дуб [white oak]. Птица: кардинал [cardinal]. Насекомое: бабочка- монарх [monarch butterfly]. Минерал: плавиковый шпат [fluorite]. Песня: «Иллинойс» [‘Illinois’ II]. Площадь: 146076 кв. км [56,4 sq. mi.] (24- е место). Население (1992): св. 11,6 млн. (6- е место). Крупнейшие города: Чикаго [*Chicago I], Рокфорд [Rockford], Пеория [Peoria]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: машиностроение, пассажирские перевозки, оптовая и розничная торговля, банковское дело, операции с недвижимостью, строительство, страхование, обслуживание государственных объектов, сельское хозяйство. Основная продукция: продукция машиностроения, электро- и электронное оборудование, металл и продукция металлообработки, продукция химической промышленности, полиграфии и издательской деятельности, продовольствие и др. продукция пищевой промышленности. Сельское хозяйство. Основные культуры: кукуруза, соя, пшеница, овёс, кормовые травы. Животноводство (1991): скота — 1,98 млн.; свиней — 5,9 млн.; овец — 129 тыс.; птицы — 3,31 млн. Лесное хозяйство: дуб, орехи гикорипекан, клён, тополь трёхгранный. Полезные ископаемые: уголь, нефть, природный газ, цинк, строительный и промышленный песок и гравий. Рыболовство (1992): на 367 тыс. долл. История: Первыми европейцами на территории Иллинойса были скупщики пушнины, вскоре, в 1673, за ними последовали французские исследователи Жолье [Jolliet] и Маркетт [Marquette], и в 1680 Ла Саль [La Salle], построивший форт неподалёку от нынешней Пеории. Первые французские поселения появились у форта Сент- Луис [St. Louis] на р. Иллинойс (1692) и Каскаския [Kaskaskia] (1700). Французы уступили этот район Англии в 1763, Американский ген. Джордж Кларк [*Clark, George Rogers] в 1778 захватил находившуюся в руках англичан Каскаскию без единого выстрела. Разгром индейцев в войне против Чёрного Ястреба [Black Hawk War] в 1832 и строительство железных дорог в 1850-х гг. привели к быстрому заселению территории. Достопримечательности: музеи и парки Чикаго: Художественный институт [*Art Institute], Музей Филда [*Field Museum], Музей науки и промышленности [*Museum of Science and Industry], аквариум Шед [Shedd Aquarium], планетарий Адлера [Adler Planetarium]; торговый центр Мерчендайз- Март [*Merchandise Mart] в Чикаго; дом и могила А. Линкольна в Спрингфилде. Среди других достопримечательностей: дома лидера мормонов Джозефа Смита в Нову [Nauvoo] и Чикаго; посёлок мормонов в Нову [Nauvoo]; индейские захоронения [Cahokia Mounds] восточнее Сент-Луиса; заповедник диких лесных яблонь [Crab Orchard Wildlife Refuge]; Национальный лес Шони [Shawnee National Forest] в южном Иллинойсе. Знаменитые иллинойсцы: Беллоу, Сол [*Bellow, Saul], писатель; Бенни, Джек [*Benny, Jack], комик; Брэдбери, Рэй [*Bradbury, Ray], писатель; Кабрини, Завьер Фрэнсис [*Cabrini, St. Francis Xavier], монахиня, причисленная к лику святых; Дуглас, Стивен [*Douglas, Stephen A.], политический деятель; Фаррелл, Джеймс [*Farrell, James T.], писатель; Фридан, Бетти [*Friedan, Betty], общественная деятельница; Грант, Улисс [*Grant, Ulysses S.], 18-й президент США; Хемингуэй, Эрнест [*Hemingway, Ernest], писатель; Сэндберг, Карл [*Sandburg, Carl], поэт; Райт, Фрэнк Ллойд [*Wright, Frank Lloyd], архитектор, и др. Ассоциации: «страна Линкольна», место дебатов А. Линкольна со Стивенсоном; Чикаго с его гигантскими небоскрёбами, среди которых самое высокое здание в мире (110 этажей) — небоскрёб Сирс- Тауэр [Sears Tower]; деловой центр Чикаго — «Петля» [*Loop]; оз. Мичиган; чикагские гангстеры 20—30-х гг. XX в., и среди них знаменитый Ал Капоне [*Capone, Al]; чикагский мэр Дейли [*Daley], партийный босс, жестоко расправившийся со студенческой демонстрацией в 60-е гг.; этнические районы и межнациональные распри с поножовщинами; ирландцы, окрашивающие реку в зелёный цвет в День Св. Патрика, и др. II • ‘Illinois’ «Иллинойс» (гимн штата Иллинойс, 1925) -
27 home
1. n дом, жилище, обиталищеat home — дома, у себя
2. n местожительство; местопребывание; проживание3. n родной дом, отчий дом, родные места4. n родинаto yearn for home — тосковать по родине, томиться на чужбине
I knew him back home — я знал его, когда жил на родине
5. n метрополияshipment home — груз, направляемый в метрополию
6. n семья; домашний круг; семейная жизнь7. n место распространения, родина; ареалhome plate — основная база, место игрока с битой
8. n место зарождения или возникновения, родина, колыбель9. n приют, благотворительное заведение; пансионат10. n спорт. своё поле11. n спорт. финиш12. n спорт. голI am always at home to you — для вас я всегда дома, я всегда рад видеть вас у себя
13. a домашний14. a семейныйmatrimonial home — семейный дом, семья
15. a родной, свойhome base — своя авиабаза; аэродром базирования
to ram an argument home — убедить ; доказать свою правоту
16. a местныйhome club — клуб — хозяин поля
home loop — местный цикл; вложенный цикл
17. a направленный к дому; обратный18. a жилойmotor home — жилой автофургон, дом на колёсах
19. a отечественный20. a внутренний21. a относящийся к метрополии22. a редк. колкий, едкий, бьющий в цельhit home — попасть в цель; попадать в самую точку
strike home — попасть в цель; попадать в самую точку
23. adv дома24. adv домойhearth and home — дом, домашний очаг
25. adv на родинуour team pressed home its attack — наша команда pass стеснять, затруднять
26. adv в цель, в точкуhome thrust — удачный удар; удар, попавший в цель, в сердце
27. adv до отказа, до конца; туго, крепкоit will come home to him some day what he had lost — когда-нибудь он поймёт, что потерял
solar home — «солнечный дом»
28. v возвращаться домой, лететь домой29. v посылать, направлять30. v наводиться31. v находиться, жить32. v устраивать у себя, приютитьСинонимический ряд:1. domestic (adj.) domestic; familial; family; homely; household; internal; intestine; municipal; national; native2. asylum (noun) almshouse; asylum; hospice; hospital; institution; orphanage; refuge; retreat; sanatorium; sanitarium3. country (noun) country; fatherland; homeland; land; mother country; motherland; soil4. element (noun) element; environment5. habitat (noun) habitat; haunt; locality; range; site; stamping ground6. habitation (noun) abode; commorancy; domicile; dwelling; habitation; house; lodgings; place; quarters; residence; residency7. homestead (noun) birthplace; family; fireside; haven; hearth; homestead; hometown; household; rightful place -
28 Chilim Carpets
The best type of carpets made in Servia by the peasant women. The groundwork is usually brilliant red, with patterns woven in blue, purple, green, yellow and other colours. There is no pile and the surface is smooth and hard. Originally vegetable dyes made by the weavers were used, but the imported dyes now used have proved a detriment to the native dye industry. -
29 man
man [mæn]homme ⇒ 1 (a)-(i), 1 (o) valet ⇒ 1 (k) ouvrier ⇒ 1 (l) soldat ⇒ 1 (m) matelot ⇒ 1 (m) joueur ⇒ 1 (n) pièce ⇒ 1 (q) armer ⇒ 2 (a) s'occuper de ⇒ 2 (b) assurer le service de ⇒ 2 (b)1 noun(a) (adult male) homme m;∎ a young man un jeune homme;∎ an old man un vieillard;∎ a blind man un aveugle;∎ he seems a nice man il a l'air gentil;∎ he's lived here, man and boy, for forty years c'est ici qu'il a grandi et vécu pendant quarante ans;∎ there's a new man in her life il y a un nouvel homme dans sa vie;∎ I'm just a man je ne suis qu'un homme comme les autres;∎ one move and you're a dead man! un (seul) geste et tu es un homme mort!;∎ he's a man's man il aime bien être avec ses copains;∎ he's a man of the world c'est un homme d'expérience;∎ the man in the moon le visage de la lune;∎ men's clothes/trousers vêtements mpl/pantalon m pour homme;∎ men's department (in shop) rayon m hommes∎ he's not a betting/drinking man ce n'est pas un homme qui parie/boit;∎ he was never a man for taking risks il n'a jamais été homme à ou ce n'est pas le genre d'homme à prendre des risques;∎ he's not a man to make a mistake like that il ne ferait pas une telle erreur(c) (appropriate person) homme m;∎ he's the man for the job c'est l'homme qu'il faut pour faire ce travail;∎ I'm your man je suis votre homme;∎ he's not the man for that kind of work il n'est pas fait pour ce genre de travail∎ a medical man un médecin;∎ a man of God un homme d'église;∎ a man of learning un savant;∎ a man of letters un homme de lettres(e) (with manly qualities) homme m;∎ to act like a man se comporter en homme;∎ he took the news like a man il a pris la nouvelle avec courage;∎ he's not man enough to own up il n'aura pas le courage d'avouer;∎ the army will make a man of him! l'armée en fera un homme!;∎ a holiday will make a new man of me des vacances me feront le plus grand bien;∎ figurative this will separate or sort the men from the boys c'est là qu'on verra les vrais hommes(f) (person, individual) homme m, individu m;∎ what more can a man do? qu'est-ce qu'on peut faire de plus?;∎ any man would have reacted in the same way n'importe qui aurait réagi de la même façon;∎ all men are born equal tous les hommes naissent égaux;∎ the man must be mad! il doit être fou!;∎ I've never met the man je n'ai jamais rencontré l'individu en question;∎ to be one's own man être indépendant ou son propre maître;∎ it's every man for himself c'est chacun pour soi;∎ the man in the street l'homme m de la rue;∎ proverb one man's meat is another man's poison le malheur des uns fait le bonheur des autres;(g) (as husband, father) homme m;∎ man and wife mari m et femme f;∎ to live as man and wife vivre maritalement ou en concubinage;∎ he's a real family man c'est un vrai père de famille;∎ the man of the house l'homme m de la maison; humorous le pater familias;∎ she's got a new man elle a un nouveau mec;∎ have you met her young man? (boyfriend) avez-vous rencontré son petit ami?; (fiancé) avez-vous rencontré son fiancé?(i) (inhabitant, native)∎ I'm a Dublin man je suis de Dublin;∎ he's a local man c'est un homme du pays∎ he's a Harvard man (at present) il fait ses études à Harvard; (in the past) il a fait ses études à Harvard∎ the men have gone on strike les hommes se sont mis en grève;∎ a TV repair man un réparateur télé;∎ I'll need to get a man in to fix it il faut que je fasse venir un réparateur;∎ we'll send a man round to look at it nous vous envoyons quelqu'un pour voir;∎ our man in Paris (representative) notre représentant m à Paris; (journalist) notre correspondant m à Paris; (diplomat) notre envoyé m diplomatique à Paris; (spy) notre agent m à Paris(m) (in armed forces → soldier) soldat m, homme m (de troupe); (→ sailor) matelot m, homme m (d'équipage);∎ officers and men (in army) officiers mpl et hommes mpl de troupe; (in navy) officiers mpl et matelots mpl∎ a three-man team une équipe de trois joueurs;∎ the man of the match le héros du match∎ primitive/modern man l'homme m primitif/moderne;∎ one of the most deadly poisons known to man un des plus dangereux poisons connus de l'homme;∎ proverb man cannot live by bread alone l'homme ne vit pas que de pain∎ come on, man! allez, viens!;∎ hey, man! (as greeting) salut vieux!;∎ what can I do for you, young man? que puis-je faire pour vous, jeune homme?;∎ old-fashioned my good man mon cher monsieur m;∎ good man! c'est bien!;∎ old-fashioned how are you, old man? comment tu vas, mon vieux?∎ to man the barricades défendre les barricades;∎ the tanker was manned by Greek seamen le pétrolier avait un équipage grec;∎ man the pumps! armez les pompes!;∎ man the lifeboats! mettez les canots à la mer!;∎ manned space flight vol m spatial habité;∎ the sentries manned the battlements il y avait des sentinelles sur les remparts;∎ the plane is manned by a pilot and a navigator l'équipage de l'avion consiste en un pilote et un navigateur;∎ the fort was manned by twenty soldiers le fort était tenu par une garnison de vingt soldats(b) (staff → machine) faire tourner, s'occuper de; (→ switchboard) assurer le service ou la permanence de;∎ who's manning the telephone? qui assure la permanence téléphonique?;∎ reception wasn't manned at the time personne n'assurait ou n'était à la réception à ce moment-là;∎ someone has to be there to man the phone quelqu'un doit être là pour répondre au téléphone;∎ the campaign office was manned by volunteers la permanence de la campagne était assurée par des volontaires;∎ the office is manned by a skeleton staff le bureau tourne à effectif réduit;∎ to man a nightshift composer une équipe de nuitfamiliar la vache!;∎ man, was it big! bon sang, qu'est-ce que c'était grand!;∎ you should have seen it, man! bon sang, tu aurais dû voir ça!comme un seul homme;∎ they replied as one man ils répondirent d'une seule voixsans exception;∎ they agreed to a man ils ont accepté à l'unanimité;∎ they were patriots/communists to a man ils étaient tous patriotes/communistes►► Literature Man Friday Vendredi;man Friday (servant) fidèle serviteur m; (office worker) = employé de bureau affecté à des tâches diverses;British man management gestion f des ressources humainesⓘ A man's gotta do what a man's gotta do Il s'agit d'une phrase que l'on associe généralement aux vieux westerns dans lesquels les héros expriment leur détermination à agir en hommes, en dépit du danger. Cette formule ("un homme, un vrai, ne recule pas devant l'obstacle") s'utilise aujourd'hui de façon allusive et sur le mode ironique lorsque quelqu'un doit exécuter une tâche simple (l'équivalent français est "quand il faut y aller, il faut y aller"). -
30 Bourn, Daniel
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1744 Lancashire, England[br]English inventor of a machine with cylinders for carding cotton.[br]Daniel Bourn may well have been a native of Lancashire. He set up a fourth Paul-Wyatt cotton-spinning mill at Leominster, Herefordshire, possibly in 1744, although the earliest mention of it is in 1748. His only known partner in this mill was Henry Morris, a yarn dealer who in 1743 had bought a grant of spindles from Paul at the low rate of 30 shillings or 40 shillings per spindle when the current price was £3 or £4. When Bourn patented his carding engine in 1748, he asked Wyatt for a grant of spindles, to which Wyatt agreed because £100 was offered immedi-ately. The mill, which was probably the only one outside the control of Paul and his backers, was destroyed by fire in 1754 and was not rebuilt, although Bourn and his partners had considerable hopes for it. Bourn was said to have lost over £1,600 in the venture.Daniel Bourn described himself as a wool and cotton dealer of Leominster in his patent of 1748 for his carding engine. The significance of this invention is the use of rotating cylinders covered with wire clothing. The patent drawing shows four cylinders, one following the other to tease out the wool, but Bourn was unable to discover a satisfactory method of removing the fibres from the last cylinder. It is possible that Robert Peel in Lancashire obtained one of these engines through Morris, and that James Hargreaves tried to improve it; if so, then some of the early carding engines in the cotton industry were derived from Bourn's.[br]Bibliography1748, British patent no. 628 (carding engine).Further ReadingA.P.Wadsworth and J.de Lacy Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire 1600–1780, Manchester (the most significant reference to Bourn).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (provides an examination of the carding patent).R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (mentions Bourn in his survey of the textile scene before Arkwright).R.Jenkins, 1936–7, "Industries of Herefordshire in Bygone Times", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 17 (includes a reference to Bourn's mill).C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vol. III, Oxford: Clarendon Press; ibid., 1958, Vol, IV (brief mentions of Bourn's work).RLH -
31 Lenoir, Jean Joseph Etienne
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines, Telecommunications[br]b. 1822 Mussey-la-Ville, Belgiumd. 1900 Verenna Saint-Hildar, France[br]Belgian (naturalized French in 1870) inventor of internal combustion engines, an electroplating process and railway telegraphy systems.[br]Leaving his native village for Paris at the age of 16, Lenoir became a metal enameller. Experiments with various electroplating processes provided a useful knowledge of electricity that showed in many of his later ideas. Electric ignition, although somewhat unreliable, was a feature of the Lenoir gas engine which appeared in 1860. Resembling the steam engine of the day, Lenoir engines used a non-compression cycle of operations, in which the gas-air mixture of about atmospheric pressure was being ignited at one-third of the induction stroke. The engines were double acting. About five hundred of Lenoir's engines were built, mostly in Paris by M.Hippolyte Marinoni and by Lefébvre; the Reading Ironworks in England built about one hundred. Many useful applications of the engine are recorded, but the explosive shock that occurred on ignition, together with the unreliable ignition systems, prevented large-scale acceptance of the engine in industry. However, Lenoir's effort and achievements stimulated much discussion, and N.A. Otto is reported to have carried out his first experiments on a Lenoir engine.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAcadémie des Sciences Prix Montyon Prize 1870. Société d'Encouragement, Silver Prize of 12,000 francs. Légion d'honneur 1881 (for his work in telegraphy).Bibliography8 February 1860, British patent no. 335 (the first Lenoir engine).1861, British patent no. 107 (the Lenoir engine).Further ReadingDugald Clerk, 1895, The Gas and Oil Engine, 6th edn, London, pp. 13–15, 30, 118, 203.World Who's Who in Science, 1968 (for an account of Lenoir's involvement in technology).KABBiographical history of technology > Lenoir, Jean Joseph Etienne
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32 Matzeliger, Jan
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 1852 Surinamd. 1889 Lynn, Massachusetts, (?) USA[br]African-American inventor of the shoe-lasting machine.[br]He served an apprenticeship as a machinist in his native country, Surinam. As a young man he emigrated to New England in the USA, but he was unable to secure employment in his trade. To survive, he took various odd jobs, including sewing soles on to shoes in a factory at Lynn, Massachusetts, a centre of the shoemaking industry. Much of the shoemaking process had already been mechanized, but lasting remained laborious, painstaking hand work. Matzeliger turned his undoubted inventive powers to mechanizing this operation. It took him four years to achieve a working model of a mechanical last that could be patented. By this time his health and finances had been undermined by the struggle to reach this stage; to raise funds he had to dispose of two-thirds of his rights in his patent to two local investors. Eventually he demonstrated a trial model of his lasting machine and successfully lasted seventy-five pairs of shoes. Not satisfied with that, Matzeliger went on to produce two improved machines, protected by further patents. Finally, the United Shoe Machine Company bought up his patents, but that relief came too late to prevent Matzeliger from dying in poor circumstances. The mechanization of shoe lasting made a significant contribution to the manufacture of shoes, raising production and reducing costs. It also effectively extinguished the final element of skilled hand work required in shoemaking, earning him considerable unpopularity among the workers who were about to be displaced, and resulting in the machine being derogatorily nicknamed "Niggerhead".[br]Further ReadingP.P.James, 1989, The Real McCoy: African-American Invention and Innovation 1619– 1930, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 70–2.LRD -
33 Riley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1840 Halifax, Englandd. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England[br]English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.[br]After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Bibliography1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.Further ReadingA.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8."Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).JKA -
34 Spencer, Christopher Miner
[br]b. 10 June 1833 Manchester, Connecticut, USAd. 14 January 1922 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Christopher M.Spencer served an apprenticeship from 1847 to 1849 in the machine shop at the silk mills of Cheney Brothers in his native town and remained there for a few years as a journeyman machinist. In 1853 he went to Rochester, New York, to obtain experience with machinery other than that used in the textile industry. He then spent some years with the Colt Armory at Hartford, Connecticut, before returning to Cheney Brothers, where he obtained his first patent, which was for a silk-winding machine.Spencer had long been interested in firearms and in 1860 he obtained a patent for a repeating rifle. The Spencer Repeating Rifle Company was organized for its manufacture, and before the end of the American Civil War about 200,000 rifles had been produced. He patented a number of other improvements in firearms and in 1868 was associated with Charles E.Billings (1835–1920) in the Roper Arms Company, set up at Amherst, Massachusetts, to manufacture Spencer's magazine gun. This was not a success, however, and in 1869 they moved to Hartford, Connecticut, and formed the Billings \& Spencer Company. There they developed the technology of the drop hammer and Spencer continued his inventive work, which included an automatic turret lathe for producing metal screws. The patent that he obtained for this in 1873 inexplicably failed to protect the essential feature of the machine which provided the automatic action, with the result that Spencer received no patent right on the most valuable feature of the machine.In 1874 Spencer withdrew from active connection with Billings \& Spencer, although he remained a director, and in 1876 he formed with others the Hartford Machine Screw Company. However, he withdrew in 1882 to form the Spencer Arms Company at Windsor, Connecticut, for the manufacture of another of his inventions, a repeating shotgun. But this company failed and Spencer returned to the field of automatic lathes, and in 1893 he organized the Spencer Automatic Machine Screw Company at Windsor, where he remained until his retirement.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (briefly describes his career and his automatic lathes).L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London; repub. 1986 (gives a brief description of Spencer's automatic lathes).RTSBiographical history of technology > Spencer, Christopher Miner
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35 sulphur
сера
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
sulphur
A nonmetallic element existing in a crystalline or amorphous form and in four stable isotopes; used as a chemical intermediate and fungicide, and in rubber vulcanization. It is deposited from volcanic vents and fumaroles and also is found in sedimentary rocks, particularly with gypsum and limestone, and associated with salt-domes. Native sulphur is the main source of sulphur for the sulphuric acid industry, followed by sour gas (natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide) and pyrite. Sulphur is an essential plant macronutrient. (Source: MGH / ALL)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > sulphur
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