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infiltrators

  • 1 agente furtivo

    (n.) = infiltrator
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    * * *

    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.

    Spanish-English dictionary > agente furtivo

  • 2 disparar a matar

    = shoot to + kill
    Ex. The main issue discussed was the justification of the ' shoot to kill' policy adopted by Israel against Arab infiltrators across the 1949 demarcation lines.
    * * *
    = shoot to + kill

    Ex: The main issue discussed was the justification of the ' shoot to kill' policy adopted by Israel against Arab infiltrators across the 1949 demarcation lines.

    Spanish-English dictionary > disparar a matar

  • 3 espía

    f. & m.
    spy, double agent, secret agent, infiltrator.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: espiar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: espiar.
    * * *
    1 spy
    * * *
    noun mf.
    * * *
    1.
    SMF spy
    2.
    ADJ
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable <avión/satélite> spy (before n); < cámara> hidden (before n), secret (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino ( persona) spy
    * * *
    = foreign agent, infiltrator, spy, undercover agent, mole, spook, secret agent, stool pigeon, snoop.
    Ex. I am sure I am being spied upon by foreign agents.
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. During these campaigns, black soldiers served as militiamen, guides, teamsters, and spies.
    Ex. During the one-day trials of the arrested dissidents four independent librarians testified for the prosecution, revealing themselves to be undercover agents.
    Ex. On the one hand it is a tale of espionage and mole hunting, and on the other it is an elegiac drama of remembrance and departure.
    Ex. Wherever there are diplomats, spooks are not far away.
    Ex. He used the University as his recruiting ground to enlist bright, patriotic young men to serve as secret agents.
    Ex. There is only one proper method of exposing the stool pigeons -- and that is mass exposure, creating mass hatred against these rats.
    Ex. Every single email she wrote in secret has been read by snoops.
    ----
    * hacerse espía = go undercover.
    * jefe de espías = spymaster.
    * página espía = spy page.
    * programas espía = spyware.
    * programas espía de anuncios = adware.
    * propio de espías = cloak-and-dagger.
    * virus espía = snoop.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable <avión/satélite> spy (before n); < cámara> hidden (before n), secret (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino ( persona) spy
    * * *
    = foreign agent, infiltrator, spy, undercover agent, mole, spook, secret agent, stool pigeon, snoop.

    Ex: I am sure I am being spied upon by foreign agents.

    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex: During these campaigns, black soldiers served as militiamen, guides, teamsters, and spies.
    Ex: During the one-day trials of the arrested dissidents four independent librarians testified for the prosecution, revealing themselves to be undercover agents.
    Ex: On the one hand it is a tale of espionage and mole hunting, and on the other it is an elegiac drama of remembrance and departure.
    Ex: Wherever there are diplomats, spooks are not far away.
    Ex: He used the University as his recruiting ground to enlist bright, patriotic young men to serve as secret agents.
    Ex: There is only one proper method of exposing the stool pigeons -- and that is mass exposure, creating mass hatred against these rats.
    Ex: Every single email she wrote in secret has been read by snoops.
    * hacerse espía = go undercover.
    * jefe de espías = spymaster.
    * página espía = spy page.
    * programas espía = spyware.
    * programas espía de anuncios = adware.
    * propio de espías = cloak-and-dagger.
    * virus espía = snoop.

    * * *
    ‹avión/satélite› spy ( before n); ‹cámara› hidden ( before n), secret ( before n)
    A (persona) spy
    B
    * * *

    Del verbo espiar: ( conjugate espiar)

    espía es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    espiar    
    espía
    espiar ( conjugate espiar) verbo transitivo ‹enemigo/movimientos› to spy on, keep watch on
    verbo intransitivo
    to spy
    espía adjetivo invariable ‹avión/satélite› spy ( before n);
    ‹ cámara› hidden ( before n), secret ( before n)
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino ( persona) spy
    espiar
    I verbo intransitivo to spy
    II verbo transitivo to spy on: ¿me estabas espiando?, were you spying on me?
    espía mf spy
    espía doble, double agent
    ' espía' also found in these entries:
    English:
    bump off
    - double agent
    - midst
    - mole
    - operative
    - plant
    - spy
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    avión/satélite espía spy plane/satellite
    ♦ nmf
    [persona] spy espía doble double agent
    espía2 nf
    Náut [cabo] warp
    * * *
    m/f spy
    * * *
    espía nmf
    : spy
    * * *
    espía n spy [pl. spies]

    Spanish-English dictionary > espía

  • 4 infiltrado

    f. & m.
    1 spy, infiltrator, agent provocateur, fifteen columnist.
    2 infiltrate, infiltrated substance.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: infiltrar.
    * * *
    1 infiltrated
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 infiltrator
    * * *
    infiltrado, -a
    SM / F infiltrator
    * * *
    - da masculino, femenino infiltrator
    * * *
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    * * *
    - da masculino, femenino infiltrator
    * * *

    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    infiltrator
    * * *

    Del verbo infiltrar: ( conjugate infiltrar)

    infiltrado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    infiltrado    
    infiltrar
    infiltrado
    ◊ -da sustantivo masculino, femenino

    infiltrator
    infiltrar ( conjugate infiltrar) verbo transitivo
    to infiltrate;
    infiltrado a algn en algo to infiltrate sb into sth
    infiltrarse verbo pronominal
    to infiltrate;
    infiltradose en algo ‹en partido/organización› to infiltrate sth
    infiltrado,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino infiltrator
    infiltrar verbo transitivo to infiltrate

    ' infiltrado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    infiltrada
    - submarina
    - submarino
    - topo
    - tira
    English:
    infiltrator
    * * *
    infiltrado, -a
    ♦ adj
    infiltrated
    ♦ nm,f
    infiltrator

    Spanish-English dictionary > infiltrado

  • 5 línea de demarcación

    demarcation line
    * * *
    Ex. The main issue discussed was the justification of the 'shoot to kill' policy adopted by Israel against Arab infiltrators across the 1949 demarcation lines.
    * * *

    Ex: The main issue discussed was the justification of the 'shoot to kill' policy adopted by Israel against Arab infiltrators across the 1949 demarcation lines.

    Spanish-English dictionary > línea de demarcación

  • 6 manido

    adj.
    1 trite, hackneyed, cliché.
    2 shop-worn, worn.
    3 gamey, gamy.
    4 full, swarming.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: manir.
    * * *
    1 (frase) hackneyed; (tema) stale
    2 (objeto) well-worn
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=trillado) [tema] trite, stale; [frase] hackneyed
    2) (=pasado) [carne] high, gamy; [frutos secos] stale
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < frase> hackneyed; < tema> stale
    * * *
    = rank, hackneyed, worn, well-worn, jaded, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.
    Ex. And what I'm trying to suggest is that there's something shameful about a profession that has allowed this kind of blatant and rank ethnocentrism, racism, chauvinism, the whole schmier, to persist this long.
    Ex. It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex. Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex. To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex. He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    Ex. Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex. User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    ----
    * composición musical manida = war horse.
    * manido, lo = worn, the.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < frase> hackneyed; < tema> stale
    * * *
    = rank, hackneyed, worn, well-worn, jaded, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.

    Ex: And what I'm trying to suggest is that there's something shameful about a profession that has allowed this kind of blatant and rank ethnocentrism, racism, chauvinism, the whole schmier, to persist this long.

    Ex: It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex: Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex: To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex: He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    Ex: Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex: User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex: This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    * composición musical manida = war horse.
    * manido, lo = worn, the.

    * * *
    manido -da
    ‹frase› hackneyed; ‹tema› stale
    * * *

    manido
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹ frase› hackneyed;


    ‹ tema› stale
    manido,-a adjetivo well-worn
    ' manido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gastada
    - gastado
    - manida
    English:
    derivative
    - hackneyed
    * * *
    manido, -a adj
    un tema muy manido a well-worn o much-discussed topic
    * * *
    adj fig
    clichéd, done to death fam
    * * *
    manido, -da adj
    : hackneyed, stale, trite

    Spanish-English dictionary > manido

  • 7 monótono

    adj.
    monotonous, boring, drab, dull.
    * * *
    1 monotonous
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=uniforme) [voz, sonido] monotonous
    2) (=aburrido) [trabajo, discurso] tedious, monotonous; [vida] dreary, humdrum
    * * *
    - na adjetivo
    a) <vida/trabajo> monotonous, humdrum; <discurso/espectáculo> monotonous, tedious
    b) < voz> monotonous
    * * *
    = dull, monotone, monotonous, stale, drab, dreary [drearier -comp., dreariest -sup.], uninspiring.
    Ex. These librarians are given Haykin upon the day of their arrival and are expected to read the entire dull document and use it as a guideline in establishing subject headings.
    Ex. The notion of functional dependency requires an additional structure in the form of a monotone nondecreasing function.
    Ex. An ugly voice, one that is monotonous or grating, weak in power, incomprehensible or strained, is never likely to receive and retain anyone's attention for long.
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. Have reading foisted on you as a duty, a task to be put up with, from which you expect no delight, and it can appear a drab business gladly to be given up.
    Ex. The city was considered to be seedy (decayed, littered, grimy, and dreary), crowded, busy, and strongly idiosyncratic (quaint, historic, colorful, and full of 'atmosphere').
    Ex. Though the novel begins like a house ablaze, it later thickens slightly into an acceptable if uninspiring finale.
    ----
    * hacerse monótono = go + stale.
    * recitar en tono monótono = chant.
    * trabajo monótono = drudge work.
    * * *
    - na adjetivo
    a) <vida/trabajo> monotonous, humdrum; <discurso/espectáculo> monotonous, tedious
    b) < voz> monotonous
    * * *
    = dull, monotone, monotonous, stale, drab, dreary [drearier -comp., dreariest -sup.], uninspiring.

    Ex: These librarians are given Haykin upon the day of their arrival and are expected to read the entire dull document and use it as a guideline in establishing subject headings.

    Ex: The notion of functional dependency requires an additional structure in the form of a monotone nondecreasing function.
    Ex: An ugly voice, one that is monotonous or grating, weak in power, incomprehensible or strained, is never likely to receive and retain anyone's attention for long.
    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex: Have reading foisted on you as a duty, a task to be put up with, from which you expect no delight, and it can appear a drab business gladly to be given up.
    Ex: The city was considered to be seedy (decayed, littered, grimy, and dreary), crowded, busy, and strongly idiosyncratic (quaint, historic, colorful, and full of 'atmosphere').
    Ex: Though the novel begins like a house ablaze, it later thickens slightly into an acceptable if uninspiring finale.
    * hacerse monótono = go + stale.
    * recitar en tono monótono = chant.
    * trabajo monótono = drudge work.

    * * *
    1 ‹vida/trabajo› monotonous, humdrum, dreary; ‹discurso/espectáculo› monotonous, tedious
    2 ‹voz› monotonous, monotone ( before n), droning ( before n)
    * * *

    monótono
    ◊ -na adjetivo

    monotonous
    monótono,-a adjetivo monotonous: un discurso verdaderamente largo y monótono, a really long and monotonous speech

    ' monótono' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    monótona
    English:
    drab
    - featureless
    - monotonous
    - soul-destroying
    - tediously
    - dreary
    - flat
    - grind
    - humdrum
    * * *
    monótono, -a adj
    monotonous
    * * *
    adj monotonous
    * * *
    monótono, -na adj
    : monotonous
    * * *
    monótono adj monotonous / drab [comp. drabber; superl. drabbest] / dreary [comp. drearier; superl. dreariest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > monótono

  • 8 rutina

    f.
    1 routine (gen) & (computing).
    de rutina routine
    por rutina as a matter of course
    la rutina diaria the daily grind
    2 rutin.
    3 rutoside.
    * * *
    1 routine
    \
    por rutina as a matter of course
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    a) ( hábito) routine
    b) (Inf) routine
    * * *
    = routine, round, rut, groove, comfort zone.
    Ex. Chain indexing is a simple mechanical routine for generating a limited number of index entries for a subject.
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. The key to the success of the system is the fact that it gets the searcher out of the rut of searching primarily on the same basic set of terms every time.
    Ex. Whevener logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine.
    Ex. Many individuals have difficulty with the process of change because it can create much anxiety getting outside one's comfort zone.
    ----
    * en la rutina diaria = in the trenches.
    * por rutina = routinely.
    * rutina de trabajo = work process.
    * rutina diaria = comfort zone, daily routine, daily grind.
    * salir de la rutina tradicional = break out of + the traditional mould.
    * * *
    a) ( hábito) routine
    b) (Inf) routine
    * * *
    = routine, round, rut, groove, comfort zone.

    Ex: Chain indexing is a simple mechanical routine for generating a limited number of index entries for a subject.

    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex: The key to the success of the system is the fact that it gets the searcher out of the rut of searching primarily on the same basic set of terms every time.
    Ex: Whevener logical processes of thought are employed - that is, whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove - there is an opportunity for the machine.
    Ex: Many individuals have difficulty with the process of change because it can create much anxiety getting outside one's comfort zone.
    * en la rutina diaria = in the trenches.
    * por rutina = routinely.
    * rutina de trabajo = work process.
    * rutina diaria = comfort zone, daily routine, daily grind.
    * salir de la rutina tradicional = break out of + the traditional mould.

    * * *
    1 (hábito, repetición) routine
    la rutina de todos los días the daily routine
    lo hace por pura rutina he just does it out of habit
    inspección de rutina routine inspection
    2 ( Inf) routine
    * * *

     

    rutina sustantivo femenino
    routine;

    por pura rutina out of habit
    rutina sustantivo femenino routine
    la rutina diaria, the daily routine
    por rutina, as a matter of course

    ' rutina' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hábito
    - inercia
    - escapar
    English:
    disturbance
    - rote
    - round
    - routine
    - rut
    - treadmill
    * * *
    rutina nf
    1. [costumbre] routine;
    de rutina routine;
    por rutina out of habit;
    intenta romper con la rutina diaria she's trying to break away from her daily routine
    2. Informát routine
    3. [serie de ejercicios] routine
    * * *
    f routine
    * * *
    rutina nf
    : routine, habit
    * * *
    rutina n routine

    Spanish-English dictionary > rutina

  • 9 tirar a matar

    = go for + the jugular, deadly force, shoot to + kill
    Ex. The article 'Publishers go for the jugular over copyright' examines the activities of the American Association of Publishers (AAP) in taking legal proceedings against libraries on copyright grounds and in enforcing payment for photocopying periodical articles.
    Ex. The course covers the following topics: revolver nomenclature and maintenance; inspecting revolvers and holsters; and legal issues and deadly force.
    Ex. The main issue discussed was the justification of the ' shoot to kill' policy adopted by Israel against Arab infiltrators across the 1949 demarcation lines.
    * * *
    = go for + the jugular, deadly force, shoot to + kill

    Ex: The article 'Publishers go for the jugular over copyright' examines the activities of the American Association of Publishers (AAP) in taking legal proceedings against libraries on copyright grounds and in enforcing payment for photocopying periodical articles.

    Ex: The course covers the following topics: revolver nomenclature and maintenance; inspecting revolvers and holsters; and legal issues and deadly force.
    Ex: The main issue discussed was the justification of the ' shoot to kill' policy adopted by Israel against Arab infiltrators across the 1949 demarcation lines.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tirar a matar

  • 10 trillado

    adj.
    1 hackneyed, cliché, timeworn, trite.
    2 well-trodden, footworn, beaten, threshed.
    3 common, everyday.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: trillar.
    * * *
    1→ link=trillar trillar
    1 (camino) beaten, well-trodden
    2 figurado (expresión etc) overworked, well-worn
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (Agr) threshed
    2) [camino] well-trodden
    3) [tema] (=gastado) well-worn, hackneyed; (=conocido) well-known
    2. SM
    1) (=investigación) thorough investigation
    2) Caribe (=sendero) path, track
    * * *
    - da adjetivo hackneyed, trite
    * * *
    = well trodden, hackneyed, well-worn, well-tread, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.
    Ex. Like Theseus in the Labyrinth we need to be able to follow well trodden pathways through hypermedia materials and re-track our journey along an imaginary thread when we get lost.
    Ex. It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex. To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex. All the contributions provide well-articulated, fresh insights, even on well-tread subjects.
    Ex. Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex. User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    ----
    * camino trillado = beaten road.
    * trillado, lo = tired, the, worn, the.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo hackneyed, trite
    * * *
    = well trodden, hackneyed, well-worn, well-tread, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.

    Ex: Like Theseus in the Labyrinth we need to be able to follow well trodden pathways through hypermedia materials and re-track our journey along an imaginary thread when we get lost.

    Ex: It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex: To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex: All the contributions provide well-articulated, fresh insights, even on well-tread subjects.
    Ex: Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex: User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex: This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    * camino trillado = beaten road.
    * trillado, lo = tired, the, worn, the.

    * * *
    hackneyed, trite
    * * *

    Del verbo trillar: ( conjugate trillar)

    trillado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    trillado    
    trillar
    trillar ( conjugate trillar) verbo transitivo
    to thresh
    trillado,-a adjetivo fig (muy conocido) trite, commonplace
    trillar verbo transitivo to thresh
    ' trillado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    trillada
    - tópico
    - visto
    English:
    derivative
    - hackneyed
    - trite
    - well
    * * *
    trillado, -a adj
    [tema] well-worn, hackneyed; [eslogan] trite, hackneyed; [camino] well-trodden;
    fuera de los caminos trillados off the beaten track
    * * *
    adj fig
    hackneyed, clichéd
    * * *
    trillado, -da adj
    : trite, hackneyed

    Spanish-English dictionary > trillado

  • 11 vida doméstica

    f.
    domestic life, home life, life at home.
    * * *
    (n.) = domestic life, home life
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. In larger library systems there will be a welfare or personnel officer who can assist staff with personal problems relating to home life or their employment.
    * * *
    (n.) = domestic life, home life

    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.

    Ex: In larger library systems there will be a welfare or personnel officer who can assist staff with personal problems relating to home life or their employment.

    Spanish-English dictionary > vida doméstica

  • 12 Portuguese Communist Party

    (PCP)
       The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) has evolved from its early anarcho-syndicalist roots at its formation in 1921. This evolution included the undisciplined years of the 1920s, during which bolshevization began and continued into the 1930s, then through the years of clandestine existence during the Estado Novo, the Stalinization of the 1940s, the "anarcho-liberal shift" of the 1950s, the emergence of Maoist and Trotskyist splinter groups of the 1960s, to legalization after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 as the strongest and oldest political party in Portugal. Documents from the Russian archives have shown that the PCP's history is not a purely "domestic" one. While the PCP was born on its own without Soviet assistance, once it joined the Communist International (CI), it lost a significant amount of autonomy as CI officials increasingly meddled in PCP internal politics by dictating policy, manipulating leadership elections, and often financing party activities.
       Early Portuguese communism was a mix of communist ideological strands accustomed to a spirited internal debate, a lively external debate with its rivals, and a loose organizational structure. The PCP, during its early years, was weak in grassroots membership and was basically a party of "notables." It was predominantly a male organization, with minuscule female participation. It was also primarily an urban party concentrated in Lisbon. The PCP membership declined from 3,000 in 1923 to only 40 in 1928.
       In 1929, the party was reorganized so that it could survive clandestinely. As its activity progressed in the 1930s, a long period of instability dominated its leadership organs as a result of repression, imprisonments, and disorganization. The CI continued to intervene in party affairs through the 1930s, until the PCP was expelled from the CI in 1938-39, apparently because of its conduct during police arrests.
       The years of 1939-41 were difficult ones for the party, not only because of increased domestic repression but also because of internal party splits provoked by the Nazi-Soviet pact and other foreign actions. From 1940 to 1941, two Communist parties struggled to attract the support of the CI and accused each other of "revisionism." The CI was disbanded in 1943, and the PCP was not accepted back into the international communist family until its recognition by the Cominform in 1947.
       The reorganization of 1940-41 finally put the PCP under the firm control of orthodox communists who viewed socialism from a Soviet perspective. Although Soviet support was denied the newly reorganized party at first, the new leaders continued its Stalinization. The enforcement of "democratic centralism" and insistence upon the "dictatorship of the proletariat" became entrenched. The 1940s brought increased growth, as the party reached its membership apex of the clandestine era with 1,200 members in 1943, approximately 4,800 in 1946, and 7,000 in 1947.
       The party fell on hard times in the 1950s. It developed a bad case of paranoia, which led to a witch hunt for infiltrators, informers, and spies in all ranks of the party. The lower membership figures who followed the united antifascist period were reduced further through expulsions of the "traitors." By 1951, the party had been reduced to only 1,000 members. It became a closed, sectarian, suspicious, and paranoiac organization, with diminished strength in almost every region, except in the Alentejo, where the party, through propaganda and ideology more than organizational strength, was able to mobilize strikes of landless peasants in the early 1950s.
       On 3 January 1960, Álvaro Cunhal and nine other political prisoners made a spectacular escape from the Peniche prison and fled the country. Soon after this escape, Cunhal was elected secretary-general and, with other top leaders, directed the PCP from exile. Trotskyite and Maoist fractions emerged within the party in the 1960s, strengthened by the ideological developments in the international communist movement, such as in China and Cuba. The PCP would not tolerate dissent or leftism and began purging the extreme left fractions.
       The PCP intensified its control of the labor movement after the more liberal syndical election regulations under Prime Minister Mar- cello Caetano allowed communists to run for leadership positions in the corporative unions. By 1973, there was general unrest in the labor movement due to deteriorating economic conditions brought on by the colonial wars, as well as by world economic pressures including the Arab oil boycott.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the PCP enjoyed a unique position: it was the only party to have survived the Estado Novo. It emerged from clandestinity as the best organized political party in Portugal with a leadership hardened by years in jail. Since then, despite the party's stubborn orthodoxy, it has consistently played an important role as a moderating force. As even the Socialist Party (PS) was swept up by the neoliberal tidal wave, albeit a more compassionate variant, increasingly the PCP has played a crucial role in ensuring that interests and perspectives of the traditional Left are aired.
       One of the most consistent planks of the PCP electoral platform has been opposition to every stage of European integration. The party has regularly resisted Portuguese membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and, following membership beginning in 1986, the party has regularly resisted further integration through the European Union (EU). A major argument has been that EU membership would not resolve Portugal's chronic economic problems but would only increase its dependence on the world. Ever since, the PCP has argued that its opposition to membership was correct and that further involvement with the EU would only result in further economic dependence and a consequent loss of Portuguese national sovereignty. Further, the party maintained that as Portugal's ties with the EU increased, the vulnerable agrarian sector in Portugal would risk further losses.
       Changes in PCP leadership may or may not alter the party's electoral position and role in the political system. As younger generations forget the uniqueness of the party's resistance to the Estado Novo, public images of PCP leadership will change. As the image of Álvaro Cunhal and other historical communist leaders slowly recedes, and the stature of Carlos Carvalhas (general secretary since 1992) and other moderate leaders is enhanced, the party's survival and legitimacy have strengthened. On 6 March 2001, the PCP celebrated its 80th anniversary.
        See also Left Bloc.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Portuguese Communist Party

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