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1 hoteti
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2 imeti rad
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3 l̨ūbìti
l̨ūbìti Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `love'Page in Trubačev: XV 174-176Old Church Slavic:Russian:ljubít' `love, like' [verb], ljubljú [1sg], ljúbit [3sg]Czech:líbiti se `please' [verb]Old Czech:líbiti `love, like, prefer' [verb];líbiti sě `be inclined' [verb]Slovak:l'úbit' `love, like' [verb]Polish:lubić `love, like' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:ljúbiti `love, desire, kiss' [verb], ljȗbīm [1sg];Čak. l̨ūbȉti (Vrgada) `love, desire, kiss' [verb], l̨ũbīš [2sg]Slovene:ljúbiti `love, caress, promise' [verb], ljúbim [1sg]Bulgarian:ljúbja `love' [verb]Indo-European reconstruction: leubʰ-Other cognates:Skt. lúbhyati `desire' [verb]; -
4 klegъtati
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5 klekotati
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6 mogti
mogti Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `be able'Page in Trubačev: XIX 107-111Old Church Slavic:Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:móc `be able' [verb], mogę [1sg], może [3sg]Serbo-Croatian:mòći `be able' [verb], mògu [1sg], mȍžē [3sg];Čak. mȍći (Vrgada) `be able' [verb], mȏgu [1sg], mȍže [3sg];Čak. mȍć (Orbanići) `can, be able (to), be allowed (to)' [verb], mȍren [1sg]Slovene:móči `be able, must' [verb], mǫ́rem [1sg], mórem [1sg]Bulgarian:móga `be able, be allowed' [verb]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: mog-Lithuanian:magė́ti `please, interest' \{1\} [verb], mãga [3sg]Old Prussian:Indo-European reconstruction: mogʰ-IE meaning: be able, capablePage in Pokorny: 695Comments: The generally accepted apophonic relationship between Slavic *mogti, Lith. magė́ti etc. on the one hand and mė́gti `love, like', Latv. mêgt `be able, be accustomed to' on the other cannot be maintained if one adheres to the view that the lengthened grade yielded a Balto-Slavic circumflex. The acute of the latter verbs may be due to Winter's law (*h₁meǵ- if cognate with Gk. περιημεκτέω `be aggrieved, chafe'). The o-vocalism of magė́ti and the Slavic and the Germanic forms points to an old perfect. For the semantic development `to be able' -> `to like', cf. Go. mag vs. MoHG mögen. As Pokorny remarks himself, his reconstruction *magʰ-, māgʰ- is entirely based on the presumed connection of the aforementioned forms with Gk. μηχανή `means, instrument', μη̃χος `instrument, apparatus', Dor. μᾱχᾱνα, μα̃ χος, which was rejected by Endzelīns (1931: 183), Fraenkel (1951, 168), Stang (1972, 37) a.o. for various reasons (cf. ESSJa X: 110) but nevertheless reappears in Lehmann 1986 (239).Other cognates:Skt. maghá- `power, wealth, gift';Notes:\{1\} The verb usually occurs in impersonal constructions. \{2\} The scholarly community is divided with respect to the question whether massi is a borrowing from Slavic (viz. Polish może) or a genuine Prussian form (see Mažiulis III: 114 for the relevant literature). -
7 rāčìti
rāčìti Grammatical information: v. Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `wish, want'Old Church Slavic:Russian:ráčit' (dial.) `be zealous, wish, want' [verb];račít' (dial.) `be zealous, wish, want' [verb]Czech:ráčiti `wish, want, (lit.) deign' [verb]Slovak:ráčit' `deign' [verb]Polish:raczyć `deign' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:ráčiti se `(+D) feel like' [verb], rȃčī se [3sg];Čak. rå̄čȉti se (Vrgada) `(+D) feel like' [verb], rå̃či se [3sg]Slovene:Indo-European reconstruction: rōk-eie-? -
8 podoben
alike, like, similar -
9 aviti
aviti Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `show'Page in Trubačev: I 94-95Old Church Slavic:Russian:javít' `show, display' [verb], javljú [1sg], jávit [3sg]Czech:Polish:jawić (obs.) `show' [verb]Serbo-Croatian:jáviti `inform' [verb], jȃvīm [1sg];Čak. jå̑vȉti (Vrgada) `inform?' [verb], jå̃viš [2sg];Čak. jāvȉt (Vrgada) `(se) greet, answer' [verb], jãve [3sg]Slovene:jáviti `announce' [verb], jávim [1sg]Lithuanian:Page in Pokorny: 78Notes:\{1\} Lith. (arch.) ovytis `appear' derives from the i-stem which must underlie ovyje `in reality'. Fraenkel (I: 519) claims that ovytis `appear; rage' and Latv. âvîtiês `talk nonsense, get up to mischief' are inherited words cognate with óvaidas (< *avi-vaidas) `rowdy, braggart', while Lith. jė́vaidas (< *jeva-vaidas) `ghost' and Latv. jàvîtiês or jâvîtiês `to behave like an idiot' are borrowings from Slavic (see also Anikin: 22). I am not convinced that this solution, which seems to rely exclusively on the presence or absence of j-, is correct. Moreover, it is not obvious that ovytis `appear' and ovytis (also jõvytis) `rage' are cognates. It seems quite possible that Lith. óvaidas must be connected with Ukr. (dial.) jávida `devil', Ru. (dial.) jávidь `snake'. -
10 dyra
dyra; dyr'a Grammatical information: f. ā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `hole'Page in Trubačev: V 205Russian:dyrá `hole, gap' [f ā]Old Russian:Polabian:dară `hole, prison' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: dr(H)-Comments: In the ESSJa, it is argued that Ru. dyrá, which occurs alongside dirá (-> * dira), results from secondary ablaut (starting from * dъr- instead of of * dьr- `tear'. The same is suggested for -> * dura. It seems to me that such a scenario requires that there existed a formally and semantically similar root. In this particular case the root of Lith. dùrti `stab, push' has often been mentioned, but more often than not (e.g. Vasmer s.v. dyrá, Fraenkel LEW: 113, Sɫawski SEJP I: 208) the latter root is considered etymologically identical. This implies that already in Balto-Slavic both * dir- and * dur- functioned as the zero grade of * der- `tear'. Here I would like to adopt a more agnostic attitude, i.e. I prefer to separate forms belonging to the "u" ablaut series provisionally from * der- `tear'. Note that Baltic * duris firmly acute, while in the case of the verb `to tear' there are many indications for an old circumflex. -
11 dyr'a
dyra; dyr'a Grammatical information: f. ā; f. jā Proto-Slavic meaning: `hole'Page in Trubačev: V 205Russian:dyrá `hole, gap' [f ā]Old Russian:Polabian:dară `hole, prison' [f ā]Indo-European reconstruction: dr(H)-Comments: In the ESSJa, it is argued that Ru. dyrá, which occurs alongside dirá (-> * dira), results from secondary ablaut (starting from * dъr- instead of of * dьr- `tear'. The same is suggested for -> * dura. It seems to me that such a scenario requires that there existed a formally and semantically similar root. In this particular case the root of Lith. dùrti `stab, push' has often been mentioned, but more often than not (e.g. Vasmer s.v. dyrá, Fraenkel LEW: 113, Sɫawski SEJP I: 208) the latter root is considered etymologically identical. This implies that already in Balto-Slavic both * dir- and * dur- functioned as the zero grade of * der- `tear'. Here I would like to adopt a more agnostic attitude, i.e. I prefer to separate forms belonging to the "u" ablaut series provisionally from * der- `tear'. Note that Baltic * duris firmly acute, while in the case of the verb `to tear' there are many indications for an old circumflex. -
12 dьlbiti
dьlbiti Grammatical information: v. Proto-Slavic meaning: `hollow, chisel'Page in Trubačev: V 206Russian:dolbíti `hollow, chisel' [verb], dolbljú [1sg], dolbít [3sg]Serbo-Croatian:dúbiti `hollow, chisel' [verb]Indo-European reconstruction: dʰlbʰ -Page in Pokorny: 246Comments: Verb in *- iti containing the zero grade of * dʰelbʰ- `dig'. Like Adams (1999: 738), I consider the etymological relationship with Toch. B tsälp- `free (from)' doubtful.Other cognates: -
13 esètrъ
esètrъ; esètra Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `sturgeon'Page in Trubačev: VI 30-31Russian:osëtr `sturgeon' [m o], osetrá [Gens];osetër (dial.) `sturgeon' [m o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:jèsetra `sturgeon' [f ā]Slovene:Bulgarian:esétra `sturgeon' [f ā]Lithuanian:erškẽtas `sturgeon' [m o];erškė́tras (dial.) `sturgeon' [m o] 1 \{1\}Old Prussian:esketres `sturgeon'Page in Pokorny: 18Comments: It seems highly plausible that *jesètra is cognate with *jesera `awn, fishbone', Lith. ešerỹs `perch' and that both etyma belong to PIE *h₂ḱ- `sharp', cf. Lat. acipēnser `sturgeon' < *h₂eḱu-. The Baltic forms are not without problems, however. Forms like erškẽtas and erškė́tras were probably influenced by erškė́tis `thorn' (though it must be admitted that a development erškẽtas < eškẽtras is plausible in itself, cf. Toporov II: 89), but it is clear that the original form contained a k, cf. OPr. esketres, which is absent in Lith. ešerỹs. This may be the familiar intrusive velar which in Baltic frequently arose before s or z. In that case we would have to depart from a Baltic protoform *ekśetras.Notes: -
14 esètra
esètrъ; esètra Grammatical information: m. o; f. ā Proto-Slavic meaning: `sturgeon'Page in Trubačev: VI 30-31Russian:osëtr `sturgeon' [m o], osetrá [Gens];osetër (dial.) `sturgeon' [m o]Old Russian:Czech:Slovak:Polish:Old Polish:Upper Sorbian:Lower Sorbian:Serbo-Croatian:jèsetra `sturgeon' [f ā]Slovene:Bulgarian:esétra `sturgeon' [f ā]Lithuanian:erškẽtas `sturgeon' [m o];erškė́tras (dial.) `sturgeon' [m o] 1 \{1\}Old Prussian:esketres `sturgeon'Page in Pokorny: 18Comments: It seems highly plausible that *jesètra is cognate with *jesera `awn, fishbone', Lith. ešerỹs `perch' and that both etyma belong to PIE *h₂ḱ- `sharp', cf. Lat. acipēnser `sturgeon' < *h₂eḱu-. The Baltic forms are not without problems, however. Forms like erškẽtas and erškė́tras were probably influenced by erškė́tis `thorn' (though it must be admitted that a development erškẽtas < eškẽtras is plausible in itself, cf. Toporov II: 89), but it is clear that the original form contained a k, cf. OPr. esketres, which is absent in Lith. ešerỹs. This may be the familiar intrusive velar which in Baltic frequently arose before s or z. In that case we would have to depart from a Baltic protoform *ekśetras.Notes: -
15 ežь
ežь Grammatical information: m. jo Proto-Slavic meaning: `hedgehog'Page in Trubačev: VI 36Russian:ëž `hedgehog' [m jo], ežá [Gens];ož (dial.) `hedgehog' [m jo]Old Russian:Ukrainian:ož (dial.) `hedgehog' [m jo]Czech:Slovak:Polish:jeż `hedgehog' [m jo]Upper Sorbian:jěž `hedgehog' [m jo]Serbo-Croatian:jȇž `hedgehog' [m jo], jéža [Gens];jȇž `hedgehog' [m jo] jȇža [Gens];Čak. jȇž (Vrgada) `sea-urchin, kind of plant' [m jo], jȇža [Gens];Čak. iȇš (Orbanići) `hedgehog, sea-urchin', iȇža [Gens]Slovene:Bulgarian:ež `hedgehog' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: eźiosLithuanian:ežỹs `hedgehog' [m io] 4 \{1\}Latvian:Indo-European reconstruction: h₁eǵʰ-io-IE meaning: hedgehogPage in Pokorny: 292Comments: In Greek, where ἐχῖνος `hedgehog, sea-urchin' looks like a derivative of ἔχις `viper', there seems to be a connection between `hedgehog' and `snake'. In Balto-Slavic, the words for `hedgehog' and `snake' do not match formally (-> ǫ́žь).Other cognates:Notes:\{1\} Variants are ẽžis 2, ėžỹs 4. -
16 ěždžь
ěždžь; ěždžikъ; ězgarъ; ězgarь; ěskarъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o; m. o; m. jo; m. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `ruff'Page in Trubačev: VI 60Belorussian:jadžgár `ruff' [m o]Ukrainian:Czech:ježdík `ruff' [m o]Polish:jażdż (arch., N. dial.) `ruff' [m jo];Old Polish:jeżdżyk `ruff' [m o]Kashubian:i̯wžǯ, i̯wšč `ruff' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: egź-io-;; ē̆źg-io-Lithuanian:ežgỹs `ruff' [m io] 4;egžlỹs (arch.) `ruff' [m io] 4;ežegỹs (Pruss.) `ruff' [m io] 3b \{3\}Old Prussian:assegis (EV) `perch'Page in Pokorny: 292Comments: It seems perfectly plausible to me that this etymon is cognate with *ežь `hedgehog'. Like its close relative the perch, the ruff has prickly fins (cf. MoHG Barsch `perch', Borste `bristle', Lith. ešerỹs `perch', which presumably derives from *h₂eḱ- `sharp'). The g of this word may be the well-known Baltic intrusive velar. In that case, archaic Lith. egžlỹs would have preserved the original constellation. The Slavic forms would have to be borrowings from Baltic, which in view of their distribution is not unlikely.Notes: -
17 ěždžikъ
ěždžь; ěždžikъ; ězgarъ; ězgarь; ěskarъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o; m. o; m. jo; m. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `ruff'Page in Trubačev: VI 60Belorussian:jadžgár `ruff' [m o]Ukrainian:Czech:ježdík `ruff' [m o]Polish:jażdż (arch., N. dial.) `ruff' [m jo];Old Polish:jeżdżyk `ruff' [m o]Kashubian:i̯wžǯ, i̯wšč `ruff' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: egź-io-;; ē̆źg-io-Lithuanian:ežgỹs `ruff' [m io] 4;egžlỹs (arch.) `ruff' [m io] 4;ežegỹs (Pruss.) `ruff' [m io] 3b \{3\}Old Prussian:assegis (EV) `perch'Page in Pokorny: 292Comments: It seems perfectly plausible to me that this etymon is cognate with *ežь `hedgehog'. Like its close relative the perch, the ruff has prickly fins (cf. MoHG Barsch `perch', Borste `bristle', Lith. ešerỹs `perch', which presumably derives from *h₂eḱ- `sharp'). The g of this word may be the well-known Baltic intrusive velar. In that case, archaic Lith. egžlỹs would have preserved the original constellation. The Slavic forms would have to be borrowings from Baltic, which in view of their distribution is not unlikely.Notes: -
18 ězgarъ
ěždžь; ěždžikъ; ězgarъ; ězgarь; ěskarъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o; m. o; m. jo; m. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `ruff'Page in Trubačev: VI 60Belorussian:jadžgár `ruff' [m o]Ukrainian:Czech:ježdík `ruff' [m o]Polish:jażdż (arch., N. dial.) `ruff' [m jo];Old Polish:jeżdżyk `ruff' [m o]Kashubian:i̯wžǯ, i̯wšč `ruff' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: egź-io-;; ē̆źg-io-Lithuanian:ežgỹs `ruff' [m io] 4;egžlỹs (arch.) `ruff' [m io] 4;ežegỹs (Pruss.) `ruff' [m io] 3b \{3\}Old Prussian:assegis (EV) `perch'Page in Pokorny: 292Comments: It seems perfectly plausible to me that this etymon is cognate with *ežь `hedgehog'. Like its close relative the perch, the ruff has prickly fins (cf. MoHG Barsch `perch', Borste `bristle', Lith. ešerỹs `perch', which presumably derives from *h₂eḱ- `sharp'). The g of this word may be the well-known Baltic intrusive velar. In that case, archaic Lith. egžlỹs would have preserved the original constellation. The Slavic forms would have to be borrowings from Baltic, which in view of their distribution is not unlikely.Notes: -
19 ězgarь
ěždžь; ěždžikъ; ězgarъ; ězgarь; ěskarъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o; m. o; m. jo; m. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `ruff'Page in Trubačev: VI 60Belorussian:jadžgár `ruff' [m o]Ukrainian:Czech:ježdík `ruff' [m o]Polish:jażdż (arch., N. dial.) `ruff' [m jo];Old Polish:jeżdżyk `ruff' [m o]Kashubian:i̯wžǯ, i̯wšč `ruff' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: egź-io-;; ē̆źg-io-Lithuanian:ežgỹs `ruff' [m io] 4;egžlỹs (arch.) `ruff' [m io] 4;ežegỹs (Pruss.) `ruff' [m io] 3b \{3\}Old Prussian:assegis (EV) `perch'Page in Pokorny: 292Comments: It seems perfectly plausible to me that this etymon is cognate with *ežь `hedgehog'. Like its close relative the perch, the ruff has prickly fins (cf. MoHG Barsch `perch', Borste `bristle', Lith. ešerỹs `perch', which presumably derives from *h₂eḱ- `sharp'). The g of this word may be the well-known Baltic intrusive velar. In that case, archaic Lith. egžlỹs would have preserved the original constellation. The Slavic forms would have to be borrowings from Baltic, which in view of their distribution is not unlikely.Notes: -
20 ěskarъ
ěždžь; ěždžikъ; ězgarъ; ězgarь; ěskarъ Grammatical information: m. jo; m. o; m. o; m. jo; m. o Proto-Slavic meaning: `ruff'Page in Trubačev: VI 60Belorussian:jadžgár `ruff' [m o]Ukrainian:Czech:ježdík `ruff' [m o]Polish:jażdż (arch., N. dial.) `ruff' [m jo];Old Polish:jeżdżyk `ruff' [m o]Kashubian:i̯wžǯ, i̯wšč `ruff' [m jo]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: egź-io-;; ē̆źg-io-Lithuanian:ežgỹs `ruff' [m io] 4;egžlỹs (arch.) `ruff' [m io] 4;ežegỹs (Pruss.) `ruff' [m io] 3b \{3\}Old Prussian:assegis (EV) `perch'Page in Pokorny: 292Comments: It seems perfectly plausible to me that this etymon is cognate with *ežь `hedgehog'. Like its close relative the perch, the ruff has prickly fins (cf. MoHG Barsch `perch', Borste `bristle', Lith. ešerỹs `perch', which presumably derives from *h₂eḱ- `sharp'). The g of this word may be the well-known Baltic intrusive velar. In that case, archaic Lith. egžlỹs would have preserved the original constellation. The Slavic forms would have to be borrowings from Baltic, which in view of their distribution is not unlikely.Notes:
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