-
41 chair
Gen Mgtthe most senior executive in an organization. The chair of an organization is responsible for running the annual meeting, and meetings of the board of directors. He or she may be a figurehead, appointed for prestige or power, and may have no role in the day-to-day running of the organization. Sometimes the roles of chair and chief executive are combined, and the chair then has more control over daily operations; sometimes the chair is a retired chief executive. In the United States, the person who performs this function is often called a president. Historically, the term chairman was more common. The terms chairwoman or chairperson are later developments, although chair is now the most generally acceptable. Chairman, however, remains in common use, especially in the corporate sector. -
42 former
̈ɪˈfɔ:mə I сущ.
1) создатель, разработчик( чего-л.), изобретатель a former of character ≈ создатель характера, создатель образа Syn: compiler, author, maker, creator, fashioner, framer
2) тех. копир;
шаблон;
модель;
фасонный резец
3) а) ж.-д. составитель( поездов) б) полигр. словолитчик II прил.
1) бывший, давний, старый a former University professor ≈ бывший преподаватель университета Syn: previous, one-time
2) о порядке расположения информации а) предшествующий, упомянутый выше a former passage ≈ предыдущий абзац Syn: previous, preceding, foregoing б) из двух вариантов первый Of the two spellings, the former is more common. ≈ Из двух вариантов написания первый является наиболее приемлемым. (полиграфия) словолитчик (железнодорожное) составитель (поездов) (техническое) шаблон;
модель;
копир (техническое) фасонный резец (авиация) вспомогательная нервюра прежний, бывший;
предшествующий;
прошедший;
давний - in * times в старину, в прошедшие времена - on * occasions прежде, раньше - a * president бывший президент - her * students ее бывшие студенты - the * part of the discourse начало выступления - to be more like one's * self снова стать самим собой /таким, как был раньше/ (the *) первый (из двух) - of these two evils the * is the less из этих двух зол первое является меньшим - did he walk or ride? - The * is more likely он пришел пешком или приехал? - Вероятнее всего первое former бывший ~ давний ~ тех. копир;
шаблон;
модель;
фасонный резец the ~ первый (из двух) ~ предшествующий;
the former первый (из двух названных) ~ предшествующий;
the former первый (из двух названных) ~ предшествующий ~ прежний, бывший;
in former times в прежние времена, в старину ~ прежний, бывший ~ прежний ~ прошедший ~ полигр. словолитчик ~ ж.-д. составитель (поездов) ~ составитель;
творец;
создатель ~ прежний, бывший;
in former times в прежние времена, в старину -
43 perfume
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] packet of aromatic herbs worn on the neck[English Plural] packets[Swahili Word] kikuba[Swahili Plural] vikuba[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 7/8[Derived Language] Arabic------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume[Swahili Word] ituri[Swahili Plural] ituri[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Swahili Example] (=manukato, marashi)[Note] rare (manukato and marashi - common)------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume[Swahili Word] manukato[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 6------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume[Swahili Word] marashi[Swahili Plural] marashi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[English Example] She took some spray-on perfume, lipstick, a small mirror, and some powder[Swahili Example] anachukua marashi ya kupulizia, rangi ya mdomo, kioo kidogo na poda [Muk]------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume[Swahili Word] marashi[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume[Swahili Word] mnukio[Swahili Plural] minukio[Part of Speech] noun[Derived Word] nuka------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume[English Plural] perfumes[Swahili Word] mrashi[Swahili Plural] mirashi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] rasha V------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume[Swahili Word] nukato[Swahili Plural] manukato[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 5/6[Derived Word] nuka[Note] The plural form of this (manukato) is more common than the singular------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume[Swahili Word] uturi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 11------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume (kind of)[Swahili Word] pacholi[Swahili Plural] pacholi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Word] ind------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume (kind of)[Swahili Word] pachori[Swahili Plural] pachori[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Word] ind------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume (kind of)[Swahili Word] pachuri[Swahili Plural] pachuri[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10[Derived Word] ind------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] perfume (type prepared from powdered sandalwood rose water and oil of cloves)[Swahili Word] tibu[Swahili Plural] tibu[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 9/10------------------------------------------------------------ -
44 push and pull strategies
Mktgapproaches used as part of a marketing strategy to encourage customers to purchase a product or service. Push and pull strategies are contrasting approaches and tend to target different types of consumers. A pull strategy targets the end consumer, using advertising, sales promotions, and direct response marketing to pull the customer in. This approach is common in consumer markets. A push strategy targets members of the distribution channel, such as wholesalers and retailers, to push the promotion up through the channel to the consumers. This approach is more common in industrial markets. -
45 after
1. preposition1) (later in time or place than: After the car came a bus.) después (de)2) (following (often indicating repetition): one thing after another; night after night.) tras3) (behind: Shut the door after you!) detrás4) (in search or pursuit of: He ran after the bus.) detrás de, tras5) (considering: After all I've done you'd think he'd thank me; It's sad to fail after all that work.) después de6) ((American: in telling the time) past: It's a quarter after ten.) y (son las diez y cuarto)
2. adverb(later in time or place: They arrived soon after.) después
3. conjunction(later than the time when: After she died we moved house twice.) después de (que)- afterthought
- afterwards
- after all
- be after
after1 adv despuésafter2 conj después de queafter3 prep1. después de2. detrás de / trastr['ɑːftəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (time) después de2 (following) detrás de3 (wanting) buscando■ what are you after? ¿qué pretendes?, ¿qué buscas?4 (in the style of) al estilo de5 (named because of) por■ his name's Horace, after his grandfather se llama Horace por su abuelo6 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (past) y1 después1 después que, después de que■ after he left, I went to bed después de que se marchara, me acostéafter ['æftər] adv1) afterward: después2) behind: detrás, atrásafter adj: posterior, siguientein after years: en los años posterioresafter conj: después de, después de queafter we ate: después de que comimos, después de comerafter prep1) following: después de, trasafter Saturday: después del sábadoday after day: día tras día2) behind: tras de, después deI ran after the dog: corrí tras del perro3) concerning: porthey asked after you: preguntaron por ti4)after all : después de todoadv.• después adv.• detrás adv.conj.• después de que conj.prep.• desde prep.• después prep.• después de prep.• detrás prep.• detrás de prep.• en busca de prep.• pos prep.• según prep.• tras prep.
I 'æftər, 'ɑːftə(r)1) ( following in time) después deI'll be at home after eight o'clock — estaré en casa después de or a partir de las ocho
after a few days — después de or al cabo de unos días
it's a quarter after two — (AmE) son las dos y cuarto
they arrived after us — llegaron más tarde or después que nosotros
2) (in sequence, rank) tras3)a) ( behind)shut the door after you — cierra la puerta al salir/entrar
b) ( in pursuit of) trasc) (about, concerning) por; see also ask after, inquire4)a) (in view of, considering) después deafter all I've done for you? — ¿después de or con todo lo que he hecho por ti?
b)5) ( in the style of) al estilo de, a la manera de; ( in honor of) por, en honor de; heart 2)
II
after he died, the house remained empty — al morir él or cuando él murió, la casa quedó vacía
after you've washed it, hang it out to dry — cuando or una vez que lo hayas lavado, tiéndelo para que se seque
III
a) (afterward, following) despuésb) ( behind) detrás
IV
adjective (before n) posterior['ɑːftǝ(r)] When after is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask after, look after, take after, look up the verb.1. PREP1) (in time) después deit was twenty after three — (US) eran las tres y veinte
2) (in position, order) detrás de, trasexcuse after excuse, one excuse after another — excusas y más excusas
after you! — ¡pase usted!, ¡usted primero!
3) (=behind)close the door after you — cierra la puerta al salir or cuando salgas
4) (=seeking)the police are after him — la policía lo está buscando or está detrás de él
what is he after? — ¿qué pretende?
I see what you're after — ya caigo, ya comprendo lo que quieres decir; (hostile) ya te he calado
5) (=in the manner of)heart 1., 2)6) (=in honour of)7) (=in view of) después deafter all I've done for you — después de or con todo lo que he hecho por ti
2. ADV1) (=afterward) después2) (=behind) detrás3.CONJ después de que, después que *4. ADJ1)in after years — frm en los años siguientes, años después
2) (Naut) de popaAFTER
Time
Preposition ► You can usually translate after referring to a point in time using después de:
Please ring after six Por favor, llama después de las seis
I'll phone you after the match Te llamaré después del partido
... Francoism after Franco...... el franquismo después de Franco... ► To translate after + ((period of time)), you can also use al cabo de in more formal Spanish:
After a year in the army, he had had enough Después de (estar) un año en el ejército or Al cabo de un año en el ejército, no lo soportaba más ► Use más tarde que or después que w ith names of people and personal pronouns when they stand in for a verb:
He got there half an hour after us or after we did Llegó allí media hora más tarde que nosotros or después que nosotros ► Translate after + ((-ing)) using después de + ((infinitive)):
Don't go swimming immediately after eating No te bañes justo después de comer
Conjunction ► When the action in the after clause has already happened, and the subjects of the two clauses are different, you can generally translate after using después de que. This can be followed either by the {indicative} or, especially in formal or literary Spanish, by the {subjunctive}:
I met her after she had left the company La conocí después de que dejó or dejara la empresa ► When the action in the after clause has not happened yet or had not happened at the time of speaking, cuando is more common than después de que, though both translations are possible. In both cases, use the {subjunctive}:
We'll test the brakes after you've done another thousand miles Comprobaremos los frenos cuando or después de que haya recorrido mil millas más ► If the subject of both clauses is the same, des pués de + ((infinitive)) is usually used rather than después de que:
He wrote to me again after he retired Me volvió a escribir después de jubilarse This construction is also sometimes used in colloquial Spanish even when the subjects are different:
After you left, the party ended Después de irte tú, se terminó la fiesta For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *
I ['æftər, 'ɑːftə(r)]1) ( following in time) después deI'll be at home after eight o'clock — estaré en casa después de or a partir de las ocho
after a few days — después de or al cabo de unos días
it's a quarter after two — (AmE) son las dos y cuarto
they arrived after us — llegaron más tarde or después que nosotros
2) (in sequence, rank) tras3)a) ( behind)shut the door after you — cierra la puerta al salir/entrar
b) ( in pursuit of) trasc) (about, concerning) por; see also ask after, inquire4)a) (in view of, considering) después deafter all I've done for you? — ¿después de or con todo lo que he hecho por ti?
b)5) ( in the style of) al estilo de, a la manera de; ( in honor of) por, en honor de; heart 2)
II
after he died, the house remained empty — al morir él or cuando él murió, la casa quedó vacía
after you've washed it, hang it out to dry — cuando or una vez que lo hayas lavado, tiéndelo para que se seque
III
a) (afterward, following) despuésb) ( behind) detrás
IV
adjective (before n) posterior -
46 Points of the compass
north = nord Nsouth = sud Seast = est Ewest = ouest Onord, sud, est, ouest is the normal order in French as well as English.northeast = nord-est NEnorthwest = nord-ouest NOnorth-northeast = nord-nord-est NNEeast-northeast = est-nord-est ENEWhere?Compass points in French are not normally written with a capital letter. However, when they refer to a specific region in phrases such as I love the North or he lives in the North, and it is clear where this North is, without any further specification such as of France or of Europe, then they are written with a capital letter, as they often are in English, too. In the following examples, north and nord stand for any compass point word.I love the North= j’aime le Nordto live in the North= vivre dans le NordNormally, however, these words do not take a capital letter:in the north of Scotland= dans le nord de l’ÉcosseTake care to distinguish this fromto the north of Scotland (i.e. further north than Scotland)= au nord de l’Écossein the south of Spain= dans le sud de l’Espagne*it is north of the hill= c’est au nord de la collinea few kilometres north= à quelques kilomètres au norddue north of here= droit au nord* Note that the south of France is more usually referred to as le Midi.There is another set of words in French for north, south etc., some of which are morecommon than others:(north) septentrion (rarely used) septentrional(e)(south) midi méridional(e)(east) orient oriental(e)(west) occident occidental(e)Translating northern etc.a northern town= une ville du Norda northern accent= un accent du Nordthe most northerly outpost= l’avant-poste le plus au nordRegions of countries and continents work like this:northern Europe= l’Europe du Nordthe northern parts of Japan= le nord du Japoneastern France= l’est de la FranceFor names of countries and continents which include these compass point words, such as North America or South Korea, see the dictionary entry.Where to?French has fewer ways of expressing this than English has ; vers le is usually safe:to go north= aller vers le nordto head towards the north= se diriger vers le nordto go northwards= aller vers le nordto go in a northerly direction= aller vers le norda northbound ship= un bateau qui se dirige vers le nordWith some verbs, such as to face, the French expression changes:the windows face north= les fenêtres donnent au norda north-facing slope= une pente orientée au nordIf in doubt, check in the dictionary.Where from?The usual way of expressing from the is du:it comes from the north= cela vient du nordfrom the north of Germany= du nord de l’AllemagneNote also these expressions relating to the direction of the wind:the north wind= le vent du norda northerly wind= un vent du nordprevailing north winds= des vents dominants du nordthe wind is in the north= le vent est au nordthe wind is coming from the north= le vent vient du nordCompass point words used as adjectivesThe French words nord, sud, est and ouest are really nouns, so when they are used as adjectives they are invariable.the north coast= la côte nordthe north door= la porte nordthe north face (of a mountain)= la face nordthe north side= le côté nordthe north wall= le mur nordNautical bearingsThe preposition by is translated by quart in expressions like the following:north by northwest= nord quart nord-ouestsoutheast by south= sud-est quart sud -
47 profit and loss account
Finthe summary record of a company’s sales revenues and expenses over a period, providing a calculation of profits or losses during that time.Abbr. P&LEXAMPLECompanies typically issue P&L reports monthly. It is customary for the reports to include year-to-date figures, as well as corresponding year-earlier figures to allow for comparisons and analysis.There are two P&L formats, multiple-step and single-step. Both follow a standard set of rules known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). These rules generally adhere to requirements established by governments to track receipts, expenses, and profits for tax purposes. They also allow the financial reports of two different companies to be compared.The multiple-step format is much more common, because it includes a larger number of details and is thus more useful. It deducts costs from revenues in a series of steps, allowing for closer analysis. Revenues appear first, then expenses, each in as much detail as management desires. Sales may be broken down by product line or location, while expenses such as salaries may be broken down into base salaries and commissions.Expenses are then subtracted from revenues to show profit (or loss). A basic multiple-step P&L looks like this:P&Ls of public companies may also report income on the basis of earnings per share. For example, if the company issuing this statement had 12,000 shares outstanding, earnings per share would be $5.12, that is, $61,440 divided by 12,000 shares. -
48 profit and loss statement
Finthe summary record of a company’s sales revenues and expenses over a period, providing a calculation of profits or losses during that time.Abbr. P&LEXAMPLECompanies typically issue P&L reports monthly. It is customary for the reports to include year-to-date figures, as well as corresponding year-earlier figures to allow for comparisons and analysis.There are two P&L formats, multiple-step and single-step. Both follow a standard set of rules known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). These rules generally adhere to requirements established by governments to track receipts, expenses, and profits for tax purposes. They also allow the financial reports of two different companies to be compared.The multiple-step format is much more common, because it includes a larger number of details and is thus more useful. It deducts costs from revenues in a series of steps, allowing for closer analysis. Revenues appear first, then expenses, each in as much detail as management desires. Sales may be broken down by product line or location, while expenses such as salaries may be broken down into base salaries and commissions.Expenses are then subtracted from revenues to show profit (or loss). A basic multiple-step P&L looks like this:P&Ls of public companies may also report income on the basis of earnings per share. For example, if the company issuing this statement had 12,000 shares outstanding, earnings per share would be $5.12, that is, $61,440 divided by 12,000 shares.The ultimate business dictionary > profit and loss statement
-
49 videoconferencing
Gen Mgtthe use of a live video link to connect people in different locations so that they can see and hear one another and conduct real-time meetings. Videoconferencing is a useful tool for managing communication with remote workers, between staff at geographically dispersed offices, including those who form a virtual team, or with clients at remote locations. It is also used in distance learning courses.There are two basic options for videoconferencing. The more expensive option is full-blown videoconferencing using ISDN lines, dedicated equipment, and large screens, which guarantee a higher quality experience. Cheaper and more common is the PC/Web-based videoconferencing, which piggybacks on existing PC and Internet technology, and occupies a small box window on a PC. However, it is less reliable, and still requires an ISDN line to achieve any degree of quality. -
50 singleton
ˈsɪŋɡltən сущ.
1) карт. единственная карта данной масти (на руках у игрока)
2) одиночка (как, напр., единственный ребенок в семье, холостяк, незамужняя женщина и т. п.) ;
тж. человек, действующий в одиночку (напр., тайный агент)
3) единственный ребенок (в отличие от близнецов) Singletons are more common than twins. ≈ Рождение одного ребенка случается чаще, чем рождение близнецов.
4) единичный предмет;
единственный экземпляр;
множество, состоящее из одного элемента единичный предмет;
вещь, не имеющая пары( карточное) единственная карта данной масти singleton единичный предмет ~ карт. единственная карта данной масти ~ единственный ребенок ~ одиночкаБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > singleton
-
51 Schwechat
Нефтеперерабатывающие заводы: Швехат (more common) -
52 as low as practically achievable
Охрана труда: (the more common term in English is ALARP-as low as reasonably practicable) настолько низко, насколько это технически достижимо, минимальный практически приемлемый уровень рискаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > as low as practically achievable
-
53 channeling
1) Общая лексика: образование заколонных перетоков; заколонные перетоки (Remedial squeeze work on questionable cement jobs usually try the best ingenuity that can be mustered. Perhaps a more common problem is a channel job caused by an incomplete sheath aro)2) Компьютерная техника: разнесение каналов3) Геология: образование в пласте протоков, рытьё разведочных канав, создание в пласте протоков (обычно к старым скважинам), эрозионное углубление4) Авиация: выделение каналов5) Устаревшее слово: каннелюры6) Военный термин: выделение маршрутов движения, назначение маршрутов движения, выбор каналов (связи), выбор направлений (связи), распределение направлений (связи)7) Техника: канал, канализация русла, каналовый эффект, канальный ход (доменной печи), многоканальность, образование канавок, образование сквозных протоков, прорезание канавок, прорезание пазов, разделение каналов, рифление, русловыправительные работоспособный, русловыпрямительные работы, система каналов, фасонная гибка, частотное уплотнение, каналообразование (в толще материала), проскальзывание (газа), полосатость (дефект ткани), пятнистость (дефекты ткани), канализирование (напр. энергии)8) Химия: образовывающий каналы9) Металлургия: гофрирование10) Телекоммуникации: передача по каналу11) Физика: каналирование12) Электроника: распределение каналов13) Нефть: неравномерное распределение тока жидкости в слое насадки, образование газовых языков, образование каналов (в цементе), образование местных сквозных протоков (в насадке ректификационной колонны, слое катализатора), образование протоков (в пласте), образование языков обводнения, просачивание (воды, газа), проскальзывание, проскальзывание воды, проскальзывание газа, проскальзывание (воды; газа), проскальзывание (воды; газа)14) Связь: уплотнение каналов15) Атомная энергия: направляющий16) Экология: проскок (прохождение сточных вод через фильтр в обход очищающей загрузки), проскок сточной воды в биофильтре17) Нефтегазовая техника образование языков (газовых или обводнения)18) Автоматика: уплотнение (линии, канала)19) Макаров: канализование, эффект каналирования, канализация русла (углубление или спрямление русла водотока)20) Общая лексика: выемка, небольшой жёлоб -
54 debate club
Общая лексика: дискуссионный клуб (more common than debating club) -
55 dens in dente
Стоматология: зуб в зубе (a condition found in teeth where the outer surface folds inward. There are coronal and radicular forms, with the coronal form being more common.), инвагированный зуб -
56 popped jump
Фигурное катание: бабочка (though more common in Eng. to use "pop" as a verb - e.g. "she popped the triple lutz") -
57 in place of smb
in place of smb (smth)фраз. вместо кого-либо (чего-либо)It is also worth noting that to use "have got" in place of the simple "have" is much more common in informal British English speech than it is in other forms of English.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > in place of smb
-
58 in place of smth
in place of smb (smth)фраз. вместо кого-либо (чего-либо)It is also worth noting that to use "have got" in place of the simple "have" is much more common in informal British English speech than it is in other forms of English.
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > in place of smth
-
59 divorce
di'vo:s
1. noun(the legal ending of a marriage: Divorce is becoming more common nowadays.) divorcio
2. verb1) (to end one's marriage (with): He's divorcing her for desertion; They were divorced two years ago.) divorciarse de2) (to separate: You can't divorce these two concepts.) separardivorce1 n divorciodivorce2 vb divorciarsetr[dɪ'vɔːs]1 SMALLLAW/SMALL divorcio2 (separation) divorcio1 SMALLLAW/SMALL divorciarse de2 (separate) divorciar ( from, de)1 divorciarse: divorciardivorce vi: divorciarsedivorce n: divorcio mdivorcé [dɪ.vor'seɪ, -'si:; -'vor.-] n: divorciado mn.• divorcio s.m.v.• divorciar v.də'vɔːrs, dɪ'vɔːs
I
count & mass noun divorcio mto get a divorce (from somebody) — conseguir* el divorcio (de alguien); (before n)
divorce proceedings — trámites mpl de divorcio
II
1.
1) ( Law) divorciarse de2) ( separate)
2.
vi divorciarse[dɪ'vɔːs]1. N1) (Jur) divorcio m2) (fig) separación f ( from de)2. VT1) (Jur) divorciarse de2) (fig) separar3.VI divorciarse4.CPDdivorce court N — tribunal m de pleitos matrimoniales
divorce proceedings NPL — pleito msing de divorcio
divorce rate N — tasa f de divorcio
* * *[də'vɔːrs, dɪ'vɔːs]
I
count & mass noun divorcio mto get a divorce (from somebody) — conseguir* el divorcio (de alguien); (before n)
divorce proceedings — trámites mpl de divorcio
II
1.
1) ( Law) divorciarse de2) ( separate)
2.
vi divorciarse -
60 divorcé
di'vo:s
1. noun(the legal ending of a marriage: Divorce is becoming more common nowadays.) divorcio
2. verb1) (to end one's marriage (with): He's divorcing her for desertion; They were divorced two years ago.) divorciarse de2) (to separate: You can't divorce these two concepts.) separardivorce1 n divorciodivorce2 vb divorciarsetr[dɪ'vɔːs]1 SMALLLAW/SMALL divorcio2 (separation) divorcio1 SMALLLAW/SMALL divorciarse de2 (separate) divorciar ( from, de)1 divorciarse: divorciardivorce vi: divorciarsedivorce n: divorcio mdivorcé [dɪ.vor'seɪ, -'si:; -'vor.-] n: divorciado mn.• divorcio s.m.v.• divorciar v.də'vɔːrs, dɪ'vɔːs
I
count & mass noun divorcio mto get a divorce (from somebody) — conseguir* el divorcio (de alguien); (before n)
divorce proceedings — trámites mpl de divorcio
II
1.
1) ( Law) divorciarse de2) ( separate)
2.
vi divorciarse[dɪˌvɔː'siː]N divorciado m* * *[də'vɔːrs, dɪ'vɔːs]
I
count & mass noun divorcio mto get a divorce (from somebody) — conseguir* el divorcio (de alguien); (before n)
divorce proceedings — trámites mpl de divorcio
II
1.
1) ( Law) divorciarse de2) ( separate)
2.
vi divorciarse
См. также в других словарях:
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