impede

prae-clūdo, si, sum, 3, v. a. [claudo], to shut in front, hence, in gen., to shut to, to close (class.).

Lit.:

portas praeclusit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 19 fin.:

praecludere portas consuli,

id. ib. 3, 12:

fores,

Prop. 2, 4 (5), 21:

portus classi,

Luc. 9, 39:

horrea,

Suet. Calig. 26 fin.:

via lapidum ruinā praeclusa,

blocked up, Suet. Oth. 8 fin. — Transf., with a personal object:

praeclusit cunctos negotiatores,

i. e. closed their shops, Suet. Ner. 32.—

Transf.

To close a thing to any one, i. e. to forbid access to:

omnem orbem terrarum civibus Romanis,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 65, § 168:

maritimos cursus praecludebat hiemis magnitudo,

id. Planc. 40, 96:

sibi curiam,

id. Pis. 17, 40:

omnes sibi aditus misericordiae judicum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 8, § 21. —

To shut up or off, to hinder, stop, impede:

effugium alicui,

Lucr. 1, 973:

vocem alicui,

Liv. 33, 13, 5; cf.:

linguam cani, ne latret,

Phaedr. 1, 22, 5.

praepĕdĭo, īvi, ĭi, ītum, 4, v. a. [praepes], to entangle the feet or other parts of the body; to shackle, bind, fetter (mostly poet. and post-Aug.; syn.: impedio, illaqueo, irretio).

Lit.:

praepeditus latera forti ferro,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 5:

praepeditis Numidarum equis,

tied to the manger, Tac. A. 4, 25: sine modo sese praedā praepediant, let them hamper or embarrass themselves, Liv. 8, 38, 13.—

Transf., in gen., to hinder, obstruct, impede:

singultu medios praepediente sonos,

Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 42:

timor praepedit dicta linguae,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 25; Ov. H. 14, 18:

si forte aliquos flumina, nives, venti praepedissent,

Plin. Pan. 68:

crura,

Lucr. 3, 478:

fugam hostium,

Pac. Pan. Theodos. 40:

recitantium praecipua pronuntiationis adjumenta, oculi, manus, praepediuntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 19, 4:

praepediri valetudine,

to be prevented by illness, Tac. A. 3, 3:

praepeditus morbo,

Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21.—With inf.:

etiamsi praepeditus sit perculsas tot victoriis Germanias servitio premere,

Tac. A. 2, 73.

prŏ-hĭbĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, 2 (old forms, prohibessis, Cato, R. R. 141, 2; Enn. ap. Prob. ad Verg. E. 6, 31 (Trag. v. 323 Vahl.):

prohibessit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 11:

prohibessint,

Cic. Leg. 3, 3 fin.), v. a. [habeo], to hold in front, i. e.,

To hold back, keep in check, to restrain, hinder, prevent, avert, keep or ward off, debar (class.; cf.: inhibeo, arceo).

In gen.; usually constr. aliquem or aliquid, with abl.; alone or ab and abl.; with ut, ne, quominus, or an obj.-clause; also with simple acc.; less freq. with de, the dat., or gen.

With ab:

quo illum ab illā prohibeas,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 103:

prohibete a vobis vim meam,

id. Capt. 4, 2, 24:

praedones procul ab insulā Siciliā,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 144:

hostem a pugnā,

Caes. B. G. 4, 34:

aliquem a familiaritate, congressione, patrio jure et potestate,

Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 46:

vim hostium ab oppidis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 11:

se suosque ab injuriā,

to restrain themselves, refrain from, id. ib. 2, 28 fin.:

ita prohibendo a delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit,

Sall. J. 45, 3; 22, 4. —

With de: vim de classe, Lucil. ap. Non 528, 10.—

With abl.:

cum suis finibus eos prohibent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

itinere exercitum,

to impede its march, id. ib. 1, 10:

hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque,

id. ib. 1, 15.—With abl. without an object: non prohibere aquā profluente, Cic. Off. 1, 16, 52.—

With dat.:

aliquem alicui,

to withhold from one, Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 7; cf.:

aditum alicui, Auct. B. Afr. 31: captae prohibere nequiret Cum Poenos aquilae,

could not prevent the Carthaginians from capturing the standard, Sil. 6, 27 (but the gen., Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 26; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, depends on the acc. object of prohibere; v. 7 infra).—

With ut, ne, quominus; rarely with quin:

dii prohibeant, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:

qui tu id prohibere me potes, ne suspicer,

Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 50 Brix ad loc.:

quod potuisti prohibere, ne fieret,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 10, 33:

ne lustrum perficeret, mors prohibuit P. Furi,

Liv. 24, 43, 4:

hiemem credo adhuc prohibuisse, quo minus, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 1:

prohibere quominus sumerent, non poterant,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 34:

si prohibere, quominus in unum coirent, non posset,

Liv. 25, 35, 6:

nec, quin erumperet, ubi vellet, prohiberi poterat,

id. 26, 40, 4.—

With obj.-clause:

qui peregrinos urbibus uti prohibent,

Cic. Off. 3, 11, 47:

qui Bibulum exire domo prohibuissent,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 7:

jam se ad prohibenda circumdari opera Aequi parabant,

Liv. 3, 28, 7:

prohibuit migrari, Veios,

id. 5, 49, 8:

prohibete jus de pecuniis dici,

id. 6, 18, 14; 6, 20, 6:

audeat Canuleius proloqui, se delectum haberi prohibiturum,

Liv. 4, 2, 12; 25, 4, 4; 25, 14, 7:

qui Cimbros intra fines suos ingredi prohibuerint,

Caes. B. G. 2, 4; Verg. A. 6, 606.—

With simple acc.: Mars pater, ut tu morbos visos invisosque, viduertatem vastitudinemque... prohibessis, defendas averruncesque, an old formula of prayer in Cato, R. R. 141:

neque munitiones Caesaris prohibere poterat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 44:

motus conatusque alicujus prohibere,

Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 26:

prohibenda maxime est ira in puniendo,

id. Off. 1, 25, 89:

quod uti prohibitum irem, quod in me esset, meo labori non parsi, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. parsi, p. 242 Müll.: prohibere comitia dicitur vitiare diem morbo,

Fest. p. 236 ib.; Cato ap. Fest. l. l.: quod di prohibeant, which may the gods forbid or avert, Ter. And. 3, 3, 36;

and in the same sense: dii mala prohibeant,

id. Hec. 2, 1, 10; cf.: di, prohibete minas;

di, talem avertite casum,

Verg. A. 3, 265; and:

deos quaeso, ut istaec prohibeant,

Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 11.—

In partic., to forbid, prohibit a thing (syn.:

interdico, veto): tu modo ne me prohibeas accipere, siquid det mihi,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 89:

nemo hic prohibet nec vetat,

id. Curc. 1, 1, 33:

lex recta imperans prohibensque contraria,

Cic. N. D. 1, 14, 36:

sed dii et homines prohibuere redemptos vivere Romanos,

Liv. 5, 49, 1; Quint. 5, 10, 104; cf.:

Athenis affectus movere per praeconem prohibebatur orator,

the orator was forbidden, id. 6, 1, 7:

prohibitis abstinere,

Sen. Ep. 83, 18.—

To keep away from a thing for the sake of safety (cf. defendo, II.), to keep, preserve, defend, protect (rare but class.); with ab:

a quo periculo prohibete rem publicam,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

adultam virginem ab armatorum impetu,

id. Brut. 96, 330.—With abl.:

haec damna multa mulierum Me uxore prohibent,

keep me from a wife, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 105:

magnum civium numerum calamitate prohibere,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 18:

tenuiores injuriā,

id. Off. 2, 12, 31:

ad prohibendam populationibus Campaniam,

Liv. 22, 14, 2.—With double acc.:

id te Juppiter Prohibessit,

from that may Jupiter preserve you, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 11.

rĕ-tardo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n.

Act., to keep back, hinder, delay, detain, impede, retard (class.; a favorite word with Cic., esp. in the trop. signif.; syn. moror).

Lit.:

quarum (stellarum vagarum) motus tum incitantur, tum retardantur, saepe etiam insistunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 40, 103:

aliquem in viā,

id. Phil. 10, 5, 11:

itinere devio per ignorantiam locorum retardati,

Suet. Galb. 20:

flumina retardant equos,

Verg. G. 3, 253:

boves retinere ac retardare,

Col. 2, 2, 26:

instantia ora retardat Cuspide praetentā,

Ov. M. 3, 82:

te metuunt nuper Virgines nuptae, tua ne retardet Aura maritos,

Hor. C. 2, 8, 23:

inundationibus Tiberis retardatus,

Suet. Oth. 8:

mulierum mensibus retardatis,

Plin. 21, 21, 89, § 156. — Absol.:

eae res, quae ceteros remorari solent, non retardarunt,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 40; Suet. Caes. 34.—

Trop.:

impetus hostium repressos esse intellegunt ac retardatos,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 13:

impetum, Auct. B. Afr. 68: illius animos atque impetus,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 33:

celeritatem persequendi,

id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:

loquacitatem,

id. Vatin. 1, 2:

animos testium,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 6, § 17:

consuetudinem,

id. Sest. 31, 67:

auxilium,

id. Pis. 31, 77:

aliquem a scribendo,

id. Fam. 5, 17, 1; cf.:

aliquem ab alicujus tempore aut commodo,

id. Arch. 6. 12; Suet. Caes. 59:

Tigranem Asiae minitantem,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 45:

ergo non aetas quemquam, non valetudo, non sexus retardavit, quominus, etc.,

Plin. Pan. 22, 2:

mea te fortuna retardat,

Ov. Tr. 3, 7, 21:

incepta,

Sil. 1, 478:

invidia retardat sceptra,

id. 11, 609.— Absol.:

ad quem (agrum) fruendum non modo non retardat, verum etiam invitat atque allectat senectus,

Cic. Sen. 16, 57.—

Neutr., to tarry, remain behind, delay:

in quo cursu (stella Saturni) multa mirabiliter efficiens, tum antecedendo, tum retardando, tum, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 52.

saepĭo ( sēp-), psi, ptum, īre ( pluperf. subj. saepissent, Liv. 44, 39, 3 dub.; v. Drak. ad loc.), 4, v. a. [saepes].

Prop., to surround with a hedge, to hedge in, fence in, enclose (class.; cf. vallo).

With abl.: VTI LOCVS ANTE EAM ARAM... STIPITIBVS ROBVSTIS SAEPIATVR, Cenot. Pisan. ap. Inscr Orell. 642; cf.:

saeptum undique et vestitum vepribus et dumetis indagavi sepulcrum,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 64; cf. id. Rep. 1, 26, 41.—

In simple constr.:

dum ne per fundum saeptum facias semitam,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 36.—

With abl. of time: pontifices negant segetem feriis saepiri debere, Col 2, 21, 2.—

Transf.

To enclose, surround, encircle, etc.

With abl.:

urbem moenibus,

Cic. Sest. 42, 91:

oppidum operibus, unitionibus,

id. Phil. 13, 9, 20:

castris,

id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 5, 5, 2; 44, 39, 3:

castra tectis parietum pro muro,

id. 25, 25, 8:

oculos membranis tenuissimis,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142 sq.:

saltum plagis,

Lucr. 5, 1251:

feram venantum coronā,

Verg. A. 9, 551:

restituat legiones in locum, quo saeptae fuerunt,

Liv. 9, 11, 3:

Agrippam custodiā militum,

Suet. Aug. 65 fin.:

saepsit se tectis,

i. e. shut himself up in his palace, Verg. A. 7, 600.—

With acc.:

saepsit comitium et curiam,

Cic. Rep. 2, 17, 31:

omnes fori aditūs,

id. Phil. 5, 4, 9.—

Pass. with ab:

Albana pubes inermis ab armatis saepta,

Liv. 1, 28, 8.—

To cover, envelop, wrap, wrap up; with abl.:

aliquem veste,

Plaut. Cas. 5, 2, 40: saeptus squalidā stolā (with vestitus), Enn. ap. Non. 537, 27 sq.:

omnia sic avido complexu cetera saepsit (sc. aether),

Lucr. 5, 470:

at Venus obscuro gradientes aëre saepsit,

Verg. A. 1, 411.—

Trop.

To hedge up, check, impede, hinder, stop, etc.: perii, lacrimae linguam saepiunt, Afran. ap. Non. 41, 5.—

To surround, enclose, encompass, etc.: (inventa) vestire atque ornare oratione: post memoriā saepire, to enclose them in one's memory, i. e. to get them by heart, Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142; cf.: is se circumvestit dictis, saepit sedulo, Poët. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39, 158; and:

domi teneamus eam (orbam eloquentiam) saeptam liberali custodiā,

Cic. Brut. 96, 330; v. Jahn ad h. l.: locum omnem cogitatione (the figure taken from surrounding with toils in hunting; cf.

II. A.),

Cic. de Or. 2, 34, 147:

saeptus legibus et judiciorum metu,

surrounded, sheltered, guarded, id. Phil. 12, 10, 25; cf.:

quibus praesidiis philosophiae saeptus sim,

id. Fam. 16, 23; so,

saeptus praesidiis,

id. Rep. 1, 44, 68; id. Off. 2, 11, 39; id. Mil. 1, 2; cf.

also: postquam omnia pudore saepta animadverterat,

Liv. 3, 44;

and with this cf.: (mulieres) saeptae pudicitiā agunt,

Tac. G. 19:

(lex) se saepit difficultate abrogationis,

Cic. Att. 3, 23, 2:

ut quibusdam excubiis in ore positis saepiatur,

Gell. 1, 15, 3.

tardo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [id.].

Act., to make slow, to hinder, delay, retard, impede, prevent (freq. and class.;

syn.: remoror, impedio): aut impedire profectionem aut certe tardare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5, 1:

cursum,

id. Tusc. 1, 31, 75:

pedes (alta harena),

Ov. H. 10, 20:

alas,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 25:

at non tardatus casu neque territus heros,

Verg. A. 5, 453:

tardante sagittā Interdum genua impediunt,

id. ib. 12, 746:

nos Etesiae vehementissime tardarunt,

Cic. Att. 6, 8, 4:

celeritatem insequendi,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 14:

palus Romanos ad insequendum tardabat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 26:

quas non altitudo montis tardare potuisset,

id. ib. 7, 52; 3, 70; [p. 1843] cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130:

tormentorum administrationem,

Caes. B. C. 2, 2:

impetum hostium,

id. B. G. 2, 25:

impetum,

id. ib. 7, 46; id. B. C. 1, 27:

studia alicujus,

Cic. Or. 1, 3:

illum in persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia tardavit,

id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:

aliquem socors ipsius natura,

id. Brut. 68, 239:

vereor, ne exercitus nostri tardentur animis,

id. Phil. 11, 10, 24:

me ratio pudoris a praesentis laude tardaret,

id. Caecin. 27, 77.—With inf.:

propius adire tardari,

Caes. B. C. 2, 43.—

Neutr., to tarry, loiter, linger, delay (very rare;

syn.: cunctor, moror): tu mitte mihi quaeso obviam litteras, numquid putes rei publicae nomine tardandum esse nobis,

Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2:

fuci tardantes,

Plin. 11, 11, 11, § 27:

mors non tardat,

Vulg. Ecclus. 14, 12; id. Exod. 22, 29; id. Heb. 10, 37.

trĭbŭlus ( trĭbŏl-), i, m., = tribolos, an instrument resting on three of its iron prongs, while a fourth projected upward, thrown on the ground to impede an enemy's cavalry, a caltrop.

Lit.:

tribulos abjecerunt,

Veg. Mil. 3, 24.—

Transf., from its resemblance in form.

A kind of thorn or thistle, land-caltrops: Tribulus terrestris, Linn.; Verg. G. 1, 153; Ov. M. 13, 803; Plin. 21, 15, 54, § 91:

spinae et tribuli,

Vulg. Gen. 3, 18.—

A kind of water-plant bearing a prickly nut of a triangular form, water - chestnut, water - caltrops: Trapa natans, Linn.; Plin. 21, 16, 58, § 98.

trĭbŭlus ( trĭbŏl-), i, m., = tribolos, an instrument resting on three of its iron prongs, while a fourth projected upward, thrown on the ground to impede an enemy's cavalry, a caltrop.

Lit.:

tribulos abjecerunt,

Veg. Mil. 3, 24.—

Transf., from its resemblance in form.

A kind of thorn or thistle, land-caltrops: Tribulus terrestris, Linn.; Verg. G. 1, 153; Ov. M. 13, 803; Plin. 21, 15, 54, § 91:

spinae et tribuli,

Vulg. Gen. 3, 18.—

A kind of water-plant bearing a prickly nut of a triangular form, water - chestnut, water - caltrops: Trapa natans, Linn.; Plin. 21, 16, 58, § 98.